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Citing Sources Using APA Manual (6th ed.)

APA Manual and Recent Updates

This section of the Library Handbook addresses how to cite recourses used in the body and the

reference list of your document using the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association

(6th ed.). Common examples for parenthetical text citations, citing direct quotes, and reference

citations in the reference list are provided, but for a more comprehensive list, see the APA manual

(6th ed.).

Plagiarism and Self-Plagiarism

Plagiarism is the use of another person’s ideas or words without giving them the proper credit.

Plagiarism can occur when you use someone else’s exact words without giving them credit, taking

credit for someone else’s ideas, or even presenting your own past work as a new idea. Academic

institutions take both intentional and unintentional plagiarism seriously, and it can be grounds for

dismissal. According to the APA manual (6th ed.), the best method of avoiding plagiarism is to

cite the ideas, theories, and research that directly influenced your work, cite key background

information, information that may support or dispute your theory or hypothesis, or offer critical

definitions or data (p. 169). Document all facts and figures that are not common knowledge. For

journal articles and class assignments, APA recommends using one or two of the most

representative sources for each key point, but for the literature review for a dissertation, you

should include a more exhaustive list of citations. See APA (6th ed.), pp. 15-16 for more

information.

In-Text Citations

Citations used in the body of your publication identify the source of information. In-text

parenthetical citations are used to give credit to the authors whose ideas or thoughts are used

within the document. These internal citations allow the reader to identify the source and locate

the information being addressed. APA uses a system that includes the author’s last name and the

year of publication. For example: (Small, 2009). If there is a direct quote or a specific part of the

work is being referred to, the page numbers are also included. For example, (Small, 2009, p. 23).

Sources may include books and book chapters, journal or magazine articles, dissertations and

theses, conference papers, government reports, films, websites, blogs and wikis, discussion

boards, personal communications, and more.

Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is used when you take someone else’s direct quote and state their idea in your own

words. Changing a few words here and there is still considered plagiarism even if you do

cite the author. Paraphrasing means that you expressed the author’s information or ideas in your

own words and have given that person credit for that information or idea. You can prevent

plagiarism by closing the document and restating the idea in your own words. See APA manual,

6th ed., pp. 170-171 for more information.

Section

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Notice in this example how the paraphrased version made changes to more than 50% of the

original wording:

Original Passage: “Signed into law in January 2002 by President George W. Bush,

the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act signaled the nation’s most sweeping education

reform of federal education policy in decades” (Smith, 2008. p. 212).

Unacceptable Paraphrasing: Enacted into law in 2002 by President Bush, the No Child

Left Behind Act signaled the most sweeping education reform of U.S. educational policy

in decades.

Paraphrased:

According to Smith (2008), the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB)

Act provided the most all-encompassing reform in U.S. education in almost half a century.

The No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) Act provided the most all-encompassing reform

in U.S. education in almost half a century (Smith, 2008)

Paraphrases must include the name of the author and the year of publication of the original

source. Including the page number in the text citation is optional.

Quoting Directly

When you directly quote an author, you need to put the exact words of the author in quotation

marks or follow the rules for a block quotation. Include the exact spelling and interior

punctuation of the borrowed words. The author, year of publication, and page number(s) or

paragraph number for non-paginated materials are always included in the text and a reference

citation is included in the reference list. See APA manual (6 th ed.), pp. 170-172.

Regular Quotes

-- Regular quotes are used when the quote is less than 40 words.

McPherson (2007) coined the phrase “goblet of motivation” (p. 71).

•

Keep the author and year of publication together.

•

Use quotation marks to identify the exact words of the author.

•

Include the page number in parentheses immediately after the direct quote.

•

Place the period after the parentheses.

Block Quotes

– Block quotes are used for quotes of more than 40 words.

Students at Nova Southeastern University have faced challenges in learning

how to use APA formatting. When discussing the challenges, Strunk (1922) stated:

Use quotes around an article title or book chapter, but italicize the title of a

book, journal, brochure, or report when used in the body of the paper.

Use a short title in the parenthetical citation or complete title if the title is

short. NOTE Non-periodical titles like books and book titles have all the

important words capitalized in the text citations, but these same book titles

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do not have all the important words capitalized in the reference list. (p.

342)

Callahan (2001), however, says ….

•

Indent the block quote five spaces or half an inch.

•

Do not use quotation marks.

•

Double space the quote unless your school has a rule about single spacing block

quotes.

•

Do not include any additional lines or spaces before or after the block quote.

•

Notice that in block quotes, the period goes before the parentheses, not after.

