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entific American, 14 November 2008; Deborah Zabarenko, “EPA Finds

Greenhouse Gases Endanger Health,” Reuters, 23 March 2009.

37. Sierra Club, “Beyond Coal,” at www.sierraclub.org/coal, viewed 25 June

2009.

38. Mathias Bell, Rocky Mountain Institute, e-mail to Jessie Robbins, Earth

Policy Institute, 30 June 2009; Natalie Mims, Mathias Bell, and Stephen

Doig, Assessing the Electric Productivity Gap and the U.S. Efficiency

Opportunity (Snowmass, CO: Rocky Mountain Institute, January 2009).

39. Erik Shuster, Tracking New Coal-Fired Power Plants (Pittsburgh, PA:

DOE, National Energy Technology Laboratory, January 2009); Julie

Clendenin and Shawna Seldon, “Wind Energy Grows by Record 8,300

MW in 2008,” press release (Washington, DC: American Wind Energy

Association (AWEA), 27 January 2009); AWEA, U.S. Wind Energy Pro-

jects, electronic database, at www.awea.org/projects, updated 31 Decem-

ber 2008.

40. Henry Manczyk and Michael D. Leach, “Combined Heat and Power Gen-

eration and District Heating in Denmark: History, Goals, and Technolo-

gy,” at www.energy.rochester.edu/dk/manczyk/denmark.pdf, viewed 13

February 2008; “New Zealand Issues Ten-Year Ban on New Thermal

Power Plants,” Power Engineering, 11 October 2007; Global Wind Energy

Council, Global Wind 2008 Report (Brussels: 2009); Jad Mouawad, “Chi-

nese Clean Coal Will Be Critical, a Report Says,” Green Inc. at

Nytimes.com, 20 April 2009.

41. Table 10–1 calculated with the following: fossil fuel and transport carbon

reductions using IEA, World Energy Outlook 2008 (Paris: 2008), p. 507,

industry reductions using IEA, Tracking Industrial Energy Efficiency and

Emissions (Paris: 2007), avoided deforestation and planting trees

from Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Climate

Change 2007: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working

Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental

Panel on Climate Change (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press,

2007), pp. 543, 559, and soil carbon sequestration based on conservative

estimates in Rattan Lal, “Soil Carbon Sequestration Impacts on Global

Climate Change and Food Security,” Science, vol. 304 (11 June 2004), pp.

1,623–27.

42. IEA, World Energy Outlook 2008, op. cit. note 41, p. 507.

43. R. A. Houghton, “Carbon Flux to the Atmosphere from Land-Use

Changes: 1850–2005,” in Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center

(CDIAC), TRENDS: A Compendium of Data on Global Change (Oak

Ridge, TN: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), 2008); carbon

sequestration based on IPCC, op. cit. note 41.

44. Lal, op. cit. note 41.

45. Carbon dioxide pathway modeled using fossil fuel emissions from Tom

Boden and Gregg Marland, “Global CO

Emissions from Fossil-Fuel

Burning, Cement Manufacture, and Gas Flaring: 1751–2006” and “Pre-

liminary 2006–07 Global & National Estimates by Extrapolation,” both

in CDIAC, Fossil Fuel CO

Emissions (Oak Ridge, TN: ORNL, 2009),

and from land use change emissions from Houghton, op. cit. note 43, with

decay curve cited in J. Hansen et al., “Dangerous Human-Made Interfer-

ence with Climate: A GISS ModelE Study,” Atmospheric Chemistry and

Notes: chapter 10

337

Plants in the Past Nine Months,” Christian Science Monitor, 25 October

2007; Janet Larsen, “Coal Takes Heavy Human Toll,” Eco-Economy

Update (Washington, DC: Earth Policy Institute, 24 August 2004).

26. Sierra Club, “Stopping the Coal Rush,” online database, accessed 23 July

2009, at www.sierraclub.org/environmentallaw/coal/plantlist.asp; Kath-

leen Krust, Sierra Club, discussion with Jessie Robbins, Earth Policy Insti-

tute, 23 July 2009.

27. Opinion Research Corporation, A Post Fossil-Fuel America: Are Ameri-

cans Ready to Make the Shift? (Princeton, NJ: October 2007).

