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192

opportunity cost

Loss of beneﬁt or revenue, expressed in terms of the cost that would have been

incurred if an alternative way of using a resource had been chosen (e.g. the inten-

sive cultivation of a piece of land instead of letting it lie fallow). (also referred to

as alternative cost or waiver cost)

➜ Production cost, Transaction cost

output-based payment

Links payment under a PES to a measurable environmental condition clearly

deﬁned prior to implementation. This condition can be measured directly or

mapped with the aid of indicators and models. (also referred to as perfor-

mance-based payment or result-oriented)

➜ Indicator, Input-based payment, Models

Payment for ecosystem services (PES)

As deﬁned in this book, land users are paid within the framework of PES for

reducing the allowed negative external effects on ecosystem services or taking

action to protect, provide or enhance ecosystem services and biodiversity.

Production cost

Sums that must be expended to produce a good or provide a service. This cost

generally consists of material and production costs.

➜ Opportunity cost, Transaction cost

Produktionsintegrierte Kompensationsmaßnahmen (PIK, production-integrated

compensation measures)

New approach in the context of the Eingriffs-Ausgleichsregelung. Compensa-

tion measures are implemented on agricultural land that is enhanced through

temporary, rotating and precisely deﬁned activities of the managing farmer

for the protection of biotic or abiotic resources. Agricultural lands previously

used intensively are ecologically enhanced, but are still retained as agricultural

production areas.

➜ Eingriffs-Ausgleichsregelung, Flächenagentur

Public good

A good or a service that is used at one and the same time by various stakehold-

ers, since no one can be excluded from its use (non-excludable). There is no

rivalry between the beneﬁciaries, however, since consumption by one does not

preclude consumption by another (non-rivalrous). If a good is both non-excluda-

ble and non-rivalrous, it is a pure public good. Impure public goods or common

goods, however, meet these criteria only in part.

➜ Common good

Leakage

Occurs when a negative externality is not actually reduced by means of PES

but only moved somewhere else. Hence there is no positive net effect on the

ecosystem services or biodiversity.

➜ Additionality, Conditionality

Mitigation Bank

Banking of the means to offset impacts on wetlands and aquatic ecosystems.

The legal basis is the Clean Water Act, which contains speciﬁc provisions on

compensation for destroyed or degraded wetlands and waters. Wetlands

are restored, created and enhanced on permanently protected areas. These

activities have to speciﬁcally serve as compensation for impacts on wetlands.

Project developers committed to undertake compensation measures elsewhere

in the course of the approval procedure can fall back on such measures in the

form of credits, but only on the measures or credits of a mitigation bank that is

located in the same catchment area as the impact. (also referred to as Wetland

Mitigation Bank)

➜ Conservation Bank, Eingriffs-Ausgleichsregelung, Flächenagentur, Habitat

Banking

Models

Computer-based or web-based simulation models that are used in the course

of the management of ecosystem services or the development of PES. They

make it possible, for example, to make transparent the relationship between

speciﬁc changes in land use and ecosystem services and are thus important

decision-making aids.

➜ Ecosystem service, Indicator, Output-based payment

Natura 2000

A coherent network of protected areas to be established within the European

Union, based on the areas of the Directive on Flora, Fauna and Habitats and the

Birds Directive. The objective is the transnational protection and preservation

of wild native animal and plant species and their natural habitats. The Natura

2000 network now covers more than 20 percent of the surface area of the Euro-

pean Union and is the largest protected area network in the world.

➜ Birds Directive, Directive on Flora, Fauna and Habitats

No Net Loss Strategy

A European Union initiative to safeguard the current state of nature and land-

scape and especially biodiversity: A net loss of biodiversity is to be avoided in

any activities that have an impact on nature.

➜ Biodiversity

Glossary

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193

to improve the condition of aquatic ecosystems and to mitigate the effects of ﬂoods

and droughts. To that end, all waters within the European Community are to be in

good ecological and chemical condition by 2015.

➜ Clean Water Act (CWA)

restoration

Renaturing of formerly natural or semi-natural habitats that have been modiﬁed

greatly through human intervention.