Citation Placement

Use the author-date method of citation by inserting the surname of the author and the year of

publication at the appropriate point in the text.

Citations for Paraphrased Information

See APA manual (6th ed.), p. 175

•

Beginning of sentence

Krankenstein (2006) reported that empirical research verified compliance.

•

Middle of sentence

After looking into the issue, Lynch (2007) stated that the findings were not valid.

•

End of sentence

The report concluded were victims of cyberterrorism (Windhorst, 2004).

Citations with Direct Quotes

•

Author and quote together

The principal stated clearly that students “needed parental permission to leave

school” (Abbott, 2005, p. 25).

•

Author and quote separated

MacDougall (2004) stated that the “Information Literacy Model needed to be

implemented” (p. 34).

•

Quote from non-paginated material

Winkowski (2007) stated, “The research is unreliable” (Conclusion section, para.

4).

Multiple Citations by the Same Author in Same Paragraph

•

When the same author is cited multiple times in the same paragraph and the

author’s name is part of the narrative, you need to include the year in subsequent

non-parenthetical references to a resource. However, you do include the year in all

parenthetical citations:

A study by Tunon and Brydges (2007) found that the quality of the two sets of

citations were comparable. The subjective rubric developed by Tunon and Brydges

helped establish this. The study went on to show a difference between academic

programs (Tunon & Brydges, 2007).

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Multiple Authors for the Same Source

•

One author

Smith (2007)

(Smith, 2007)

•

Two authors

Smith and Thomas, (2007)

•

(Smith & Thomas, 2007)

•

Three to five authors

Smith, Thomas, and Jones (2007)

Parenthetical citation

(Smith, Thomas, & Jones, 2007)

Subsequent parenthetical citations (Smith, et al., 2007)

•

Six or more authors

Smith et al. (2007)

Parenthetical citation

(Smith et al., 2007)

Subsequent parenthetical citations (Smith et al., 2007)

•

Group authors

American Psychological Association (APA, 2010)

Subsequent citations in text

(APA, 2010)

Parenthetical citation

American Psychological Association ([APA], 2010)

Subsequent parenthetical citations (APA, 2010)

For more information, see APA manual (6th ed.), p. 177.

Multiple Authors for Different Sources

•

Different sources may be cited when referring to several representative sources used

for a key point.

•

List authors in alphabetical order within the same parentheses.

•

Separate names with semicolons.

•

If a work is in press, put that after the years of publication.

Empirical research shows that dissertations chairs think doctoral students have the necessary

information literacy skills need to do the library research for the literature review (Boote &

Beile, 2004, 2008, in press; Brydges & Tunon, 2005; Morner, 1997; Tunon & Brydges, 2007)

Citing a Secondary Source

It is always best to read the original or primary sources, but sometimes this is difficult if the

original work was published in another language or was published in a book that is difficult to

obtain. In such a case, you would need to cite the original or primary source in the text of the

paper, but you would provide a reference in the reference list for the secondary source.

Within the Text

According the Skinner (as cited in Freud, 1923), Freud took the position ….

In the Reference List

Skinner, B. F. (1974). About behavioralism. New York, NY: Knopf.

Personal Communications

Personal communications including conversations, phone calls, email messages, class lectures,

interviews, and online chats should be paraphrased. Cite personal communications only in the

text, give the initials as well as the surname of the communicator, and provide the exact date if

possible. See APA manual (6th ed.), p. 179 for more information.

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For example:

According to S. Ramdial (personal communication, July 20, 2009), the book is ready.

The book is ready (S. Ramdial, personal communication, July 20, 2009).

If the personal communication is recoverable, then the source should be cited as an archived

material.

Formatting Citations in the Reference List:

Books

General notes about books: If name(s) are the first part of the citation, they are capitalized and

listed— last name, then initials. Separate names with a comma, and use an ampersand (&) before

the last author. Use Ed. for one editor, Eds. for multiple editors. Capitalize the first word in titles

and subtitles, and proper names. Place of publication should include the city name and two letter

state abbreviation. See APA manual (6th ed.), p. 187. If you are citing a book chapter or section

you must indicate the pages. Use p. for a single page and pp. for multiple pages. Put a space after

the p. and put a - (dash) between the numbers with no space before or after the hyphen.

- Ex: Book by a single author.

Author's name. (Year). Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher.

Chitty, D. (2003). Do lemmings commit suicide? Beautiful hypotheses and ugly facts. New York, NY:

Oxford University Press.

- Ex: Book by two or more authors.

