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You can select part of a sound in Raven Lite by clicking and dragging the mouse
across part of a view. The selection that you define this way is shown by a red
rectangular border. The selection is displayed in both the waveform and spectrogram
views. If you create the selection in the spectrogram, it is a rectangle with a start and
end time and an upper and lower frequency. If you create the selection by clicking and
dragging in the waveform, it encompasses the entire frequency range of the
spectrogram. Raven Lite allows you to have only one selection at a time. When you
click in a view to define a new selection, the previous selection disappears You can
use selections to define the part of a signal that you want to play or enlarge or edit.
You can quickly select the entire sound by clicking the Select All button, or by selecting
Edit > Select All in the Menu.
To clear a selection, click the Clear Selection button, or if you create a new selection,
the previous selection will be cleared as you are only allowed one selection at a time.
You can also clear a selection by using View > Clear Selection.
Changing the scale of the views (zooming)
When Raven Lite first opens a sound window, the time scale is set so that you can see
the entire sound if it fits within available memory. If the sound does not fit, the sound
window will be paged (see “paged vs. unpaged sound windows” above) and the time
scale will be set to show all of the sound that is currently in memory.
The active view
If both views are displayed, one of them is considered the active view at any one time.
The active view displays a pale blue view selection button along its right edge; the
view selection button of the inactive view is gray. You can activate an inactive view by
clicking on its view selection button or by clicking anywhere on that view. Raven Lite’s
zoom controls and scrollbars operate on the active view.
Zoom in and zoom out
You can zoom in (increase magnification) or zoom out (decrease magnification) in the
horizontal or vertical dimension of a view by clicking the appropriate zoom button in
the Selection/Zoom toolbar. The horizontal and vertical zoom buttons are indicated
by a small horizontal or vertical bar next to the magnifying glass. To zoom in, click the
horizontal or vertical button marked with a ‘+’; to zoom out, click the button marked
with a ‘-‘. Zoom buttons are also located in the lower right corner of each sound
window, at the ends of the horizontal and vertical scrollbars, marked with ‘+’ and ‘-‘.
When you click a vertical zoom button, only the active view zooms. However, when
you zoom in the horizontal (time) dimension, both the waveform and spectrogram
views zoom, no matter which one is the active view. That’s because the time scales of
the views are linked: whatever changes you make to the time scale of one view are
made to the time scale of the other view automatically. This ensures that the same
part of the sound is always displayed in both views.
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Zoom to selection
To zoom in on a particular part of a view so that selection fills the view pane, draw a
selection with the mouse, then click the Zoom to Selection button on the signal toolbar.
If there is no active selection, the Zoom to Selection button is not available. There is
also a Zoom to Selection button (marked with a red square) in the lower right corner of
each sound window
The Zoom to Selection button behaves slightly differently depending on which view is
the active view. If the spectrogram view is active, the spectrogram’s time and
frequency axes both zoom to the selection borders. Since the time axis of the
waveform is linked to that of the spectrogram, the waveform zooms as well. If the
waveform is active when you click the Zoom to Selection button, the time axes of both
views zoom, but the frequency axis of the spectrogram remains unchanged.
Zoom to all
To restore the views so that the entire time and frequency extent of the sound in
memory is shown, click the Zoom to All button on the View toolbar.
Scrollbars
The horizontal and vertical scrollbars in a Raven Lite sound window always refer to the
active view. The length of the horizontal scrollbar in a waveform or spectrogram view
corresponds to the total duration of the sound that is in Raven Lite’s working memory.
If the window is unpaged (see link to paged vs. unpaged
), this is the entire length of
the sound. The length of a scrollbar’s scroll box, relative to the length of the entire
scrollbar, indicates what proportion of the corresponding axis is visible in the view
pane. When the entire axis is visible, the scroll box is half the length of the scrollbar.
The location of the scroll box within the scrollbar indicates the view’s position relative
to the portion of the sound that is in memory. When the horizontal scroll box of a
waveform or spectrogram is at the left edge of the scrollbar, the start of the data is
aligned with the position marker; when the box is all the way to the right, the end of the
data is aligned with the position marker.
Working with spectrograms – Spectrogram Toolbar
Choosing the color scheme
Raven Lite can display spectrograms using any of four color schemes. To use a
different Color Scheme, choose its icon from the color schemes menu on the View
Menu or from the color schemes dropdown combobox control in the Spectrogram
toolbar.
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Adjusting brightness and contrast
When a spectrogram view is active, the brightness and contrast controls on Raven
Lite’s Spectrogram toolbar become active.
