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Rafetus swinhoei

Red River giant softshell turtle

The enormous Red River giant softshell turtle

(Rafetus swinhoei) can reach up to 120kg in weight,

with a shell over 100cm long. The species plays a

signiﬁcant role in the cultural history of the area.

In fact, the turtle in Hoan Kiem Lake is fabled to

be the legendary Kim Qui, or Golden Turtle God,

and has appeared at notable points in Vietnamese

history. Unfortunately this cultural icon may soon

be lost forever as hunting and habitat destruction

have devastated populations. Previously found

throughout the Red River of Yunnan, China and

Vietnam, the known global population now consists

of four individuals.

An intensive conservation breeding programme at

Suzhou Zoo with an old male and the last known

female has been running since 2008. Unfortunately,

despite multiple attempts, none of the clutches of

eggs laid by the female have produced hatchlings,

and in 2011 were all found to be infertile. Attempts

continue and efforts may be made to pair the

female with a younger Vietnamese male discovered

in 2007 in Dong Mo Lake.

As well as continuing conservation breeding efforts,

scientists have made several missions to Yunnan in

recent years to assess reports of possible sightings

of the species by the forestry bureaus and others in

the area. Although awareness levels of the species

and its signiﬁcance was encouragingly high, there

were no conﬁrmed recent sightings. The forestry

bureaus in the area were continuing to monitor

markets in order to rescue any individuals that might

be on sale there. However, as ofﬁcials focus their

hunt on gigantic specimens (large adults), younger

individuals may be slipping through under the

assumption that they are a more common species.

What needs to be done?

The creation of a clear identiﬁcation kit for ofﬁcials

that distinguishes between all size classes of softshell

turtle species in the area would be invaluable. If these

were then distributed throughout the area other

individuals could possibly be rescued and included in

captive breeding programmes. In addition, options to

include the turtle in Dong Mo Lake in the breeding

programme should continue to be explored.

Finally, comprehensive surveys and awareness

campaigns across the region need to be continued.

The value of these was demonstrated in 2010, when

Dong Mo Lake broke its dam and a turtle was caught

downriver. In the absence of an awareness campaign

this individual would have found his way onto a dinner

table, rather than being rescued and released back

into its wetland home.

Population size:

4 individuals

Range:

Hoan Kiem Lake and Dong Mo Lake,

Viet Nam, and Suzhou Zoo, China

Primary threats:

Hunting for consumption

and habitat destruction and

degradation as a result of wetland

destruction and pollution

Actions required:

Education and awareness

programmes, and captive breeding

Text reviewed by the Freshwater Turtle and Tortoise Specialist Group

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Rhinoceros sondaicus

Javan rhino

Formerly found throughout south-east Asia, as far

aﬁeld as Bangladesh and southern China through

to peninsular Malaysia and the islands of Sumatra

and Java in Indonesia, the Javan rhino (Rhinoceros

sondaicus) is now the rarest of all the living rhinoceros

species. Like many rhinos, their horns are prized

in traditional medicine and can fetch up to $30,000

(US) on the black market.

This charismatic species is battling to survive,

with only a small population of between 40 - 60

individuals remaining in Ujung Kulon National Park

in Java. Until recently a population hung on in the

Cat Tien National Park in Viet Nam. However the

last individual was poached from the protected

area in early 2010, the value of its horn in traditional

medicine is overshadowing any intrinsic value that

the species has.

A principal form of legal protection for the species

is its listing on CITES Appendix I, and since 1975

this has made the trade of individuals or any

component parts illegal. However, the often

under-resourced nation states that hold CITES

Appendix I species require increased levels of

international support to enforce this legislation

and protect what is of global value.

Rhinos are one of the world’s most recognisable

species, ﬁlling children’s story books and providing

inspiration for generations. Losing one of their

species due to the human desire to consume ever

more resources would be inexcusable.

What needs to be done?

As the primary threat to the survival of the Javan

rhino is hunting, then the success of rescue efforts

will hinge on understanding the motivations for

these activities and effectively addressing them.

Ramping up patrolling efforts and the enforcement

of protection laws in the area will also be of critical

importance to save this species. Due to the small

population size, disease is also a signiﬁcant threat

and needs to be continually monitored. In addition,

habitat management, to enhance its suitability for

the Javan rhino, should continue.