Author's names. (Year). Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher.

Rosellini, G., & Worden, M. (2004). Of course you're angry: A guide to dealing with the emotions of

substance abuse (Rev. ed.). Center City, MN: Hazelden.

- Ex: Book by a group author with DOI

Group author. (Year). Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher. doi:XXX.XXXXXXXX

Children's Express. (2009). Voices from the future: Our children tell us about violence in America.

New York, NY: Crown. doi:10/1023/10452-000

- Ex: Book by an unknown author.

Title of book. (Year). Place of publication: Publisher.

The alternative medicine handbook. (1994). New York: Crescent Books.

- Ex: Book that is a major classical work.

Reference list entries are not required for major classical works. These include ancient Roman and

Greek works as well as classical religious works such as the Bible and the Koran. You do however

identify the work the first time it is cited in the text. Because classical works are usually numbered

systematically across all editions, use the numbers instead of pages when referring to specific parts

of the text.

- Ex: Book with editors.

Editor's name. (Ed.). (Year). Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher.

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Moen, P., Elder, G., & Luscher, K. (Eds.). (1995). Examining lives in context: Perspectives on the ecology

of human development. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

- Ex: Book chapter in book retrieved from archival database. – See APA manual (6th ed.),

pp. 192, 204, # 25, information about subscription databases on p. 207, 7.05

Price, J. (1934). Bret Easton Ellis: Overview. In S. W. Brown (Ed.), Contemporary novelists (DX Reader

version). Retrieved from Literature Resources from Gale database.

Provide the subscription database instead of the home page or entry page URL of the

publisher or other primary publishing channels, if the book is available from an archival

database.

- Ex: Introduction, preface, foreword, or afterword.

Author of section being cited. (Year). Name of section. In author of book, Title of book (p. or pp.

page numbers). Place of publication: Publisher. Take note: The section author is listed differently

than the author(s) of the whole book.

Jeffrey, I. (2008). Introduction. In B. Saveley, Secret city: Photographs from Peru (pp. 8-12).

New York, NY: Thames and Hudson.

- Ex: Edition other than the first.

Author's name. (Year). Title of book (Number of edition). Place of publication: Publisher.

Hoff, R. (1992). I can see you naked : A new revised edition of the national bestseller on making fearless

presentations (New rev. ed.). Kansas City, MO: Andrews and McMeel.

Pasachoff, J. (1999). Field guide to the stars and planets (3rd ed.). Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.

- Ex: Work in an anthology.

Author's name. (Year). Title of selection. In Editor’s name (Ed.), Title of anthology (Vol. volume

number, then if appropriate, pp. page#s). Place of publication: Publisher.

Updike, J. (2005). Reading Trends. In M. Meyer (Ed.), The Bedford introduction to literature: Reading,

thinking and writing (Vol. 1, p. 307). New York, NY: Greenwood Press.

- Ex: Entry in an online encyclopedia or dictionary with no date.

Author's name. (n.d. for no date). Entry heading or title. In Title of encyclopedia (if there is not

volume number or page numbers of selection, use the edition information). Retrieved from URL

or home page URL of book publisher (NOTE: Do not end URL with a period.) See APA

manual (6th ed.), p. 205, #30

Tavris, C. (n.d.). Queen bee syndrome. In Women’s studies encyclopedia(Fall 2007 ed.). Retrieved

from http://www.stanford.edu/entries.readingtrends

- Ex: Entry in a print encyclopedia or dictionary, no author or editor.

Entry heading or title. (Year). In Title of encyclopedia (Vol. volume number, then if appropriate, pp.

page#s). Place of publication: Publisher.

Eschatology. (1982). In Webster’s new world dictionary of the American language (2nd ed.).

New York, NY: Simon and Schuster.

- Ex: Multivolume work.

Author's name. (Year). Title of multivolume work (Vol. volume number-s). Place of publication:

Publisher. See APA manual (6th ed.), p. 204, #23

Schlager, N. (Ed.). (2000-2004). How products are made: An illustrated guide to product manufacturing

(Vols. 1-4). Detroit, MI: Gale Research.

Mills, L. (1996). Architecture of the Old South (Vols. 1-2). Savannah, GA: Beehive Foundation.

- Ex: Limited circulation book or monograph from the electronic database (ERIC).

Notice that no location or publisher was included because the monograph was retrieved

electronically. See APA manual (6th ed.), p. 204, #22 – No ERIC ED accession number was

included for this example, and the ERIC URL was provided. However, in #62 on page 212, the

accession number was included and the name of the database was used in the retrieval statement.

