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approach the individual farmers. But at the same time the

agricultural associations, the environmental organizations

and the local communities should also be involved.

What, in your opinion, has led to the success of the

project?

There are perhaps three important aspects. First, the

personal approach: Farmers must have the feeling the pro

ject planners and stakeholders are interested in us, but also

know that we must run our businesses economically and

that we cannot do everything we would like from a con

servation perspective, perhaps. By the way, I have always

taught my students that you must try to put yourselves in

the mindset of the farmers and understand their opera

tional challenges, rather than acting frivolously and preach

ing to them as some conservationists do.

Second: It is very important to also take into account

the economic as well as the ecological aspect. It must be

ﬁnancially attractive for farmers to participate in the con

tractual nature conservation program. At the same time, it

must ﬁt in with the operational structure.

Third: It must be coupled with public appreciation.

Farmers should know that their work in conserving biolog

ical diversity is important to society. This means the corre

sponding PR work must also be done. The resulting posi

tive image is quite important for many farmers nowadays.

Naturschutzgerechte Bewirtschaftung von

Grünland in der nordrhein-westfälischen Eifel

Many species grow on yellow oat grasslands unfertilized

for many years, such as wood cranesbill, lady‘s mantle

and common buttercup.

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contractual nature conservation. Since 2007, the output-based

regional program has been coordinated by the Kulturland-

schaft nachhaltig organisieren (cultural landscape sustainably

organized) association, Kuno e.V. for short. The association is a

Lokale Aktion – similar to a Landschaftspﬂegeverband (Land-

care Association) – responsible for, inter alia, the management

planning in the Special Protection Area. The federal state and

the EU jointly fund two-thirds of the cost for the association’s

full-time manager. The manager is responsible for the organi-

zation and coordination of the Gemeinschaftlicher Wiesen-

vogelschutz program, under which all activities are brought

together, funding proposals are written, and requests and ques-

tions are addressed.

The project also depends signiﬁcantly on the support of

various voluntary site supervisors who play a pivotal role:

they look out for meadow birds’ clutches and approach farm-

ers about the possibility of them participating in the program.

Cooperating with the farmers, they develop management

restrictions and monitor compliance. The role of the site super-

visors requires substantial skills: they have to identify birds,

ﬁnd their clutches, have a good understanding of agricultural

processes and excellent communication skills. Consequently,

ﬁnding volunteers who fulﬁll these criteria and are willing to

work pro bono presents a signiﬁcant challenge. The association

approaches former farmers and foresters from the respective

areas. If they agree to participate, they get trained by Kuno e.V.

and receive a small sum to cover expenses.

he Eider-Treene-Sorge river landscape is a largely intercon-

nected wet lowland area in northern Germany, a large part

of which is designated as a Special Protected Area under Natura

2000. Due to the wet ground conditions, there is barely any

cropland but a very high proportion of pastureland. Local farms

– for the most part, small and medium-sized family businesses –

are mainly dairy.

In the 1990s, a stable colony of meadow breeding birds, a

highly endangered bird guild typical to the region, established

itself on private pastureland. To protect them, in 1997, the

Meggerdorf environmental organization, led by local farmer

Dagmar Bennewitz, initiated a collaborative partnership with

the farmers. The aim was for the land to be farmed in such a

way as to enable the birds to breed and to avoid harming their

clutches and young. The additional work incurred by the

participating farmers (initially two) was compensated through

donations from local companies and banks.

Two years after the successful launch of the Gemeinschaft-

licher Wiesenvogelschutz (Community Protection of Meadow

Birds) project, the federal State of Schleswig-Holstein decided

to take over the ﬁnancing of the project as a special version of

Gemeinschaftlicher Wiesenvogelschutz

The program for the protection of meadow birds was initiated by

a regional environmental association and subsequently taken over

by the federal State of Schleswig-Holstein. Farmers are paid

output-based for adapting their management of the land so that

it does not harm meadow birds and their young. Voluntary site

supervisors play a pivotal role by cooperating closely with the

farmers.

• Kuno e.V.

