108
Global status report on NCDs 2014
274
captopril 106
cardiovascular disease (incl. ischaemic heart disease)
medicines used in treatment and prevention of 106
mortalities/deaths ix, x, xi, 2, 9, 10, 23, 45, 94, 95
salt and xi, 45, 46
risk 67, 72, 95, 96, 97, 98
investment in programmes relating to 74
see also heart attacks; stroke
cause of death
global NCD deaths before age 70 years (2012) 10
in registration systems 14, 15, 17
tobacco as largest preventable 53
cerebrovascular disease see stroke
cervical cancer 14, 18
children
food and beverage marketing 89, 91
marketing of food/beverages 89, 91
overweight and obesity xii, 81, 84, 85, 88, 89
physical inactivity 32, 34, 38
salt/sodium intake 47
Pacifi c islands and Kiribati 47
tobacco
secondhand smoke exposure 53
use xi, 53
see also adolescents; school-based interventions
cholesterol measurement xiii, 97, 101, 105
chronic conditions, availability of medicines 107
civil registration systems 14-15, 118
collaboration
intersectoral xiv, 49, 126
multisectoral ix, xiv, 1, 3, 49, 126
commitment and willpower
eating outlets, salt reduction 48
political/state/government xiv, 1, 30, 62, 125, 130
high-level/head of state ix, 17
move to action from, by prioritizing high impact a ord-
able interventions xiv, 125
primary care for heart attack and stroke prevention in
Pacifi c islands 99
tobacco 61, 62
public, smoking cessation 61, 62
community interventions, obesity and diabetes 89
consultations with stakeholders (in national action plans)
115, 116
cost (economic) ix
see also prices
cost-e ectiveness (of policies and interventions) 18-19, 120,
123
actions required to attain targets 90, 91
alcohol x, 28, 29, 30
cost and expenditure on cost-e ective interventions 19
diabetes 88, 89
heart attack and stroke 95-97
hypertension 69, 72
medicines and technologies 105, 109.110
obesity 88-89
physical inactivity 38
primary care, technologies and essential medicines and
xiii
tobacco 54-55, 58
see also best buys
Costa Rica, mobile phones and tobacco cessation 61
counselling, stroke and heart attack prevention xii-xiii, 8,
95-97
Curitiba (Brazil), walkability areas 40
cycle hire, Iran 41
D
deaths (mortalities)
alcohol-related 23, 28
cancer x, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 17, 18
cardiovascular disease see cardiovascular disease
cause see cause of death
diabetes x, 8-11, 18
premature ix x, 8, 10, 17, 18
leading worldwide causes 94-95
monitoring 10-14
probability from 30 to 70 11, 12, 13
registration systems see registration systems
respiratory diseases (chronic) x, 8, 9, 10, 11
25×25 reduction target achievement/attainment
actions required 17
risk factors contributing to 17-18, 126
developed countries see high-income countries
diabetes xii, 79, 84-91, 101
actions required to attain targets 90-91
cost-e ective policies and interventions 88, 89, 90
drug therapy 18
impact on health 84
insulin xiii, 105, 107
integrated primary care programmes for hypertension
and 74
monitoring rates of 84-85, 90
mortalities x, 8, 10, 11, 18
self-care promotion 75
diet (and food and drinks/beverages)
healthy food 49, 90, 91
prices 88
salt see salt/sodium
unhealthy food
hypertension and xii
taxation 88, 89, 128
see also Global strategy on diet, physical activity and
health
drink-driving measures 30
driving and alcohol 30
drugs (medications) 95-103
100
275
Index
diabetes/glycaemic control 18
essential xiii, 105-111
generic xiii, 107, 109, 110
heart attack prevention xii-xiii, 95-103
smoking cessation 58
stroke prevention xii-xiii, 95-103
see also specifi c (types of) drugs
E
Eastern Mediterranean Region, progress in 128
economic dimensions see cost; cost-e ectiveness; fi scal inter-
ventions; funding; income level; investment; prices
endgame approach to reduce tobacco consumption 60, 61