Mead, J. V. (Ed.). (2002). Citation analysis: Investigating the quality of doctoral reference lists

[Monograph]. Retrieved from http://eric.ed.gov

- Ex: Electronic version of republished book

Author. (Year). Title of work. Retrieved from URL (Original work published in XXXX) See APA

manual (6th ed.), p. 203, #21

Freud, S. (1933). An autobiographical study. New York, NY: Knopf. Retrieved from

http://books.google.com/books (Original work published 1900)

- Ex.: Electronic version of print book, title translated into English, book translated -- See

See APA manual (6th ed.), pp. 205, #28 If the online version refers to a print edition, include the

edition number after the title. See p. 205, #30.

Freud, S. (1911). The interpretation of dreams (3rd ed.). (A. A. Brill, Trans.). Retrieved from

http://www.psychwww.com/books/interp/toc.htm

If the non-English work is used as the source, give the title in the original language and put the

translated title in English. For example,

Die traumdeteun. [

The interpretation of dreams].

the above example, the book was translated into English so the title in German was not

included. See APA manual (6th ed.), p. 205, #28.

Periodicals – Journal, Magazine, and Newsletter Articles

General notes about periodical articles and documents: Names are listed last name, then

initials, if name(s) is the first element of the citation. Separate names with a comma, and an

ampersand (&) before the last author. If there is no author, then the title of the article is first.

Dates– Daily newspapers & newsletters: Use (Year, Month Day). Monthly newspapers &

magazines with no volume number: Use (Year, Month). Journals: Use (Year)

Titles– Article titles: capitalize first word in titles and subtitles, and any proper names.

Journal titles– Capitalize all words except articles and prepositions

Volume numbers and issue numbers – Do not use vol. for volume or no. for issue number.

The volume number is italicized while the issue number is not. The issue number is enclosed in

parentheses and follows immediately after the volume number with no space. Follow the

parentheses with a comma.

Pages– Newspapers: use p. for one page, pp. for two or more pages. However, for magazines

and journals, Do not use p. or pp. before page numbers. Follow the page number(s) with a

period.

Article in a journal or magazine. See APA manual (6th ed.), pp. 199-202.

Author's name. (Year). Title of article. Title of journal or journal, volume number(issue number), page

numbers.

- Ex: Journal article with DOI assigned.

Include the DOI or Digital Object Identifier if available. See APA manual (6th ed.), pp. 187-192,

199 #3. When you do not have a DOI assigned and the reference is retrieved online, give the

URL of the exact URL if available. If not, use the journal home page. No retrieval date is

included. If the journal article was not retrieved online, end the citation with the period after the

page numbers.

Gerry, R.. (2000). Tempo training for freestyle. Journal of Swimming Technique, 34(1), 40-42.

doi:10.1022/0202-9822.77.4.444

- Ex: Journal article with DOI assigned, advance online publication. See APA manual (6th

ed.), p. 199, #5

Cox, C. (2006). An analysis of the impact of federated search products on library instruction using

the ACRL standards. Portal: Libraries and the academy, 6(3), 253-267. Advance online publication.

doi:10.1212/s00222-009-0987-6

- If you are citing an advance release version of the article, insert Advance online

publication before the retrieval statement or DOI

- Ex: Journal article with no DOI, retrieved from open-access URL, more than seven

authors. If there is no DOI number, then include the URL for open-access journals when

available. When there are more than seven authors, use the ellipses for the authors after the sixth

and before the last author. See APA manual (6th ed.), p. 199, #2-3

Jones, H. M., McKay, J., Alvarado, F., Plath, E., Jordan, A., Porter, M., . . . Allsop, S. (2005).

The attractions of stupidity. The St. Croix e-Review, 30(2), 6-10. Retrieved from

http://st_croix_e-review.com/index.php/articles/view/30/6/

- Ex: Journal article with no DOI, retrieved from a subscription database. If there is no

DOI number and the article was retrieved from a subscription database instead of an open-access

URL, then APA says to locate and provide the home page URL for the journal. See APA manual

(6th ed.), p. 191. Since chances are that the article cannot be retrieved free, chances are that most

instructors would be OK with just providing the basic citation without any retrieval information.

Getweed, R.-J., Jr. (2007). Information literacy for distance students. Journal of Library

Administration, 34(1), 40-42. Retrieved from http://www.jla.org/

- Ex: In-press article in a preprint archive. See APA manual (6th ed.), p. 200, #6 for in press

article.