• Voluntary site

supervisors

• Michael-Otto-Institute

Service Provider

• Farmers

Financier

• Schleswig-

Holstein

Beneﬁciary

• General Public

IN TEr MEDIA r IE S

MAr K ET

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Today the project is well established in the region and,

according to Kuno e.V., is viewed very positively by the general

public. Despite some prevailing reluctance to be contacted, the

vast majority of farmers approached do go on to participate in

the project. Each year, one or two new areas are added. In 2013,

88 farmers participated in the project, protecting a total of 417

meadow bird clutches by limiting the cultivation of the affected

land (a total of 310 hectare). There have been no intentional

breaches of contract to date. However, the rising competition

with corn cultivation for biogas plants and the corresponding

increase in land purchase and lease prices is placing pasture-

land under pressure.

As well as the transparent and output-based payment for

the implementation of individually agreed measures, and the

short-term, ﬂexible involvement of the farmers, the fact that

this project is strongly rooted in the region is noteworthy.

Due to the commitment of local voluntary site supervisors and

the personal and direct contact with potential participants,

farmers have developed a close connection to the project.

By participating in Gemeinschaftlicher Wiesenvogelschutz,

farmers have overcome their reluctance to be involved in

nature conservation generally and, in some cases, this has

led to a willingness to enter into action-oriented contractual

nature conservation.

Recently, the program has also spread to other regions of

Schleswig-Holstein in which species of meadow birds are found:

Currently, it is being implemented on Föhr, on Pellworm, and in

the Haaler Au, Oberalster, and Miele lowland areas. Civil society

organizations are involved in the project in these locations as

well, and the Michael-Otto-Institute at NABU coordinates the

process.

Effectively all farmers with pastureland where meadow birds

are found, both inside and outside the Special Protection Area,

can participate in the Gemeinschaftlicher Wiesenvogelschutz

project. Clutches are marked so that they are avoided during

rolling, hauling, or mowing. All agreements regarding participa-

tion and management restrictions are verbal and reached during

face-to-face discussions with the farmers. Measures include

avoiding clutches during spring cultivation, fencing off clutches

on meadows and delaying mowing for part or whole parcels of

land. The payment is determined according to the number of

intact clutches per hectare of land that is part of the project.

The farmer is then informed of this sum and it is recorded on an

information sheet. Farmers receive € 150 for individual clutches

or € 350 for two or more clutches per hectare. If mowing restric-

tions are necessary, individual clutches will also receive a €

350

per hectare payment as the amount of work and the economic

losses are greater than with other constraints. Should a clutch

be destroyed due to force majeure – e.g., if foxes or other pred-

ators destroy the clutches before the eggs hatch – payment will

still be made.

Kuno e.V. has also taken on the responsibility of making

funding applications to the federal state and distributing those

funds to the farmers. This is done annually based on the

previous year’s ﬁgures. The farmers also decide on an annual

basis whether they want to participate in the program and

make no longer-term commitment. Using a parallel scientiﬁc

study carried out by the Michael-Otto-Institute at NABU

(the German Nature and Biodiversity Conservation Union,

http://bergenhusen.nabu.de/institut/), the efﬁciency of this

wildlife conservation program is constantly monitored based

on breeding success.

Wiesenvogelschutz

Gemeinschaftlicher Wiesenvogelschutz

region (area):

Eider-Treene-Sorge wetlands, Schleswig-Holstein,

Germany (approx. 7,000 ha managed area)

Starting year (stage):

2007; pilot 1997-2007 (ongoing)

objective:

Protection and enhancement of biodiversity

Beneﬁciary:

General public represented by the federal State of

Schleswig-Holstein acting as ﬁnancier with a special

version of contractual nature conservation

Service provider:

Farmers

(other) Intermediaries:

Local association “Kulturlandschaft nachhaltig

organisieren”, Kuno e.V. for short (Sustainable

Organization of Cultivated Landscapes), voluntary

site supervisors, Michael-Otto-Institute at NABU

Budget:

Currently approx. € 90,000 in remuneration fees

(recalculated annually)

Payment arrangement:

Output-based, level of payment is based on oppor-

tunity and production costs

Contact:

Martina Bode

kuno.bode@t-online.de

www.kunoev.de

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What are the speciﬁc challenges and problems you face in

implementing this project?

One challenge is identifying voluntary site supervisors. It

is impossible for KUNO to cover the entire territory, particu

larly as new areas are continuously being added. For this

reason, in every part of the project area—between

200 and 600 ha—we have voluntary site supervi

sors on the ground. The entire project depends on

them. Ideally, these supervisors originate from

the area and already have a network of farm

ing contacts. They also have to be available for

a substantial period of time during the breeding

season from midMarch to midJune and have a

certain degree of knowledge about meadow birds.