environment and physical inactivity 38
European countries (and European Region)
heart attack and stroke prevention 98
progress in 128
evidence-based content of national multisectoral action plans
115
exercise see physical activity
F
females (women)
diabetes/raised blood glucose 85
hypertension 68
obesity 79, 80
physical inactivity 34-38
Tonga 40
Fiji, unhealthy food policies 89, 129
Finland
obesity 90
salt intake 47
tobacco 60
fi scal interventions 16
alcohol 29, 30
food 91
salt/sodium 49
see also taxation
food see diet
Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC)
xi-xii, 52, 54, 55, 56, 60, 61, 128
Freiburg (Germany), sustainable transport 41
funding 15, 16
G
gender see females; males
generic drugs xiii, 107, 109, 110
Germany
sustainable transport in Freiburg 41
Global NCD Action Plan (WHO 2013-2020) ix, xiv, 1-4
alcohol 28
commitments to building on guidance provided 4
heart attacks and stroke 98, 100
national multisectoral action plans to attain national
targets and 113, 114, 115, 117, 118, 119
physical activity 39
status of implementation 124
tobacco 61
global NCD targets (general aspects)
in executive summary ix-xiii, 1-3
most countries o course to meet xiv, 124-125
Global strategy on diet, physical activity and health 39
glucose, blood (glycemia; blood sugar)
control (=glycaemic control) xii-xiii 18, 95, 97
raised 84, 85
glycaemia see glucose
governance, national multisectoral action plans 117
Eastern Mediterranean Region 128
H
HAI/WHO survey methods 106, 107
Health Action International/WHO survey methods 106-107
health impact
alcohol 23-27
diabetes and raised blood glucose 84-88
hypertension 67-69
obesity 79-84
physical inactivity 33-38
salt/sodium intake 45-46
tobacco see tobacco
warning about see health warnings
health ministers see ministers of health
health policies see public health policies
health promotion
school-based dietary and physical inactivity interven-
tions 90
self-care, in hypertension and diabetes 75
Tonga, physical activity 40
workplace wellness programmes 75
health systems
hypertension management 72
infrastructure status 15-16
investment xiv, 118, 126
monitoring quality of services 101
in national action plans 118-120
reorientation and addressing gaps 100-101
strengthening 99, 118
at all levels 17
surveillance and monitoring 118
universal coverage xiii, xiv, 99-100, 101, 118, 126,
health warnings
alcoholic drinks 30
103
Global status report on NCDs 2014
276
tobacco products xi, xii, 18, 53-55, 58-61, 128-129
health workers/professionals 126-127
alcohol and 22, 28
hypertension and 74
tobacco and 97
heart attacks (myocardial infarction) 95-103
actions required to attain targets 98-101
cost-eff ective policies and interventions 95-97
drug therapy xii-xiii, 95-103
progress achieved 97-98
recurrent 96
see also cardiovascular disease
heart disease see cardiovascular disease
high impact aff ordable interventions 99, 100
prioritizing xiv, 125
in WHO best buys 18
high-income (and developed) countries x
alcohol consumption 27
cancer deaths 14
cardiovascular disease 95
diabetes 84
heart attack and stroke prevention 97
hypertension 72-73, 74
overweight and obesity 81, 82
physical activity/inactivity x-xi, 34, 39, 90
risk factor targets 16
tobacco use 54, 60
household surveys 109
human resources xv, 126-127
Hungary, unhealthy food policies 88
hypertension (raised blood pressure) xii, 67-77
cost-eff ective policies and interventions 69
drug therapy 18, 69, 72, 73, 96, 97, 107
impact on health 67-68
progress achieved 72-73, 73-74
risk factors 69
total risk approach xii, 18, 72-74, 96, 97
I
inclusiveness in national multisectoral action plans 114
income level and economic wealth countries, alcohol con-
sumption 28
see also high-income countries; low-income countries;