Service provider

A stakeholder who contributes directly through his activities to the conservation

and provision of ecosystem services or to the enhancement of biodiversity and is

paid for it within the PES framework.

➜ Beneﬁciary, Buyer, Customer, Financier, Intermediary, Supplier

Social entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurial activity aimed at the solution of social problems, in our case of

environmental problems. Proﬁt is not a major consideration.

Social obligation

In Germany, everyone is entitled to have their private property protected. How-

ever, the use of property has to serve the general public or at least not be against

the public interest (Art. 14 Para 2 of the Basic Law, Property entails a social obli-

gation). For the environmental sector, this means that under certain conditions

landowners in nature conservation areas, for example, have to accept restrictions

on their rights of use (e.g. in relation to agricultural activities) without ﬁnancial

compensation.

Supplier

A stakeholder who offers to protect and provide or enhance ecosystem services

and biodiversity within the PES framework. In this book the term is also used for

an intermediary on the supply side who as the immediate contact and contracting

party for buyer or ﬁnancier acts on behalf of several service providers.

➜ Beneﬁciary, Buyer, Customer, Financier, Intermediary, Service provider

Transaction costs

All costs occasioned by a transaction between stakeholders on the basis of the

exchange of a performance, that is, search and information-gathering costs, the

cost of negotiation, decision-making, hedging, settlement and agreement and

the cost of enforcement, control, evaluation and adjustment.

➜ Opportunity cost, Production cost

Water Framework Directive

European Union directive standardizing the legal framework for the protection of

surface, coastal and transitional waters and groundwater (Directive 2000/60/EC

of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2000 establishing a

framework for Community action in the ﬁeld of water policy). Its aim is to prevent

or to reduce the pollution of the waters, to promote the sustainable use of water,

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194

Gomez-Baggethun, E., Ruiz-Perez, M. (2011) Economic valuation and the commo-

diﬁcation of ecosystem services. Progress in Physical Geography 35, 5, 613–28.

Grunewald, K., Bastian, O. (Eds.) (2012) Ökosystemdienstleistungen: Konzept,

Methoden und Fallbeispiele. Springer Spektrum, Berlin.

Hansjürgens, B., Neßhöver, C., Schniewind, I. (2012) Der Nutzen von Ökonomie

und Ökosystemleistungen für die Naturschutzpraxis. Workshop I: Einführung

und Grundlagen. BfN-Skripten 318. Online: http://www.bfn.de/ﬁleadmin/MDB/

documents/service/skript318.pdf (29.04.2014).

Hauck, J., Görg, C., Varjopuro, R., Ratamäki, O., Jax, K. (2013) Beneﬁts and limita-

tions of the ecosystem services concept in environmental policy and decision ma-

king: Some stakeholder perspectives. Environmental Science & Policy 25, 13–21.

Jax, K., Barton, D.N., Chan, K.M.A., de Groot, R., Doyle, U., Eser, U., Görg, C.,

Gómez-Baggethun, E., Griewald, Y., Haber, W., Haines-Young, R., Heink, U., Jahn,

T., Joosten, H., Kerschbaumer, L., Korn, H., Luck, G.W., Matzdorf, B., Muraca, B.,

Neßhöver, C., Norton, B., Ott, K., Potschin, M., Rauschmayer, F., v. Haaren, C.,

Wichmann, S. (2013) Ecosystem services and ethics. Ecological Economics 93,

260–268.

Liu, S., Costanza, R., Farber, S., Troy, A. (2010) Valuing Ecosystem Services: The-

ory, practice, and the need for a transdisciplinary synthesis. Annals of the New

York Academy of Science 1158, 54–78.

Matzdorf, B., Meyer, C. (2014) The relevance of the ecosystem services framework

for developed countries’ environmental policies: A comparative case study of the

US and EU. Land Use Policy 38, 509–521.

MEA (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment) (2003) A Framework for Assessment.

Online: http://www.unep.org/maweb/en/index.aspx (29.04.2014).

MEA (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment) (2005) Ecosystems and Human

Well-Being. Synthesis. Online: http://www.unep.org/maweb/en/index.aspx

(29.4.2014).