People with both the required skills and sufﬁcient spare

time to invest in such a project are few and far between. We

approach former farmers and foresters and provide them with

training. This means that, during the ﬁrst season, we act as

a point of contact for the newly trained volunteers and we

accompany them on their inspections of the area. Supervisors’

expenses are reimbursed.

Another difﬁculty is the shortage of land caused by the

expansion of corn cultivation for biogas production and the

pressure this puts on grassland. This, in turn, leads to an

increase in land lease prices that pastureland farmers are

often unable to afford, leaving them with less land at their dis

posal. The pressure to farm the remaining pastureland more

intensively is on the increase as a result of this competition

for land. Consequently, it is becoming increasingly difﬁcult for

farmers to accept mowing restrictions, particularly for the ﬁrst

cut, as this provides especially highenergy fodder for dairy

Interview with Martina Bode, Managing Director, KUNO e.V.

❞

It is essential to make nature conservation attractive to

farmers, which means that restrictions must be realistic and

payment adequate.

❝

Gemeinschaftlicher Wiesenvogelschutz

The eggs of the lapwing were long considered

a delicacy. Today, their collection is prohibited

throughout the EU.

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this from happening, each site supervisor discusses remunera

tion with the farmer again prior to payment. In addition, each

farmer receives a written document recording the tracts of land

that are part of the project, the meadow bird territories and bird

species found, the type of management restrictions, and the

payment due to be received for this.

What has made this project so successful?

The key factor is personal contact with the farmer. We do

not communicate by telephone but rather meet with the farmer

in person, outside in the ﬁeld, and discuss possible manage

ment restrictions with him facetoface. The fact that the site

supervisors are frequently from the region themselves and have

handson experience of the farming profession has a positive

impact on the situation. These are people, some of whom the

farmers have known for years, with whom there is no reluctance

to make contact. This makes cooperation a lot easier. Central

ized coordination from a great distance, for instance from the

federal state capital, would be much more anonymous and

therefore less effective. The program’s high degree of ﬂexibil

ity is also viewed very positively. Farmers do not have to con

tractually commit themselves to participating for a number of

years but rather just for the current season and the speciﬁc area

of land that is populated. This way they can carefully test the

waters when it comes to nature conservation.

Another factor revolves around the speciﬁc circumstances of

farmers in this region: they have always had to work within tight

parameters resulting from the natural environment, since their

farms are located in a wet lowland area with difﬁcult farming

conditions. Even before the Gemeinschaftlicher Wiesenvogel

schutz project, a number of farmers already showed considera

cattle. Nowadays, the compensation for mowing restrictions

is not always sufﬁcient to fully recompense the farmer’s losses

and additional work. However, the federal state government is

currently not in a position to increase the payment. As a result,

when it involves mowing restrictions, the program no longer

seems as attractive to farmers, and for them to participate

requires a large measure of good will and enthusiasm.

It is essential to make nature conservation attractive to

farmers, which means that restrictions must be realistic and

payment adequate. The farming community currently ﬁnds

itself facing highly unfavorable conditions, land lease prices

are skyrocketing, milk prices are ﬂuctuating, and many farms

are forced to close as they are no longer competitive. There

fore, KUNO is attempting to develop nature conservation into

an additional ﬁnancial mainstay for farmers. Programs range

from Gemeinschaftlicher Wiesenvogelschutz which, depending

on the farm and the area, can be more or less proﬁtable, via

contractual nature conservation focused on individual tracts

of land all the way up to the newly developed contractual

conservation management prototype we are currently pilot

ing, designed to attract farmers. This project targets the entire

farm, i.e., it involves all of the farm’s permanent pastureland,

which means much more substantial income secured for at

least ﬁve years. In this way, perhaps some farmers who start

with Gemeinschaftlicher Wiesenvogelschutz may ultimately

discover that nature conservation can be an alternative to this

‘get big or get out’.

When and where does conﬂict with participants arise?

Conﬂicts arise when verbal agreements with the farmers are

not properly conducted or misunderstandings occur. To prevent

Up to 4,000 dwarf swans spend February

and March in the lowlands. This amounts to

a quarter of the global population.

tion for clutches and chicks. Furthermore, many of these farms

are small and mediumsized family businesses, the structure

and modus operandi of which make it much easier to introduce

management restrictions there than on a larger farm. Along with

a small number of larger farms, it is these family businesses

that we have approached with regard to the Gemeinschaft

licher Wiesenvogelschutz and it is these same farms that have

ensured the project’s success.