With the loss of the ﬁnal population in Viet Nam,

there is an urgent need to review the feasibility

of a conservation breeding programme and the

potential for reintroductions and translocations.

Any translocation or reintroduction would carry

substantial risk, but as the sole remaining population

of this rhino exists in a geographically limited

area of Java, not implementing these ambitious

conservation measures may no longer be an option.

Population size:

< 100 individuals

Range:

Ujung Kulon National Park,

Java, Indonesia

Threats:

Hunting for traditional medicine

and small population size

Action required:

Enforcement of protection laws

and possible establishment of

a captive breeding programme

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Text reviewed by the Asian Rhino Specialist Group

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Risiocnemis seidenschwarzi

Cebu frill-wing

Discovered in 1999, the Cebu frill-wing (Risiocnemis

seidenschwarzi) is a beautiful black damselﬂy with

unusual blue eyes and is found only on the island

of Cebu, in the Philippines. Two years after its

discovery a local farmer moved onto the only site

from which the species was known, destroying

the original vegetation. With its forested habitat

lost, the population of Cebu frill-wings began to

decline rapidly. After the farmer was found washing

his pesticide sprayer in the frill-wing’s only known

habitat, thus poisoning the water, the species

seemed to be lost forever. Extensive efforts to

locate the species and to raise awareness of its

plight came to no avail.

Fortunately, in 2009, a small population was

discovered at a spring located by Kawasan Falls,

near the source of the Kawasan River. This

population is conﬁned to a narrow area measuring

less than 30m

and may itself have only narrowly

escaped destruction. According to locals, the site

was nearly destroyed in 1990 by the construction

of a house. In a strange twist of fate, the delicate

frill-wings were saved only by the deportation of

the owner, leaving nature to reclaim the abandoned

property and return it to its former state.

The fate of this distinctive, blue-eyed damselﬂy

(and Protosticta plicata, another endangered

damselﬂy) depends largely on encouraging various

stakeholders to protect the habitat around the

Kawasan Falls. There is a high risk of this site

being destroyed, with the lower section having

already been developed with concrete paving and

ornamental plantings. Clearance of vegetation

above the waterfalls has also been noted. As the

area is not currently protected, there are no legal

restrictions to prevent landowners modifying the

area further.

What needs to be done?

The presence of the two threatened odonata

species, four other island-endemics and a number

of other Philippine endemics, should accord the

Kawasan Falls ‘Critical Habitat’ status. This would

restrict human access to the area and remove the

threat of habitat modiﬁcation. It would also reduce

the risk of the site being poisoned, which wiped

out the previous population. Careful management

of the designation process will be of paramount

importance, to avoid negative reactions from the

current landowners which could have disastrous

consequences for the Cebu frill-wing.

Population size:

Unknown

Range:

< 1km

in a rivulet beside the

Kawasan River, Cebu, Philippines

Primary threats:

Habitat degradation and

destruction

Actions required:

Designation of area as ‘Critical

Habitat’ – restricting human access

to the area

Text contributed by Reagan Joseph Villanueva and reviewed by the Dragonﬂy Specialist Group

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Scaturiginichthys vermeilipinnis

Red-finned Blue-eye

The red-ﬁnned blue-eye (Scaturiginichthys

vermeilipinnis) is a tiny ﬁsh which has an extremely

restricted range in an isolated group of artesian springs

on Edgbaston, a former sheep and cattle station

in central western Queensland, Australia. First

discovered in 1990, the existence of a beautifully-

coloured member of the blue-eye family in such

an unlikely environment was exciting to everyone.

However, from the onset of its discovery there was

recognition of an impending disaster: the presence

of the ﬁsh Gambusia holbrooki. Introduced as a

biological control for mosquitoes, feral populations

of gambusia are associated with catastrophic

declines in indigenous ﬁsh populations, and this

is certainly the case in the spring complex at

Edgbaston where the species predate on red-ﬁnned

blue-eyes.

During the 1990s, staff from the state ﬁsheries

agency in Queensland worked to get red-ﬁnned

blue-eye listed as an endangered species. These

efforts were successful and it is now listed as

endangered under Australian and Queensland

legislation. Unfortunately, conservation breeding

efforts failed so the best hope for this ﬁsh now

rests on conservation efforts in its arid homeland.