middle-income countries
individual interventions 18, 105, 125
alcohol x
heart attacks and strokes 98
hypertension 69
obesity and diabetes 88, 89-90
inequality
in national action plans 118
infrastructure of health systems, status 15-16
innovation 101
institutional resources xv, 126-127
insulin xiii, 105, 107
integrated programmes for hypertension and diabetes in
primary care 74
Interagency Task Force (UN) xv, 3, 12, 127
International Society of Hypertension (ISH)/WHO cardio-
vascular risk prediction charts 96, 97
international stakeholders, medicines 110
intersectoral collaboration xiv, 49, 126
investment 41
cardiovascular risk management 74
health systems xiv, 120, 126
Iran, physical activity improvement 41
Ireland, tobacco 60
ischaemic heart disease see cardiovascular disease
ISH/WHO cardiovascular risk prediction charts 96, 97
K
Kampala, tobacco control 60
Kiribati, unhealthy foods and beverages 47
Korea (Republic of), salt/sodium intake 48
Kuwait, salt/sodium intake 48
L
labelling
alcoholic drinks 30
nutrition products 46, 48, , 49, 89, 128
tobacco 53, 49, 60
law see regulation
liver cancer 11, 14, 26
losartan 106
low-income countries
cardiovascular disease 95, 97
cost eff ective interventions 18
deaths 9, 10, 11-14, 95
cancer and chronic respiratory disease 10
premature x, 10, 95
diabetes/raised blood glucose xii, 84
funding and spending 15-16, 19
heart attack and strokes xiii, 97, 100
hypertension 74
medicine availability 106
national multisectoral NCD action plan implementation
120
national target attainment 123
overweight and obesity xii, 81
physical activity/inactivity 34
risk factor targets 16
salt/sodium intake xi
tobacco use 54
universal health coverage 99
102
277
Index
M
Madagascar, tobacco 58
males (men)
diabetes/raised blood glucose 85
hypertension 67, 68
obesity 80, 81
physical inactivity 33, 37
Mauritius, unhealthy food policies 89
medications see drugs
men see males
Mexico, unhealthy food policies 89
middle-income countries
alcohol consumption 27
cardiovascular disease 95, 97
cost eff ective interventions 30, 18
deaths 9, 10, 11-14, 95
cancer and chronic respiratory disease 10
premature x, 10, 95
diabetes xii, 84
heart attack and strokes xiii, 97, 100
hypertension 74
medicine availability 106
national multisectoral NCD action plan implementation
120
national targets
attaining 123
setting, for reducing premature mortality 10
overweight and obesity xii, 81
physical inactivity x-xi, 34, 39
risk factor targets 16
salt/sodium intake xi
spending in 15-16
tobacco use 54, 60
universal health coverage 99
Paci c Island countries, heart attack and stroke preven-
tion 99
mobile phones and tobacco cessation, Costa Rica 61
Model List of Essential Medicines (WHO) WHO 106
Mongolia
alcohol interventions 29
salt reduction 129
monitoring 118
alcohol harmful use 28
heart attack and stroke prevention 95-96
heart attack and stroke targets 97
hypertension prevalence 72
obesity and diabetes rates 84-88, 90
physical inactivity 38-39
premature mortality 10-13
progress achieved 47-48
quality of services 101
salt/sodium intake 46-47
technology and essential medicine aff ordability 107-109
tobacco use 58
mortalities see deaths
motivation
political leaders and xiv
to reduce tobacco consumption 61
multisectoral action plans x, 126
national see national multisectoral action plans
multisectoral collaboration ix, xiv, 17, 49, 62, 63, 91, 126
multisectoral problem for whole government, tobacco as 62
myocardial infarction see heart attacks
N
national multisectoral action plans xiii, 17, 19, 113-121
accountability 118, 125-126, 127, 130
governance 118
health care 118-119
implementation 119-120
key domains 117-118
key elements 114-115
key steps in development 115-116
prevention in 117-118
prioritization 115