Do you associate the project with especially pleasant or

unpleasant experiences?

The most unpleasant experience is when agreements that

have already been concluded with farmers become obsolete

due to the loss of clutches at the hands of predators. A lot of

time and energy is invested in ﬁnding clutches and negotiating

agreements with farmers and then, before the eggs can hatch,

some clutches are cleared out by foxes or other predators. This

is extremely frustrating. Fortunately, thanks to conservation

measures, there are always enough clutches left that do hatch

and contribute to successful breeding among the meadow

birds. This gives us, the other site supervisors, and the partici

pating farmers an incredible sense of achievement that is only

made possible through partnership and cooperation.

We are particularly rewarded when, as a result of agreements

with farmers, we are able to observe meadow bird species in the

area and thus witness tangible evidence of the success of our

work.

Gemeinschaftlicher Wiesenvogelschutz

Lapwings breed on open, ﬂat, wet grassland, often

in company with godwits and other meadow birds.

tal harm. Changing salinity can adversely impact seagrass and

oyster populations. At the same time, the fresh water is lost

from the Everglades ecosystem; it receives only a fraction of the

water it requires, a large part of which is nevertheless loaded

with excess nutrients, speciﬁcally phosphorus and nitrogen.

This leads to the loss of habitats for endangered plant and ani-

mal species.

Cattle ranching is the main method of land use in the North-

ern Everglades region. North of Lake Okeechobee, watershed

cattle ranches are mainly cow-calf operations on tracts of land

that range from 500 to 5,000 hectares, with a handful of excep-

tions over 100,000 hectares. These large ranches are home to

many common wildlife species and several federally endan-

gered species. They also provide important wildlife movement

corridors and support water recharge and storage. However,

slim economic margins create pressure to convert ranches

to more intensive agriculture or sell the tracts of land for real

estate development.

To help address the signiﬁcant water quality and ﬂow prob-

lems, the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) and six ranchers formed an

ad hoc group with the aim of identifying and exploring oppor-

tunities to recognize and enhance both the ecological value

and the economic viability of cattle ranching in the region. They

assessed the potential of on-ranch water management to pro-

vide water and phosphorus retention services in a cost-effective

ocated in the extreme southeast of the United States, the

Everglades are a vast, subtropical wetland area. Ranging

from Orlando in the north and south to Florida Bay, the Ever-

glades include the Kissimmee River and Lake Okeechobee,

once the ‘liquid heart’ of the Everglades ecosystem, as well as

adjoining estuaries to the east and west. In the 1940s, govern-

ment agencies and private landowners began transforming the

Everglades. They drained large areas of the region to facilitate

agricultural production and human habitation. Original water

inﬂows were cut off, areas were fragmented, and artiﬁcial canals

and pumping systems were installed. This resulted in drastic

changes to water supply and water ﬂows and severe problems

with the quality of surface- and groundwater. Intensive agricul-

ture, particularly south and north of Lake Okeechobee, causes

high eutrophication in downstream rivers, lakes and wetlands.

In times of heavy rainfall, nutrient-rich freshwater is washed

quickly through the artiﬁcial gate and lock systems into coastal

waters. The increased freshwater ﬂows affect salinity levels and

water quality in the estuary, potentially causing environmen-

FRESP

The pilot project was launched by the World Wildlife Fund,

Resources For the Future and local ranchers. Supported by

federal and state funding, a PES for effective water management

on agricultural land was developed and tested. Building on the

successful implementation in demonstration ranches, a state

agency PES program was introduced in 2011 to promote

output-based payments and regulate the selection of participating

ranchers through a solicitation process.