Naturkapital Deutschland – TEEB DE. Online: http://www.naturkapital-teeb.de/

(29.04.2014).

Plieninger, T., Schleyer, C., Schaich, H., Ohnesorge, B., Gerdes, H., Hernán-

dez-Morcillo, M., Bieling, C. (2012) Mainstreaming ecosystem services through

reformed European agricultural policies. Conservation Letters 5, 4, 281–288.

Below we have listed a few sources and websites that we

recommend for further reading in relation to the issues raised.

I. oN THE SUBJECT oF ECoSySTEM SErVICES

Blanco, E., Razzaque, J. (2009) Ecosystem Services and Human Well-Being in

a Globalized World: Assessing the Role of Law. Human Rights Quarterly 31, 3,

692–720.

Boyd, J., Banzhaf, S. (2007) What are ecosystem services? The need for standar-

dized environmental accounting units. Ecological Economics 63, 2, 616–626.

Braat, L.C., de Groot, R. (2012) The ecosystem services agenda: bridging the wor-

lds of natural science and economics, conservation and development, and public

and private policy. Ecosystem Services 1, 1, 4–15.

Costanza, R., D’Arge, R., De Groot, R., Farber, S., Grasso, M., Hannon, B. Limburg,

K., Naeem, S., O’Neill, R. V., Paruelo, J., Raskin, R. G., Suttonkk, P., Van den Belt,

M. (1997) The value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature

387, 253–260.

Daily, G. C. (Ed.) ( 1997) Nature’s Services. Societal Dependence on Natural Eco-

systems. Island Press, Washington DC.

De Groot, R. S. (1987) Environmental functions as a unifying concept for ecology

and economics. The Environmentalist 7, 2, 105–109.

DEFRA (2011) An introductory guide to valuing ecosystem services. DEFRA

(Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs), UK. Online: https://www.

gov.uk/government/publications/an-introductory-guide-to-valuing-ecosystem-

services (29.04.2014).

Ehrlich, P.R., Ehrlich, A.H. (1981) Extinction: the Causes and Consequences of the

Disappearance of Species. Random House, New York.

Fisher, B., Turner, R.K., Morling, P. (2009) Deﬁning and classifying ecosystem

services for decision making. Ecological Economics 68, 3, 643–63.

Gomez-Baggethun, E., de Groot, R., Lomas, P.L., Montes, C. (2010) The history

of ecosystem services in economic theory and practice: From early notions to

markets and payment schemes. Ecological Economics 69, 6, 1209–1218.

Links & literature

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195

Ferraro, P.J. (2008) Asymmetric information and contract design for payments for

environmental services. Ecological Economics 65, 4, 810–821.

Goldman-Benner, R.L., Benitez, S., Calvache, A., Daily, G., Kareiva, P., Kroeger,

T., Ramos, A. (2012) Water funds and payments for ecosystem services: Practice

learns from theory and theory can learn from practice. ORYX 46, 1, 55–63.

Hampicke, U., Arbeitsgruppe Landschaftsökonomie Greifswald (Eds.) (2006)

Anreiz – Ökonomie der Honorierung ökologischer Leistungen. Workshopreihe

„Naturschutz und Ökonomie” Teil 1. BfN-Skripten 179. Online: https://www.bfn.de/

ﬁleadmin/MDB/documents/service/skript179.pdf (29.04.2014).

Hedden-Dunkhorst, B., Lehmann, M., Pascual, U,. Stellmacher, T., Winter, E.,

Berghöfer, A., Blignaut, J., Kronenberg, J., Masiga, M., Todorova, M., Schomers, S.,

Domptail, S., Mumbunan, S., Carius, F., Gundimeda, H. (2010) Payments for Ecosys-

tem Services: Towards their Development and Implementation. BfN, Policy-Brief.

Jack, B.K., C. Kousky, C., Sims, K.R.E. (2008) Designing payments for ecosystem

services: Lessons from previous experience with incentive-based mechanisms.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105, 9465–9470.