progress by WHO regions 128-129
national NCD targets 113-131
attaining xiv, 113-131
setting ix, xiv, xv, 17, 18, 19, 125, 126
factors to consider when 115, 116
salt/sodium intake xi, 48-49
national surveillance systems x, 17, 124
nifedipine 106
O
obesity and overweight xii, 79-91
actions required to attain targets 90-91
cost-eff ective policies and interventions 88-89
impact on health 79-84
monitoring rates of 84-88, 90
population-based policies and interventions xii, 88-90
OneHealth Tool (UN) 120
outcomes improved by investment in health systems xiv, 126
overweight see obesity and overweight
P
Paci c islands
primary care for heart attack and stroke prevention 99
progress in 129
unhealthy foods and beverages 47
package of essential NCD interventions (WHO PEN) 99, 129
Palestine, health system strengthening 99
partnership to promote female physical activity in Tonga 40
103
Global status report on NCDs 2014
278
pharmaceutical industry 110
Philippines, health system strengthening 98
physical activity (exercise)
healthy diet and 89
lack (physical inactivity) x-xi, 33-43
actions required to attain targets 39-41
cost-eff ective interventions 38
monitoring 38-39
progress achieved 39
political commitment see commitment
Political Declaration (UN General Assembly 2011) ix, 1, 2,
3, 4 4, 113, 125
population-based interventions
alcohol 28, 29-30
hypertension 69
in national action plans 118
obesity xii, 88-90
salt/sodium intake 46
population intake of salt see salt
prices (and aff ordability)
alcohol 29, 30
healthy food 88
medicines and technologies xiii, 105-111
tobacco 58, 59, 60
primary care
audit 101
Brazil, expanding access 100
interventions
aff ordable technologies and essential medicines xiii,
105,107,108, 109
heart attack and stroke 98
hypertension and diabetes 74
prioritization
high impact aff ordable interventions xiv, 125
national multisectoral action plans 115, 117
private sector
aff ordable technologies and essential medicines xiii,
105-111
salt consumption and 48
progress, achieving/making ix
alcohol 29
heart attack and stroke 97-98
hypertension 72-73
majority of countries off course for xiv, 125
physical inactivity 29
salt/sodium intake 47, 48
tobacco and smoking 58-61
in WHO regions since 2011 128-129
promotion
health see health promotion
tobacco use xi-xii, 18, 55, 58-59, 128
public commitment and willpower, smoking cessation 61, 62
public health policies 17, 72-73, 118
diet 48
salt/sodium intake 72
hypertension 74
public places, smoking ban 128
public sector, aff ordable technologies and essential medicines
xiii, 105.111
Q
Qatar, salt/sodium intake 48
quality of services, monitoring 101
R
registration systems 10-14, 17
civil 10-14, 118
vital 10-14
regulation(s) (and law/legal measures/litigation) 17, 114, 115,
118, 119, 128
alcohol x, 18, 29
food 88, 89
and salt/sodium intake 46, 47, 48, 49
medicines 107, 108
tobacco 55, 59, 60, 62-63
Republic of Korea, salt intake 48
resources
adapting to limitations in 101
human xv, 126-127
institutional xv, 126-127
respiratory diseases, chronic, mortalities x, 8, 9, 10, 11
risk factors
behavioural see behavioural risk factors
contribution to achieving reduction in deaths 26–28, 127
hypertension 69, 73
in national action plans 118
WHO STEPwise approach to surveillance of NCD risk
factors 86, 128, 129
see also cardiovascular disease; total risk approach
Russian Federation, alcohol interventions 29
S
salbutamol 106
salt/sodium intake xi, 18, 45-59
actions required to achieve target 48-49
impact on health 45-46
monitoring of population intake 46
progress achieved 47-48, 128, 129
SARA (Service Availability and Readiness Assessment)
107-109
school-based interventions
diet 89, 90
physical inactivity 38, 90
screening, cardiovascular risk 72, 101
100
279
Index