Florida ranchlands Environmental Services Project

• WWF

• RFF

• University of Florida IFAS

• MacArthur Agro

Ecology-Research Center

• Archbold Biological

Station

• University of Central

Florida

Service

Providers

• Ranchers

Financier

• SFWMD

• FDACS

• FDEP

• NRCS

• W.K. Kellogg

Foundation

Beneﬁciary

• Residents of

Florida

INT ErM EDIAr y

MAr K ET

developed to increase or restore the hydrology within a deﬁned

area of a working ranch. These concepts were then tested on

eight ranches with an area of about 315 to 138,400 hectares. To

overcome the two other signiﬁcant design challenges – docu-

mentation of services provided and the calculation of the pay-

ment – the FRESP developers initially intended to link the pay-

ment to the actual amount of water retained in the course of a

year or to the reduced nutrient levels. Accordingly, tools were

developed to analyze how much water is retained in the ranches

and by how much nutrient content is reduced in the course of

a year. However, both buyers and sellers had concerns that the

provision of both services would be subject to unpredictable

ﬂuctuations due to the strong link with annual rainfall. The pay-

ing authorities were not able to create a ﬁnancial plan to take

account of such ﬂuctuations. At the same time, the ranchers

offering their land preferred a ﬁxed annual source of income to

compensate for other even more variable earnings.

To address these concerns, a model was designed to calcu-

late annual water- and nutrient-retention based on average rain-

fall over ten years. A ﬁxed annual payment was to be based on

this forecast. The aim was to develop a precise but at the same

time easy-to-use model which took account of speciﬁc local

conditions, such as existing and planned land use and infra-

structure. Data and information from the eight pilot projects

were also used to develop and adapt the model.

Ultimately, however, payments for ranchers participating

in FRESP were based on individual negotiations between the

government agencies and providers. The payments were set

according to the area used for FRESP and the time the ranchers

spent during meetings, phone calls and individual discussions.

Contracts run from ﬁve to ten years. The government author-

manner in comparison to other options. The assessment not

only showed signiﬁcant potential to help address the problems

with on-ranch water management but also identiﬁed the main

challenges of program design and implementation that would

need to be addressed: (i) deﬁning the ecosystem services that

would be paid for, (ii) methods to conﬁrm that the service was

indeed provided, and (iii) determining how payments for ser-

vices would be made. At the same time, the program design had

to address different aspects related to regulatory programs.

Ranchers and the WWF, scientists from various research

institutions, as well as state and federal authorities began work-

ing together to successfully overcome these challenges. The lat-

ter were also prepared to pay for providing the service. In 2005,

all the stakeholders signed a memorandum of understanding

agreeing to work together to design a PES and start the Florida

Ranchlands Environmental Services Project (FRESP). One impor-

tant aim was to create an output-based PES. Accordingly, the

services were to be transparent and measurable under actual

agricultural conditions. This requirement led to the identiﬁca-

tion of two ecosystem services which could be produced on the

ranches: (i) water storage through rainwater retention by maxi-

mizing groundwater seepage and (ii) removal of nutrients, espe-

cially phosphorus, from the water. To achieve the latter, water

from public canals or rivers adjacent to the ranch is diverted into

a natural or grazed area where it is stored and released slowly. It

is ﬁnally returned with its nutrient content reduced.

To offer both services cost-efﬁciently, existing water man-

agement infrastructure was to be used with small adjustments

wherever necessary. Water management alternatives (WMAs),

combinations of management practices and construction like

low-level berms and simple gravity water control structure, were

Florida ranchlands Environmental

Services Project (FrESP)

region (area):

Northern Everglades, Florida, USA (1.4 million ha

affected in total; implemented on about 4,700 ha)

Starting year (stage):

2005 (closed in 2012; led to the Northern Ever-

glades Payment for Ecosystem Service Program)

objective:

Improvement of water quality and water quantity

Beneﬁciary:

Residents of Florida represented by South Florida

Water Management District (SFWMD), the Florida

Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services

(FDACS), the Florida Department of Environ-

mental Protection (FDEP), the US Department of

Agriculture (USDA) Natural Resources Conservation

Services (NRCS), and the W. K. Kellogg Foundation

Service provider:

Ranchers

(other) Intermediaries:

World Wildlife Fund (WWF), Resources For the

Future (RFF), University of Florida Institute of

Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS),

MacArthur Agro-Ecology Research Center (MAERC),

Archbold Biological Station, University of Central

Florida, Florida Cattlemen’s Association

Budget:

$ 7 million for the six-year pilot phase

Payment arrangement:

Output-based payment sought, ultimately more

input-based; level of payment based on opportu-

nity and production costs, negotiated individually

Contact:

Sarah Lynch

sarah.lynch@wwfus.org

Benita Whalen

bmwhalen@comcast.net

www.fresp.org

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