Jetzkowitz, J. (2011) Ökosystemleistungen in soziologischer Perspektive. In: Groß,

M. (Ed.) Handbuch Umweltsoziologie, VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.

Kemkes, R.J., Farley, J., Koliba, C.J. (2010) Determining when payments are an

effective policy approach to ecosystem service provision. Ecological Economics 69,

11, 2069–2074.

Koellner, T., Sell, J., Navarro, G. (2010) Why and how much are ﬁrms willing to invest

in ecosystem services from tropical forests? A comparison of international and

Costa Rican ﬁrms. Ecological Economics 69, 11, 2127–2139.

Matzdorf B., Sattler,C., Engel, S. (2013) Institutional frameworks and governance

structures of PES schemes. Forest Policy and Economics 37, 57–64.

McDermott, M., Mahanty, S., Schreckenberg, K. (2013) Examining equity: A mul-

tidimensional framework for assessing equity in payments for ecosystem services.

Environmental Science and Policy 33, 416–427.

Mercer, D.E., Cooley, D., Hamilton, K. (2011) Taking Stock: Payments for Forest

Ecosystem Services in the United States. USDA Forest Service, Nicholas Institute

for Environmental Policy Solutions, Duke University and Forest Trends‘. Ecosystem

Marketplace 1–49.

Rewitzer, S., Matzdorf, B., Trampnau, S. (2014) Das Konzept der Ökosystemleis-

tungen aus Sicht der deutschen Umweltverbände. Natur und Landschaft 89, 2,

61–65.

Schröter-Schlaack, C., Wittmer, H., Mewes, M., Schniewind, I. (Eds.) (2014) Der

Nutzen von Ökonomie und Ökosystemleistungen für die Naturschutzpraxis.

Workshop IV: Landwirtschaft. BfN-Skripten 359. Online: http://www.bfn.de/

ﬁleadmin/MDB/documents/service/skript359.pdf (29.04.2014).

Spangenberg, J.H., Settele, J. (2010) Precisely incorrect. Monetizing the value of

ecosystem services. Ecological Complexity 7, 3, 327–337.

TEEB (2010) The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity: Mainstreaming the

Economics of Nature: A Synthesis of the Approach, Conclusions and Recom-

mendations of TEEB. Online: http://www.teebweb.org/our-publications/

(29.04.2014).

Wallace, K. J. (2007) Classiﬁcation of ecosystem services: Problems and solu-

tions. Biological Conservation 139, 3, 235–246.

II. oN THE SUBJECT oF PES

Adhikari, B., Boag, G. (2013) Designing payments for ecosystem services sche-

mes: some considerations. Environmental Sustainability 5, 72–77.

Carius, F. (Ed.) (2012) Payments for Ecosystem Services. Towards an Implemen-

tation Strategy. BfN-Skripten 326. Online: http://www.bfn.de/ﬁleadmin/MDB/

documents/service/Skript_326.pdf (29.04.2013).

COM (2007) Green Paper on market-base instruments for environmental and rela-

ted policy purposes. Online: http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/resources/

documents/common/whats_new/com(2007)140_en.pdf (29.4.2014).

Corbera, E., Brown, K., Adger, W.N. (2007) The Equity and Legitimicy of Markets

for Ecosystem Services. Development and Change 38, 4, 587–613.

Engel, S., Pagiola, S., Wunder, S. (2008) Designing payments for environmental

services in theory and practice: An overview of the issues. Ecological Economics

65, 4, 663–674.

Farley, J., Costanza, R. (2010) Payments for ecosystem services: From local to

global. Ecological Economics 69, 11, 2060–2068.

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196

III. oN SPECIFIC ASPECTS PErTAINING To PES

Design and implementation of PES, practical experience

Arriagada, R., Perrings, C. (2009): Making Payments for Ecosystem Services Work.

UNEP Ecosystem Services Economics Working Papers. Online: http://bioecon-

network.org/pages/UNEP_publications/02%20PES.pdf (29.04.2014).

DEFRA (2013) Payments for Ecosystem Services: A Best Practice Guide. DEFRA

(Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs). Online: https://www.gov.uk/

government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/ﬁle/200920/pb13932-

pes-bestpractice-20130522.pdf (29.4.2014).