If your spectrogram looks too dark or light, or if it’s hard to pick the sound out of the
background, move the brightness and contrast sliders to achieve the desired
appearance of the spectrogram. The brightness control adjusts the overall darkness of
the spectrogram: for a grayscale spectrogram (the default), sliding the control to the
right lightens the display.
The contrast control adjusts the number of different color (by default, grayscale) values
that are shown in the spectrogram. In a grayscale spectrogram, moving the contrast
slider all the way to the right makes the display black and white: all values below some
threshold are assigned to white and the rest become black. In this case, the threshold
between black and white is determined by the brightness control. With the contrast
control all the way to the left, Raven Lite displays up to 200 shades of gray.
The box next to each control tells you what percent brightness or contrast you’ve set. If
you prefer, you can type a percentage number into a box instead of moving the slider.
Reversing the color map
You can reverse the spectrogram color map by clicking the Reverse Color Map button
on the Spectrogram Toolbar or by choosing the Reverse Color Map item in the Color
Scheme menu of the View menu.
grayscale colormap
inverse grayscale colormap
Adjusting the spectrogram sharpness tradeoff
Making a spectrogram of a sound always involves a tradeoff between sharpness or
resolution in the time (horizontal) dimension and in the frequency (vertical) dimension.
A spectrogram that is very sharp in its time dimension will be fuzzy in its frequency
dimension, and vice versa. You can adjust this tradeoff by moving the sharpness slider
control on the Spectrogram Toolbar. Moving the slider to the right improves frequency
sharpness at the expense of time sharpness; moving it to the left improves time
sharpness at the expense of frequency sharpness.
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Recording sounds – File Toolbar
Raven Lite can display scrolling waveform and spectrogram views of sound coming
into your computer (either from a microphone or from an audio CD or other sound
source) in a recorder window. To create a recorder window, click the Record to
Memory button on the File toolbar, choose File > Record to Memory, or press <Ctrl-
R> (Windows) or <Command-R> (Mac OS X). A recorder window looks and behaves
like any other Raven Lite sound window except that it has additional controls displayed
in the status bar at the bottom of the window.
Choosing and setting up a sound input device
In order to choose and configure the sound input device that Raven Lite will use, you
use controls supplied by the operating system, which are different for Windows and
Mac OS X. The Appendix, “Configuring Audio Input” discusses how to choose a
particular audio input device on each operating system. Before proceeding further,
you should refer to Appendix C
to ensure that your system is properly
configured.
Starting and stopping recording
Click the triangular green Record-to-Memory button to start real-time scrolling
waveform and spectrogram displays in the recorder window. When you start providing
an audio signal (by starting playback of a tape or CD, or by speaking into a
microphone), you should see waveform and spectrogram views appear at the right
edge of the window and scroll across to the left. The Record-to-Memory button is
replaced by a square Stop Recording button, and the status field next to the button
displays the message “Recording to memory”. When the waveform reaches the left
edge, the oldest data are discarded to make room for the newest data. (You can see
this happening if you zoom out along the time axis. Raven Lite will display a gray
background to the left of the oldest data in the view.) Clicking the Stop Recording
button stops recording. If you click the button to start recording again, Raven Lite
clears the recorder window before beginning to display the new signal.
Recording to a file
To create a recorder window that can record sound to a WAVE file, click on the Record
To File button on the File toolbar, or choose File > Record To File. (These commands
are not available if there is already a recorder window open.) Raven Lite will display a
dialog box in which you can specify the name and location of the sound file to create,
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for example voice.wav. After you complete this dialog and click OK, Raven Lite will
display a recorder window containing an extra button for controlling file recording.
There are two buttons the bottom left of the recorder window. The green Record-to-
Memory button will start recording to memory. Click the red Record-to-File button to
start saving to file.
Raven Lite always records to memory when recording to a file, so that the recorder
window can display real-time views during acquisition. To begin recording to a file,
click the round red Record-to-File button. The Record-to-File button is then replaced by
the square red Stop-Recording-to-File button. If the recorder is not already recording
to memory, recording to memory and to a file begins immediately, and all views in the
window begin displaying data. If the recorder is already recording to memory when you
click the Record-to-File button, recording to memory continues, and recording to the
specified file begins.
While recording to a file, Raven Lite displays the name of the file and a progress bar at
the bottom of the recorder window to indicate how much of the file has been recorded.
File recording stops when the file has reached a maximum length of one minute, or
when you click the Stop-Recording-to-File button. If the recorder was recording to
memory before file recording started, it continues recording to memory after file
recording stops.
If you click the Record-to-File button again, Raven Lite will record to a new file with a 2
appended to the name e.g. voice2.wav, subsequent files will have incrementing
numbers at the end of the sound file name.