In 2008, Edgbaston was purchased by Bush

Heritage Australia and a project commenced to

attempt to control gambusia and save the red-

ﬁnned blue-eye. An audit of all springs in March

2009 revealed only four springs with the ﬁsh, and

total numbers were estimated at between 2,000

and 4,000 individuals. In contrast, the gambusia

population had exploded and they were present

in their millions in thirty springs. It is thought that

gambusia invaded the springs following extensive

ﬂooding of the region, and there is a high risk that

the species could colonise the ﬁnal strongholds

of the red-ﬁnned blue-eye. The situation is a little

better in 2012, but is still precarious. Rotenone – a

substance used to kill ﬁshes - has been trialled at

Edgbaston. It successfully eliminates gambusia and,

when applied correctly, doesn’t damage populations

of non-target taxa. Red-ﬁnned blue-eyes have also

been successfully relocated to three springs which

were free of gambusia, opening up the possibility

for future successful reintroductions. Work is

currently underway to trial methods of preventing

future gambusia colonisation, barricading springs

using a range of materials.

What needs to be done?

The red-ﬁnned blue-eye has survived in an extremely

harsh aquatic environment, but unfortunately this

little ﬁsh’s impressive adaptability is nothing in the

face of a gambusia invasion. Although much progress

has been made in protecting the red-ﬁnned blue-

eye, there is still a long way to go. Rescue currently

hinges on red-ﬁnned blue eye reintroductions and

prevention of further gambusia colonisations. While

this is possible, the species requires dedicated

funding and support to ensure its long-term recovery.

Without this, the extinction of this unique species

remains likely.

Population size:

2,000 - 4,000 individuals

Range:

Edgbaston Station, central

western Queensland, Australia

Threats:

Predation by introduced species

Action required:

Control of the invasive species

Gambusia holbrooki, and

reintroduction of S.vermeilipinnis

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Text contributed by Adam Kerezsy, Freshwater Fish Specialist Group

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The species was previously found

in six estuaries in the Eastern

Cape Province, but is believed to

have disappeared from five. Its

situation was so dire that it was

feared extinct in 1994.

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Sygnathus watermeyeri

Estuarine pipefish

A relative of the seahorse and sea dragon, the

estuarine pipeﬁsh (Syngnathus watermeyeri), like all

species in its family, has ﬂipped reproductive roles

with the male being the one that gets pregnant.

Females deposit eggs into the male’s brood pouch

after mating, where the male then carries them to

term – between 12 and 14 days. Unfortunately this

diverting species and its quirks may soon be lost

due to continued declines of habitat quality and

food resources in its estuarine home.

The estuarine pipeﬁsh relies on pulses of river

water that both nourish its food supply and

maintain habitable saline levels. The construction

of dams and other barriers along waterways,

and the direct abstraction of water from rivers,

in the Eastern Cape Province have reduced the

frequency and intensity of these ﬂows – resulting

in a decline in food availability for the larval stages

of development. The species was previously found

in six estuaries in this area, but is believed to have

disappeared from ﬁve. Its situation was so dire

that it was feared extinct in 1994, before a new

population was discovered in East Kleinemonde

Estuary. Sadly this population was wiped out

by a ﬂood in 1998, which resulted in the loss of

submerged aquatic grass beds on which this

species depends.

Fortunately, a population of estuarine pipeﬁsh returned

to the Kariega Estuary after an absence of four

decades. This re-emergence was probably linked to

a period of heavy rain in the area, which resulted in

the Kariega River ﬂowing once again and giving rise

to optimal levels of salinity and nutrients in the estuary.

Ensuring that this quirky little species improves

its currently shaky grip on life will require careful

management of the water ﬂows into the estuary.

What needs to be done?

The establishment of a freshwater ‘reserve’, which

could help to ensure regular pulses of freshwater

into the system, coupled with habitat conservation

and pollution control are the main measures

needed to protect this species. Management of

these freshwater ﬂows, that supply both food and

living space for the species, should be achieved

without too much difﬁculty since allocations for

water use have been agreed for other estuaries in

the area. Now all that is required is for them to be

implemented, and then effectively managed, on the

Kariega and Bushman’s rivers. Appropriate land-use

management and ecological water allocations could

avoid potentially catastrophic outcomes for this

species in the future.