The Katoomba Group (2008) Payments for Ecosystem Services: Getting Started. A

Primer. Online: http://www.unep.org/pdf/PaymentsForEcosystemServices_en.pdf

(23.4.2014).

The Katoomba Group (2008) Payments for Ecosystem Services: Market Proﬁles.

Online: http://ecosystemmarketplace.com/documents/acrobat/PES_Matrix_

Proﬁles_PROFOR.pdf (29.4.2014).

WWF (World Wildlife Fund) 2006. Ecosystem Services and Payments for Ecosys-

tem Services: Why Should Businesses Care? WWF Forum to Promote Ecosystem

Services and Payments for Ecosystem Services. Online: http://assets.panda.org/

downloads/business_brochure_1.pdf (23.4.2014).

Intermediaries

Coggan, A., Buitelaar, E., Whitten, S., Bennett, J. (2013) Intermediaries in environ-

mental offset markets: Actions and incentives. Land Use Policy 32, 145–154.

Huber-Stearns, H.R., Goldstein, J.H., Duke, E.A. (2013) Intermediary roles and

payments for ecosystem services: A typology and program feasibility application

in Panama. Ecosystem Services 6, 104–116.

Schomers, S., Sattler, C., Matzdorf, B. (2015) An analytical framework for asses-

sing the potential of intermediaries to improve the performance of payments for

ecosystem services. Land Use Policy 42, 58-70.

Property rights

Barzel, Y. (1997) Economic analysis of property rights. Cambridge University Press.

Bromley, D.W. (1991) Environment and economy: property rights and public policy.

Blackwell.

Pascual, U., Muradian, R., Rodriguez, L., Duraiappah, A. (2010) Exploring the link

between equity and efﬁciency in payments for environmental services: A concep-

tual approach. Ecological Economics 69, 6, 1237–1244.

Pesche, D., Méral, P., Hrabanski, M., Bonnin, M. (2013) Ecosystem Services and

Payments for Environmental Services: Two Sides of the Same Coin? In: Governing

the provision of Ecosystem Services. Springer Netherlands, 67–86.

Salzman, J. (2005) Creating Markets for Ecosystem Services: Notes from The

Field. New York University Law Review 80, 870–961.

Sattler, C., Matzdorf, B. (2013) PES in a nutshell: From deﬁnitions and origins to

PES in practice – approaches, design process and innovative aspects. Ecosystem

Services 6, 2–11.

Sattler, C., Trampnau, S., Schomers, S., Meyer, C., Matzdorf, B. (2013) Multi-clas-

siﬁcation of payments for ecosystem services: How do classiﬁcation charcteri-

stics relate to overall success? Ecosystem Services 6, 31–45.

Schomers, S., Matzdorf, B. (2013) Payments for ecosystem services: A review and

comparison of developing and industrialized countries. Ecosystem Services 6,

16–30.

Tacconi, L. (2012) Redeﬁning payments for environmental services. Ecological

Economics 73, 29–36.

Vatn, A. (2010) An institutional analysis of payments for environmental services.

Ecological Economics 69, 6, 1245–1252.

Vatn, A., Barton, D., Lindhjem, H., Movik, S., Ring, I., Santos, R. (2011) Can Mar-

kets Protect Biodiversity? An Evaluation of Different Financial Mechanisms. Nora-

gric Report No. 60. Online: http://www.umb.no/statisk/noragric/ publications/

reports/2011_nor_rep_60.pdf (29.4.2014).

Wunder, S. (2005) Payments for environmental services: Some nuts and bolts.

Center for International Forestry Research, Occasional Paper No. 42.

Wunder, S. (2013) When payments for environmental services will work for con-

servation. Conservation Letters 6, 4, 230–237.

Wunder, S., Engel, S., Pagiola, S. (2008) Taking stock: A comparative analysis

of payments for environmental services programs in developed and developing

countries. Ecological Economics 65, 4, 834–852.

Links & literature

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output-based payments

Bertke, E., Klimek, S., Wittig, B. (2008) Developing result-orientated payment

schemes for environmental services in grasslands: results from two case studies

in North-western Germany. Biodiversity 9, 91–95.