Watson, J. D., & Jones, F. H. (in press). A structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid. Nature. Retrieved

from http://www.nsu.fl.edu/DNA/draft_pubs/12345678.pdf

The exact URL is provided because the article is informally published and not yet indexed on

a journal website. The article version was posted online in an outside repository or preprint

archive.

- Ex: Journal article retrieved from difficult source to locate online -- JSTOR

Jennings, B. (1913). Lessons learned in the trenches: The experiences of an urban middle

principal. Leadership, 4, 12. Retrieved from JSTOR database.

- Some archival documents can only be found in electronic databases such as ERIC and JSTOR.

When the document is not easily located through its primary publishing channels, give the home

or entry page URL for the online archive or the subscription database if it is only available in that

format. Note that the example above has the article was published in 1913. See APA manual (6th

ed.), p. 192.

- Ex.: Online newsletter article, no author – See APA manual (6th ed.), p. 200, #9

Upward mobility in third world nations. (2009, spring). Portals of the world: Newsletter of the Florida

Virtual University. Retrieved from http://wwww.fvu.edu/portalsoftheworld

/newsletter0102/Spring2004.pdf

The month and day or season is provided for newsletters.

No volume, issue, and page numbers was provided in this online newsletter.

The exact URL is helpful here because newsletter articles can be difficult to locate on the

university home page.

Alphabetize works with no author by the first significant word in the title.

In text, use a short title or the full title if it is short by enclosing it in quotation marks for

the parenthetical citation: (“Upward Mobility,” 2009).

Break the URL before most symbols.

- Ex.: No page numbers for online newsletter article. See APA manual (6th ed.), p. 200, #9.

Rosenberg, S. (1999, June 2). What is to be done about Microsoft? Salon.. Retrieved from

http://www.salon.com/tech/col/rose/1999/06/02/microsoft_breakup/index.html

The month and day are included for newsletters and newspapers.

Website–magazine, journal or newspaper article. See APA manual (6th ed.), p. 200, #8

Cite as you would a printed source, followed by a retrieval statement that includes the Internet

address or URL of the article. Start it with the word Retrieved and end with the Internet

address/URL. E.g.: Retrieved from [http://…]

Reed, M. L. (2000). Algebraic structure of genetic inheritance. Bulletin of the American

Mathematical Society, 34, 107-130. Retrieved from http://www.ams.org/bull/1997-34-02

Unpublished manuscript with a university cited. Retrieved from institutional website, no

date. See APA manual (6th ed.), p. 211, #58 Author. (Year, or use n.d. if no date). Title of web

document. Retrieved from [Institution Name, program or department] website: [URL]

Colman, W. C. (n.d.). Comparisons of grade point averages between men who join fraternities and men who

do not join fraternities at Shady Rock University. Unpublished manuscript. Programs for Higher

Education, Nova Southeastern University. Retrieved from

http://www.nova.edu/

phe

/phe_resources/online_documents.htm

Computer programs, software, and programming languages. See APA manual (6th ed.), pp.

210-211, # 56 Software programs like Word, PowerPoint, SPSS, SAS, Java, Photoshop, and

Adobe Acrobat that are considered standard, off-the-shelf software do not need reference entries.

However, you do need to provide reference entries for specialized software or computer

programs with limited distribution. Author. (Date). Title of software or computer program

(Version number) [Any identifier]. City, state: Name of producer.. Retrieved from URL

Jones, D. F. (2002). The citation analyzer (Version 3.2) [Computer software].

Fort Lauderdale, FL: Nova Southeastern University. Retrieved from http://www.buros.com/

The name of the software is not italicized, and the important words are not capitalized.

The type of resource is identified in brackets.

Only list an author if that individual has proprietary rights to the software.

The information about how to obtain this software of computer program of limited

distribution is provided statement that starts with Retrieved from http://...

Data set. See APA manual (6th ed.), p. 211, #54. The title for data sets gets italicized.

National Center of Educational Statistics. (2009). IPED report: Nova Southeastern

University [Data file]. Retrieved from http://www.nces.org/datasets/

Measurement instrument. See APA manual, p. 211, #55.

Tunon, J., & Brydges, B. (2008). Subjective rubric [Software and training videos].

Unpublished instrument. Retrieved from http://www.nova.edu/

Dissertations, Theses, and Practicums

Dissertations done by students attending Nova before 1994 are from Nova University rather than

Nova Southeastern University

Doctoral dissertation retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database . See

APA manual (6th ed.), p. 207-208, #40 Author last name, first initial. (Year). Title of dissertation.

Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. xxxxxxx)

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