Population size:

Unknown

Range:

Kariega Estuary to East

Kleinemonde Estuary, Eastern

Cape Province, South Africa

Threats:

Construction of dams altering

river flows and flood events

into estuaries

Action required:

Establishment of a freshwater

‘reserve’, pollution control and

implementation of water use

allocations

Text reviewed by the Seahorse, Pipeﬁsh and Stickleback Red List Authority

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Tahina spectabilis

Suicide Palm, Dimaka

Large enough to be seen in satellite imagery, the

suicide palm (Tahina spectabilis) can grow a trunk

up to 18m tall which is topped by a crown of leaves

over ﬁve metres in diameter. This enormous palm

remained undetected until 2007, when it was ﬁrst

discovered at the foot of a tiny limestone outcrop

in Madagascar’s seasonal west. Once mature, the

suicide palm extends a 4 - 5m high inﬂorescence

which is covered in a multitude of small yellow

ﬂowers. This impressive reproductive effort is so

taxing that, true to its common name, the palm dies

a few months after ﬂowering and fruiting. Described

in 2008, the palm’s generic name, Tahina, is based

on the Malagasy for ‘blessed’.

Habitat loss, as with so many of Madagascar’s

endemic species, is the most serious threat to

this species. Its small population size and its

restricted range, makes the suicide palm particularly

vulnerable. Even small-scale modiﬁcations to the

surrounding area may have a devastating impact

while unforeseen events, such as a cyclone or

wildﬁre, could result in the species’ swift extinction

in the wild. Establishing new populations of the

species is, therefore, of critical importance.

Seed has been harvested from wild specimens

through collaboration between the Madagascar

National Seed Bank (Silo Nationale des Graines

Forestières), the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and

a commercial seed distributor. These seeds were

then distributed to botanic gardens and private

palm enthusiasts around the world to ensure a

well distributed collection. The ﬁnancial proceeds

from this enterprise were returned to the local

population, who used the revenue to build ﬁre

breaks around the site and construct fences to

keep cattle out. An additional beneﬁt included

refurbishment of the local school, demonstrating

the advantages of conserving the site and the

species to the surrounding community.

What needs to be done?

Although ex-situ conservation efforts have provided

the suicide palm with a level of security, an ongoing

sustainable management plan now needs to be

developed. This could include the establishment of

a protected area, enrichment planting and ongoing

monitoring, as well as the maintenance of current

conservation measures. These efforts will be

instrumental in sustaining the species for the long

term in the wild. Encouragingly, progress so far

indicates that an increase in resources and effort

really could help this species defy its ‘suicide’ moniker

and pull itself back from the brink of extinction.

Population size:

90 individuals

Range:

Analalava district, north-western

Madagascar

Threats:

Habitat loss due to fires, logging

and agricultural developments

Action required:

Establishment of a protected

area and development of a

management plan

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Text reviewed by the Palm Specialist Group

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Telmatobufo bullocki

Bullock’s false toad

The mottled greyish-brown Bullock’s false toad

(Telmatobufo bullocki) was discovered in 1952

but, being extremely rare, there have only been

three recorded sightings since 1992. Found hiding

under logs in temperate southern beech forests of

Nahuelbuta, this tiny frog is considered one of the

most evolutionarily distinct amphibians in the world.

Its family, the Calyptocephalellidae, split off from

other amphibians around 130 million years ago. This

means that the toad’s relatives were developing

separately from other amphibians when dinosaurs

were still roaming the planet.

Sadly, this curious creature is now facing a ﬁght for

its life due to ever-increasing demands for energy.

Its sole known breeding population, discovered in

2011 in the Nahuelbuta forests in Chile, is threatened

by plans to establish a hydro-electric project. Adult

Bullock’s false toads spend the majority of their

time on land, as evidenced by analysis of their

stomach contents, whilst the tadpoles seem to

be adapted to swimming in fast-ﬂowing streams.