Burton, R.J.F., Schwarz, G.(2013) Result-Oriented Agri-environmental schemes In

Europe and their potential for promoting behavioural change. Land Use Policy 30,

1, 628–641.

Hampicke, U. (2006) Jeder Markt honoriert nicht den Aufwand, sondern das Er-

gebnis. In: Hampicke, U., Arbeitsgruppe Landschaftsökonomie Greifswald (Eds.)

Anreiz – Ökonomie der Honorierung ökologischer Leistungen. Workshopreihe

„Naturschutz und Ökonomie” Teil 1. BfN-Skripten 179, 161–172. Online: https://

www.bfn.de/ﬁleadmin/MDB/documents/service/skript179.pdf (29.04.2014).

Kaiser, T., Rohner, M.-S., Matzdorf, B., Kiesel, J. (2010) Validation of grassland

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Matzdorf, B. (2004) Ergebnis- und maßnahmenorientierte Honorierung ökolo-

gischer Leistungen der Landwirtschaft – Eine Interdisziplinäre Analyse eines

agrarumweltpolitischen Instrumentes. Agrarwirtschaft 179. Agrimedia.

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535–544.

Zabel, A,. Holm-Müller, K. (2008) Conservation performance payments for carni-

vore conservation in Sweden. Conservation Biology 22, 247–251.

Acceptance and motivation of service providers

Artner, A., Below, T., Siebert, R., Sieber, S. (2009) Adaptation practices and

their acceptance by rural smallholders: A literature review In: Biophysical and

socio-economic frame conditions for the sustainable management of natural

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de/2009/abstracts/links/Artner_Gn8JCXz9.pdf (29.04.2014).

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Theory of ‚Environmental‘ Property Rights. Law and Geography 5, 239–259.

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reform. Land Use Policy 26, 134–141.

Externalities

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Edition, Cambridge University Press.

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1–44.

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ITPS Thomson Learning. Chapter 10: Externalities.

Transaction costs

Coggan, A., Buitelaar, E., Whitten, S., Bennett, J. (2013) Factors that inﬂuence

transaction costs in development offsets: Who bears what and why? Ecological

Economics 88, 222–231.

Coggan, A., Whitten, S.M., Bennett, J. (2010). Inﬂuences of transaction costs in

environmental policy. Ecological Economics 69, 9, 1777–1784.

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ve Costs Using Panel Data for English Environmentally Sensitive Areas. Journal of

Agricultural Economics 52, 1, 83–103.

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F., Hampicke, U., Arbeitsgruppe Landschaftsökonomie Greifswald: Ökonomi-

sche Efﬁzienz im Naturschutz. Workshopreihe „Naturschutz und Ökonomie“

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or not? A political view. Environmental Science and Policy 13, 785–792.

IV. FUrTHEr rEADING oN oUr CASE STUDIES

➜ Voluntary non-governmental payments

Upstream Thinking with Westcountry rivers Trust

OECD (2013) Providing agri-Environmental public goods through collective action

(COM/TAD/CA/ENV/EPOC(2012)11/REV2), Section 17. Online:

http://www.southwestwater.co.uk/media/pdf/d/n/OECD_report_on_providing_

agri-environmental_public_goods_through_collective_action.pdf (25.03.2014).

South West Water. Online:

http://www.southwestwater.co.uk/index.cfm?articleid=8329 (25.03.2014).

Welters, R., Day, B. (2012) Fowey River Improvement Auction. Online: http://

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conservation-pass-measure-to-protect-edwards-aquifer-and-build-parks-and-

trails/ (25.03.2014).

Pumlumon Project

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Pumlumon Project. Carbon store. Water tank. Wildlife haven. Online:

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Wildlife Trusts Wales, care of Montgomeryshire Wildlife Trust (2010) The Pumlu-

mon Project. A Landscape for Life. Two Year Progress Report 2008 – 2010. Online:

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2010.pdf (25.03.2014).

Wynne-Jones, S. (2012) Negotiating neoliberalism Conservationists role in the

development of PES. Geoforum 43, 6, 1035–1045.