secondary prevention of heart attacks and stroke 96, 97
self-care promotion in hypertension and diabetes 75
Service Availability and Readiness Assessment (SARA) 109
settings-based interventions, obesity and diabetes 89-91
sexes see females; males
situation analysis 98, 114, 116
smoking see tobacco
social marketing to promote female physical activity in Tonga
40
sodium intake see salt/sodium intake
South Africa
alcohol advertising ban 29
salt/sodium intake 48, 128
South-East Asia Region, progress in 129
sponsorship, tobacco industry xi-xii, 18, 55, 60, 128
stakeholders 116, 118, 130
pharmaceuticals 110
state commitment see commitment
statins xiii, 96, 101
STEPwise approach to surveillance of NCD risk factors 88,
128, 129
strategic actions with national multisectoral action plans
117, 118, 119
strategic planning 119
tobacco 60
stroke (cerebrovascular disease) 95-103
actions required to attain targets 98-101
alcohol and 23
cost-eff ective policies and interventions 95
drug therapy in prevention of xii-xiii, 95-103
monitoring targets 97
progress achieved 97-98
recurrent 96
surveillance systems, national x, 17, 88, 90, 119, 124
Eastern Mediterranean Region 128
see also STEPwise approach to surveillance of NCD risk
factors
sustainability and sustainable development ix, xiii-xiv, 2,
124-125
transport 41
T
taxation
alcohol 16, 18, 30
food 16, 88, 128
medicines and tax exemption 110
physical activity and tax exemption 39
tobacco xi-xii, 16, 18, 55, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62
technologies, available and aff ordable xiii, 105-111
ailand
salt/sodium intake 47
tobacco 59
tobacco and smoking xi-xii, 18
actions required to attain targets 61-63
best buys (WHO) xi-xii, 18, 55, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62,
cost-eff ective policies and interventions 54-55
health impact 53-54
warnings about xi-xii, 18, 55, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 129-130
monitoring use 58
progress achieved 58-61
taxation xi-xii, 16, 18, 55, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62,
Tonga, partnership and social marketing to promote female
physical activity 40
total risk approach
heart attack and stroke prevention in primary care 95-98,
100, 101
hypertension (and other cardiovascular risk factors) xii,
18, 72, 74, 96-97
training 49, 127
health workers 17, 49, 74, 100, 110, 127
Philippines 99
transport, sustainable 41
Turkey, tobacco 58
U
Uganda, Kampala, tobacco control 60
United Kingdom
alcohol 29
salt/sodium intake 48
tobacco 60
United Nations (UN)
General Assembly Political Declaration (2011) ix, 1, 4,
113, 125
Interagency Task Force xv, 4, 128
OneHealth Tool 119,-120
universal health coverage xiii, xv, 99-100, 101, 118, 126
V
vital registration systems 14-15
W
walkability areas, Curitiba (Brazil) 40
wellness programmes, workplace 75
Western Paci c Region, progress in 129
WHO 127
accountability framework 130
Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) xi,
xii, 52, 54, 55, 56, 60, 61, 62, 128
Global strategy on diet, physical activity and health 39
Model List of Essential Medicines 106
Package of essential NCD interventions (PEN) 74, 99,
128, 129
19
Global status report on NCDs 2014
280
role in prevention and control of NCDs 127
Service Availability and Readiness Assessment (SARA)
109
STEPwise approach to surveillance of NCD risk factors
88, 128, 129
WHO/Health Action International (HAI) survey methods
106-107
WHO/ISH cardiovascular risk prediction charts 97
willpower see commitment and willpower
women see females
workplace
dietary interventions 90
physical inactivity interventions 38, 42
wellness programmes 75
World Health Organization see WHO
Y
young people see adolescents and young people
Documents you may be interested
Documents you may be interested