Alteration of these habitats could be disastrous for

this species. The construction of this hydro-electric

scheme would irrevocably alter this amphibian’s

home and probably wipe out the only known

breeding population, pushing this little toad closer

to extinction. An additional threat to this species is

the expansion of pine and eucalyptus plantations;

the resulting deforestation and habitat modiﬁcation

destroying the habitat of the Bullock’s false toad.

The hydro-electricity project, and the continuing

habitat destruction from agricultural expansion,

also threatens the 17 other amphibians (including

ﬁve endemic species) that inhabit the Nahuelbuta

forests. This devastating loss must be prevented,

and the treacherous position these species are

currently in necessitates quick and decisive action.

What needs to be done?

If the hydro-electricity development goes ahead,

the known wild populations of this species will

almost certainly be wiped out. Therefore, the

Chilean national government must decide whether

increasing energy supplies is worth the cost of a

species extinction.

Expansion of the existing Parque Nacional

Nahuelbuta, and enforcement of the protection it

provides, would help alleviate the pressure on the

Bullock’s false toad from pine and wood collection.

Planting buffer strips along the toad’s breeding

streams would also improve habitat quality by

reducing the levels of siltation – a by-product of tree

removal. Finally, the establishment of an ex-situ

population, to act as an insurance policy of sorts for

the species, should be explored without delay.

Population size:

Unknown

Range:

< 500km

, Nahuelbuta, Arauco

Province, Chile

Primary threats:

Habitat destruction as a result of

construction of a hydro-electricity

scheme

Actions required:

Halting development of the

hydro-electricity scheme and

protecting habitat

Text reviewed by the Amphibian Specialist Group

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Abies beshanzuensis

Baishan fir

Population size: 5 mature individuals

Range: Baishanzu Mountain, Zhejiang, China

Primary threats: Agricultural expansion

and ﬁre

Actions required: Ex-situ conservation and

re-introduction, and establishment of a

protected area

Antilophia bokermanni

Araripe manakin

Population size: 779 individuals

Range: 28km2 distribution, Chapado do

Araripe, South Ceará, Brazil

Primary threats: Habitat destruction due to

expansion of agriculture and recreational

facilities and water diversion

Actions required: Formal protection of

remaining habitat and protection of springs

and streams

Amanipodagrion gilliesi

Amani flatwing

Population size: < 500 individuals

Range: <10km2 area of occupancy, Amani-

Sigi Forest, Usamabara Mountains, Tazania

Primary threats: Habitat degradation due

to increasing population pressure and

water pollution

Action required: Habitat protection

Aproteles bulmerae

Bulmer’s fruit bat

Population size: approximately 150 individuals

Range: <10km2 area of occupancy,

Luplupwintern Cave, Western Province,

Papua New Guinea

Primary threats:

Hunting and cave disturbance

Action required: Protection of

Luplupwintern cave and enforced

prohibition of hunting

Aipysurus foliosquama

Leaf scaled sea-snake

Population size: Unknown

Range: Ashmore Reef and Hibernia Reef,

Timor Sea

Primary threats: Unknown - likely

degradation of coral reef habitat

Action required: Evaluate reasons

for population decline and formulate

appropriate management plans

Aphanius transgrediens

Aci Göl toothcarp

Population size: few hundred pairs

Range: small springs, south-eastern shore

of former Lake Aci, Turkey

Primary threats: Competition and predation

by Gambusia and road construction

Action required: Raise awareness

in national conservation groups and

governments, monitor and conserve

current springs, develop action plan for lost

springs and maintain captive populations

Actinote zikani

Population size: Unknown

Range: Near Sao Paulo, Atlantic forest, Brazil

Primary threats: Habitat degradation due

to pressure from human populations

Action required: Protection of habitat and

Mikania obsoleta (host plant)