➜ VoLUNTAry GoVErNMENTAL PAyMENTS

Naturschutzgerechte Bewirtschaftung von Grünland in der nordrhein-

westfälischen Eifel

Dachverband Biologische Stationen Nordrhein-Westfalen. Online:

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article&id=49&Itemid=55&lang=de (25.03.02014).

Hermeling, S., Thelen, H-W., Schmitz, M. (2011) Integration artenreicher Wiesen

und Weiden in der Eifel in heutige Milchviebetriebe. Vom Pilotprojekt 1985 bis

zum Kulturlandschaftsprogramm NRW: Erfahrungen und Erkenntnisse aus 25

Jahren. Online: http://www.bfn.de/ﬁleadmin/MDB/documents/ina/vortraege/

2011/2011-Gruenland-Hermeling.pdf (25.03.2014).

Schumacher, W. (2007) Bilanz – 20 Jahre Vertragsnaturschutz. Vom Pilotprojekt

zum Kulturlandschaftsprogramm NRW. Naturschutz-Mitteilungen 1/07. Online:

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s21s28.pdf (9.10.2013).

Schumacher, W. (2010) Wiesen, Weiden und Magerrasen der Mittelgebirge

am Beispiel der Eifel. Online: http://www.agrarforschung.de/download/13_

Schumacher.pdf (23.4.2014).

Schumacher, W. (2012) Entwicklung, Erfolge und Perspektiven des Vertragsnatur-

schutzes in Nordrhein-Westfalen. In: Naturschutz in NRW, Band 10, S. 61–72.

Trinkwasserwald

e.V.

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schichtigen Nadel-Laub-Mischbestand. In: Fritz, P. (Ed.) Ökologischer Waldumbau

in Deutschland – Fragen, Antworten, Perspektiven. oekom, München: 152–183.

* Rust, S. (n.d.) Auszug aus der Expertise „Waldstruktur und Wasserhaushalt

(verfasst für Trinkwasserwald® e.V.). Online: http://www.trinkwasserwald.de/

de/aktuelles/presse/downloadbereich.php (25.11.2013).

Trinkwasserwald® e.V. Erläuterung der Werte zur CO2-Reduktion. Online:

http://www.trinkwasserwald.de/media/pdf/Werte_CO2_Kompensation.pdf

(25.03.2014).

Trinkwasserwald

e.V. Vereinsproﬁl. Online: http://www.trinkwasserwald.de/

media/pdf/PR_Basisinfo_Trinkwasserwald.pdf (25.03.2014).

Westcountry Angling Passport

The Westcountry Angling Passport Scheme. Conﬂuence: the Journal of the West-

country Rivers Trust, Issue 10: August 2009, 6–7. Online: http://www.wrt.org.uk/

conﬂuence/autumn_09.pdf (25.03.2014).

Blühendes Steinburg

Groth, M. (2005) Ein institutionenökonomisch fundiertes Pilotprojekt zur

ergebnisorientierten Honorierung ökologischer Leistungen. In: Jahrbuch der

Österreichischen Gesellschaft für Agrarökonomie, Band 14, S. 175–185. Online:

www.boku.as.at/oega (28.3.2014).

Groth, M. (2008) Kostenefﬁzienter und effektiver Biodiversitätsschutz durch

Ausschreibungen und eine ergebnisorientierte Honorierung: Das Modelprojekt

„Blühendes Steinburg“. Working Paper No. 105, University of Lüneburg. Online:

http://www.leuphana.de/ﬁleadmin/user_upload/Forschungseinrichtungen/

ifvwl/WorkingPapers/wp_105_Upload.pdf (16.10.2013).

Stiftung Naturschutz Schleswig-Holstein (n.d.) Blühendes Steinburg und PIK.

Online: http://www.sn-sh.de/index.php?id=1112 (23.4.2014).

Edwards Aquifer Protection Program

City of San Antonio – Edwards Aquifer Protection Program (EAPP). Online:

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Hielscher, M. (2000) Grundwasserschutz im Karst. Oberseminar an der TU

Freiberg. Online: http://www.geo.tu-freiberg.de/hydro/oberseminar/pdf/

Mandy%20Hielscher.PDF (25.3.2014).

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