Selecting a recording device
If your computer has more than one recording device in it, then Raven Lite allows you
to select between them. One example of this would be if you install an additional
sound card on a Windows PC, or if you use an iMic on a Macintosh computer. To
select a recording device, choose File>Select Recording Device. On the Select
Audio Input Device dialog, make a selection in the dropdown combo box, then press
OK. You will need to close the current recorder window and open a new one for the
change to take effect in the recorder window.
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Editing sounds – Edit Toolbar
Cut, Copy, Paste, and Delete
Raven Lite lets you cut, copy, or delete data in a selection using buttons on the File
toolbar, commands on the Edit menu, or standard keyboard equivalents. When you cut
or copy a selection, a copy of the selected data is put in the clipboard; in a cut, the
selected data are then deleted from the sound, and the window is redrawn to reflect
the change. The Paste command inserts the contents of the clipboard at the time of
the selection in the active sound window. If the selection is a range (rather than a
point), the clipboard contents replace the data in the selection. If there is no selection,
the Paste command is unavailable. Data on the clipboard can be pasted into the same
sound window, or a different one.
You can create a new empty sound window for pasting data copied or cut from an
existing sound window, by choosing File > New Sound Window or by typing <Ctrl-N>
(Windows) or <Command-N> (Mac OS X), or by clicking the New Sound Widow
button in the File Toolbar.
The clipboard can hold only one item at a time; whenever you Cut or Copy, the data
that go into the clipboard replace what was there before. You can delete the data in
the selection either by clicking the Delete button on the File toolbar, by choosing Edit >
Delete, or by pressing <Ctrl-backspace> (Windows) or <Command-backspace>
(Mac OS).
Cut Copy, Paste, and Delete operations apply only to the time dimension of a sound
window. If you select a region for one of these operations in a spectrogram, the
operation applies across all frequencies in the signal for the duration of the selection,
irrespective of the frequency limits of the selection.
Amplifying a selection
To amplify all or part of a sound, click on the Amplify button on the Edit toolbar, or
choose Edit > Amplify.... Raven Lite will display a dialog box in which you specify
whether to amplify the entire sound or just the selected part, and how much to amplify
the sound. Amplifying by factors greater than 1 makes the sound louder; amplifying by
factors between 0 and 1 makes the sound softer. Amplifying by 0 silences the sound.
Filtering out or around a selection
Raven Lite allows you to filter out or filter around a selected frequency band in a
sound. When you filter out a frequency band, frequency components in that band are
removed from the signal. When you filter around a frequency band, frequency
components outside of that band are removed, leaving only the frequencies in the
selected band.
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To filter out or around a particular frequency band, display the spectrogram, then use
the mouse to select the time interval and frequency band to be filtered, then click the
Filter Out Selection or Filter Around Selection button on the Edit toolbar, or choose
Edit > Filter > Filter Out Selection or Edit > Filter > Filter Around Selection.
Undoing and redoing an edit
If you wish to undo an edit that you have just made, you can do this by clicking the
undo button in the Edit toolbar or by choosing Edit>Undo. Undo works on a single
edit at a time. If you want to redo the last edit that was undone, click the redo button in
the Edit toolbar or chose Edit > Redo.
The Raven Lite clipboard will keep track of the last ten edits. Each of the edits can be
undone and redone only in the context of the original operation. E.g. if you amplify
and then cut, you need to undo the cut before you can undo the amplify.
Saving sounds – File Toolbar
Saving a Sound File
If you have recorded or modified a sound file that you have loaded into Raven Lite,
you can save the sound file by either clicking the Save Button on the File Toolbar or by
selecting File > Save or by hitting the Ctrl+S keys. The file will be automatically saved
using the current file name. The file will be saved using the current sound file formats.
If the file doesn’t have a name, Raven Lite will prompt you for a name using the Save
Sound As dialog.
After a sound has been recorded or edited, the resultant sound file can be saved by
clicking the ‘Save As’ icon in the file toolbar or selecting File > Save As… in the
dropdown menu. Doing so will open the Save As dialog. To save this file with a new
name, you just type the new name in the File Name text box. To alter the format,
select the required format from the Sound File Format dropdown menu. The Format
options available are: 8-bit AIFF, 16-bit AIFF, 24-bit AIFF, 8-bit WAVE, 16-bit WAVE,
24-bit WAVE.
To save a selection, click ‘Save Selection As’ icon in the File toolbar or select File >
Save Selection As in the menu. The same options are available as in the Save As
command, but only the time period over which the selection occurred will be saved.
You can save a selection in a similar way as you can save a File. When saving a
selection to a file, the operation applies across all frequencies in the signal for the
duration of the selection, irrespective of the frequency limits of the selection.
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