Antisolabis seychellensis

Population size: Unknown

Range: 5km2 area of occupancy,

Morne Blanc, Mahé island, Seychelles

Primary threats: Invasive species and

climate change

Action required: Habitat management to

prevent further invasion by introduced plants

©Ciro Albano www.nebrazilbirding.com

Ardea insignis

White bellied heron

Population size: 70 - 400 individuals

Range: 56,300km2 in Bhutan, North East

India and Myanmar

Primary threats: Habitat destruction and

degradation due to hydropower development

Actions required: Develop captive rearing

and release program, eliminate adverse

uses of riverine habitat, and mitigate

effects of hydroelectric development

Bahaba taipingensis

Giant yellow croaker

Population size: Unknown

Range: Chinese coast from Yangtze River,

China to Hong Kong

Primary threats: Over-ﬁshing, primarily

due to value of swim-bladder for traditional

medicine - cost per kilogram exceeded

that of gold in 2001

Actions required: Establishment of

appropriate protection in Hong Kong and

enforcement of legal protection in China

Azurina eupalma

Galapagos damsel fish

Population size: Unknown

Range: Unknown

Primary threats: Climate Change -

oceanographic changes associated with the

1982 / 1983 El Nino are presumed to be

responsible for the apparent disappearance

of this species from the Galapagos

Action required: Surveys to identify if the

species still exists in Los Lobos Islands

Beatragus hunteri

Hirola

Population size: <1,000 individuals

Range: South-east Kenya and possibly

south-west Somalia

Primary threats: Habitat loss and

degradation, competition with livestock,

poaching

Action required: Establishment of protected

areas and community conservancies,

increase in level of management and

protection of wild population

©Tim Wacher/ZSL

Aythya innotata

Madagascar pochard

Population size: approx 20 mature individuals

Range: 1km2 volcanic lakes north of

Bealanana, Madagascar

Primary threats: Habitat degradation due to

slash-and-burn agriculture, hunting,

and ﬁshing / introduced ﬁsh

Action required: Formal protection of

current breeding site, habitat restoration,

and development of release programme

for captive-bred individuals

©Peter Cranswick

Bazzania bhutanica

Population size: Individuals unknown,

two populations

Range: <10km2 area of occupancy in Budini

and Lafeti Khola, Bhutan

Primary threats: Habitat degradation

and destruction due to forest clearance,

overgrazing and development

Action required: Protection of area to

prevent future development damaging

remaining habitat

Ardeotis nigriceps

Great indian bustard

Population size: 50 - 249 mature individuals

Range: 570,000km2 in Rajasthan, Gujarat,

Maharashta, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka

and Madhya, India

Primary threats: Habitat loss and

modiﬁcation due to agricultural development

Action required: Establishment of

protected areas and community reserves,

and realignment of Indira Ghandi Nahar

Canal Project

Batagur baska

Common batagur, Four-toed

terrapin

Population size: Unknown

Range: Bangladesh, Cambodia, India,

Indonesia and Malaysia

Primary threats: Illegal export and trade

from Indonesia to China

Action required: Enforcement of CITES

Appendix I restrictions and control

of illegal trade

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Bombus franklini

Franklin’s bumblebee

Population size: Unknown

Range: Oregon and California,

United States of America

Primary threats: Disease from commercially

bred bumblebees and habitat destruction

and degradation

Actions required: Protection of habitat

containing nectar and pollen sources

Cryptomyces maximus

Willow blister

Population size: Unknown

Range: Pembrokeshire, United Kingdom

Primary threats: Limited availability of habitat

Actions required: Continue protection

of current populations and habitat

regeneration projects

Cercopithecus roloway

Roloway guenon

Population size: Unknown

Range: Cote d’Ivoire

Primary threats: Hunting for consumption

as bushmeat and habitat loss

Action required: Protection of habitat from

logging and conversion to agricultural land

Diomedea amsterdamensis

Amsterdam albatross

Population size: 100 mature individuals

Range: Breeds on Plateuau des Tourbières,

Amsterdam Island, Indian Ocean.

Primary threats: Disease and incidental

by-catch in long-line ﬁshing operations

Action required: Prevention of the spread

of disease and promotion of best-practice

measures in all ﬁsheries within the

species range

Cavia intermedia

Santa Catarina’s guinea pig

Population size: 40-60 individuals

Range: 4ha on Moleques do Sul Island,

Santa Catarina, Brazil

Primary threats: Habitat disturbance and

possible hunting; small population effects

Action required: Protected area

enforcement and regulation of access

to the island

Dicerorhinus sumatrensis

Sumatran rhino

Population size: <250 mature individuals

Range: Sabah, Sarawak and Peninsular

Malaysia, Kalimantan and Sumatra, Indonesia

Primary threats: Hunting for horn -

used in traditional medicine

Action required: Expansion and

reinforcement of anti-poaching programmes

and continuation of captive breeding efforts

Callitriche pulchra

Population size: Unknown

Range: 2m x 1m pool on Gavdos, Greece

Primary threats: Exploitation of the species’

habitat by stock, and modiﬁcation of the

pool by local people

Action required: Provide alternative water

sources for stock, involve local people in

the protection of the pool and document

remaining water bodies on Gavdos

Cryptotis nelsoni

Nelson’s small-eared shrew

Population size: Unknown

Range: <100km2 extent of occurence,

Volcán San Martín Tuxtla, Veracruz, Mexico

Primary threats: Habitat loss due to

logging, cattle grazing, ﬁre and agriculture

Action required: Surveys to map species

range; improved protected area management

Diospyros katendei

Population size: 20 individuals, one population

Range: Kasyoha-Kitomi Forest Reserve,

Uganda

Primary threats: High pressure from

communities for agricultural activity, illegal

tree felling, habitat degradation due to

alluvial gold digging and small population

Actions required: Enforcement of legal

protection of area, ﬁeld surveys for further

search and ex-situ conservation in arboreta /

botanic gardens

Elaeocarpus bojeri

Population size: <10 individuals

Range: Grand Bassin, Mauritius

Primary threats: Habitat degradation

Actions required: Unknown - trees are

currently being closely monitored to

determine level of threat and how these

should be addressed

Dombeya mauritania

Population size: Unknown

Range: Mauritius

Primary threats: Habitat degradation

and destruction due to encroachment by

alien invasive plant species and cannabis

cultivation

Action required: Control of invasive plant

species, habitat protection and re-

introduction of propagated individuals

Eriosyce chilensis

Chilenito

Population size: <500 individuals

Range: Pta Molles and Pichidungui, Chile

Primary threats: Collection of ﬂowering

individuals

Action required: Protection of plants through

construction of a fence and signage alerting

people to threatened status

Discoglossus nigriventer

Hula painted frog

Population size: Unknown

Range: <2km2 in Hula Valley, Israel

Primary threats: Predation by birds and

range restriction due to habitat destruction

Action required: Restoration of habitat

Eleutherodactylus thorcetes

Macaya breast-spot frog

Population size: Unknown

Range: Formon and Macaya peaks,

Masif de la Hotte, Haiti

Primary threats: Habitat destruction due

to charcoal production and slash-and-burn

agriculture

Action required: Protection of habitat

Dipterocarpus lamellatus

Population size: 12 individuals

Range: Siangau Forest Reserve, Sabah,

Malaysia

Primary threats: Habitat loss and

degradation due to logging of lowland

forest and creation of industrial plantations

Action required: Restoration of Sianggau

Forest Reserve and re-introduction of

species to previous range

Eleutherodactylus

glandulifer

La Hotte glanded frog

Population size: Unknown

Range: Massif de la Hotte, Haiti

Primary threats: Habitat destruction

due to charcoal production and

slash-and-burn agriculture

Action required: Habitat protection

IMAGE NOT

YET AVAILABLE

Priceless or Worthless

Erythrina schliebenii

Coral tree

Population size: < 50 individuals

Range: Namatimbili-Ngarama Forest, Tanzania

Primary threats: Limited habitat and small

population size increasing vulnerability to

stochastic events

Actions required: Complete establishment

of Forest Reserves and continue

propagation efforts, ex-situ conservation

Geronticus eremita

Northern bald ibis

Population size: 200 – 249 mature individuals

Range: Breeds in Morocco, Turkey and Syria.

Syrian population winters in

central Ethiopia

Primary threats: Habitat degradation and

destruction, and hunting

Action required: Protection of key breeding

and roosting sites

Hemicycla paeteliana

Population: Unknown

Range: 8km2 area of occupancy, Jandia

peninsula, Fuerteventura, Canary Islands

Primary threats: Habitat destruction

due to overgrazing and trampling by

goats and tourists

Action required: Conservation of habitat

and control of goats, and limiting

recreational access to area by tourists

Ficus katendei

Population size: < 50 mature individuals

Range: Kasyoha-Kitomi Forest Reserve,

Ishasha River, Uganda

Primary threats: Agricultural activity, illegal

tree felling and habitat degradation due to

alluvial gold digging

Action required: ex-situ conservation in

arboreta / botanic gardens; enforcement of

protection to contain encroachment and

habitat degradation; community development

programmes in areas adjacent to the reserve

Heleophryne rosei

Table mountain ghost frog

Population size: Unknown

Range: 9km2, Table Mountain,

Western Cape Province, South Africa

Primary threats: Habitat degradation due

to invasive plants and water abstraction

Action required: Protection of habitat,

continued implementation of management

plans and integration of activities

between sites

Euphorbia tanaensis

Population size: 4 mature individuals

Range: Witu Forest Reserve, Kenya

Primary threats:Illegal logging and habitat

degradation due to agricultural expansion

and infrastructure development

Action required: Enforcement of legal

protection in the Witu Forest Reserve,

which has diminished due to civil insecurity

Gocea ohridana

Population size: Unknown

Range: <10km2 area of occupancy, Lake

Ohrid, Macedonia

Primary threats: Habitat degradation due

to increasing pollution levels, off-take of

water and sedimentation events

Action required: Implement transboundary

agreements to improve habitat management

Gigasiphon macrosiphon

Population size: 33 mature individuals

Range: Kaya Muhaka, Gongoni and Mrima

Forest Reserves, Kenya, Amani Nature

Reserve, West Kilombero Scarp Forest

Reserve, and Kihansi Gorge, Tanzania

Primary threats: Timber extraction and habitat

degradation due to agricultural encroachment

and development, seed predation by wild pigs

Actions required: Enforcement of protection

in reserves and establishment of

management plan to mitigate effects of water

loss from hydroelectricity developments

IMAGE NOT

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Hibiscadelphus woodii

Population size: Unknown

Range: Kalalau Valley, Hawaii

Primary threats: Habitat degradation due

to feral ungulates and invasive introduced

plant species

Actions required: Survey the extremely

steep terrain for additional individuals

Control of invasive species in the remaining

suitable habitat so that species can be

reintroduced if more individuals are located

Lithobates sevosus

Dusky gopher frog

Population size: 60-100 individuals

Range: < 10km2 area of occupancy in

Harrison County, Mississippi, USA

Primary threats: Fungal disease and

habitat limitation due to climate change

and land-use changes

Actions required: Protection of habitat

and management of population to

prevent spread of disease

Leiopelma archeyi

Archey’s frog

Population size: Unknown

Range: Coromandel peninsula and

Whareorino Forest, New Zealand

Primary threats: Chytridiomycosis and

predation by invasive species

Action required: Continuation of current

conservation efforts

Moominia willii

Population size: <500 individuals

Range: 0.02km2 area of occupancy on

Silhouette Island, Seychelles

Primary threats: Invasive species and

climate change

Action required: Protection of habitat

and control of invasive species

Lathyrus belinensis

Belin vetchling

Population size: < 1,000

Range: < 2km2, outskirts of Belin village,

Antalya, Turkey

Primary threats: Habitat destruction due to

urbanisation, over-grazing, conifer planting

and road widening

Action required: Habitat protection, control

of grazing, halt conifer planting and periodic

sampling for ex-situ seed conservation

Margaritifera marocana

Population size: < 250 individuals

Range: Oued Denna, Oued Abid and

Oued Beth, Morocco

Primary threats: Habitat degradation and

disturbance due to pollution and development

Action required: Habitat protection

to mitigate effects of construction of

hydroelectricity schemes and agricultural

abstraction

Hucho perryi

Sakhalin taimen

Population size: Unknown

Range: 233,498km2 area of occupancy,

Russian far east and northern Japan

Primary threats: Overﬁshing (sport ﬁshing

and commercial bycatch) and habitat loss

from damming, agriculture and other land

use practices

Action required: Expansion of conservation

protection in rivers in Russia and Japan and

enforcement of ﬁshing regulations

Magnolia wolfii

Population size: < 5 individuals

Range: Risaralda, Columbia

Primary threats: Isolation of species and

low regeneration rates

Action required: Protection of remaining

population and exploration of potential

for ex-situ conservation

for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, Dorian Ruiz

Penagos, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Colombia,

Grupo de Investigación Jardín Botánico

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