28. Andrew Ross Sorkin, “A Buyout Deal That Has Many Shades of Green,”

New York Times, 26 February 2007; “Texas Decision Could Double Wind

Power Capacity in the U.S.,” Renewable Energy Access, 4 October 2007.

29. Timothy Gardner, “Florida Gov. Might Allow New Coal Power Plants,”

Reuters, 4 October2007; Buck Parker, Earthjustice, letter to author, Octo-

ber 2007; Coal Moratorium NOW! op. cit. note 25.

30. Jim Jelter, “Coal Stocks Tumble on Citigroup Downgrade,” Market-

Watch, 18 July 2007; Steve James, “Coal Shares Fall After Merrill Down-

grade,” Reuters, 3 January 2008; Citigroup, “Leading Wall Street Banks

Establish the Carbon Principles,” press release (New York: 4 February

2008); Jeffrey Ball, “Wall Street Shows Skepticism Over Coal,” Wall Street

Journal, 4 February 2008; Jeffrey Ball, “Bank of America Puts a Price on

Carbon,” Wall Street Journal, 13 February 2008.

31. Martin Griffith, “Reid Fights New Coal-Fired Plants,” (Salt Lake City)

Deseret News, 26 August 2007; Nicholas D. Kristof, “The Big Melt,” New

York Times, 16 August 2007; Governor Jennifer M. Granholm, “Priorities

for Michigan’s Economic Future: Jobs, Education and Protecting Fami-

lies,” State of the State Address, 3 February 2009; State of Washington

60th Legislature, Climate Change—Mitigating Impacts, Engrossed Sub-

stitute Senate Bill 6001, Chapter 307, Laws of 2007, 22 July 2007; Carla

Vigue, “Governor Says No to Coal for State Heating Plants in Madison,”

press release (Madison, WI: Office of the Governor, 1 August 2008);

Audrey Chang, “California Takes on Power Plant Emissions: SB 1368 Sets

Groundbreaking Greenhouse Gas Performance Standard,” fact sheet

(New York: Natural Resources Defense Council, August 2007); Gardner,

op. cit. note 29.

32. Granholm, op. cit. note 31.

33. Kristen Lombardi, Coal Ash: The Hidden Story: How Industry and the

EPA Failed to Stop a Growing Environmental Disaster (Washington, DC:

Center for Public Integrity, 19 February 2009).

34. Ibid.; “Enviros Demand Locations of 44 ‘High Hazard’ Coal Ash Sites,”

Environmental News Service, 19 June 2009.

35. James Hansen, “Why We Can’t Wait,” The Nation, 7 May 2007; Noelle

Straub and Peter Behr, “Energy Regulatory Chief Says New Coal, Nuclear

Plants May Be Unnecessary,” Greenwire, 22 April 2009.

36. Supreme Court of the United States, Massachusetts et al. v. Environmen-

tal Protection Agency et al., No. 05–1120, 549 U.S. 497, decided 2 April

2007, Washington, DC; Environmental Appeals Board, U.S. Environmen-

tal Protection Agency, “In Re: Deseret Power Electric Cooperative, PSD

Permit No. PSD-OU-0002-04.00” (Washington, DC: 13 November 2008);

David Biello, “EPA Ruling Halts All New Coal-Fired Power Plants,” Sci-

336

Notes: chapter 10

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61. Jeffrey Sachs, “One Tenth of 1 Percent to Make the World Safer,” Wash-

ington Post, 21 November 2001.

62. Universal primary education from U.K. Treasury, From Commitment to

Action: Education (London: Department for International Development,

September 2005); adult literacy campaign is author’s estimate; universal

basic health care from Jeffrey D. Sachs and the Commission on Macro-

economics and Health, Macroeconomics and Health: Investing in Health

for Economic Development (Geneva: World Health Organization, 2001);

reproductive health and family planning from J. Joseph Speidel et al.,

Family Planning and Reproductive Health: The Link to Environmental

Preservation (San Francisco: Bixby Center for Reproductive Health and

Research Policy, University of California, 2007), p. 10, and from J. Joseph

Speidel, discussion with J. Matthew Roney, Earth Policy Institute, 16

October 2007.

63. In Table 10–2, closing the condom gap estimated from Population Action

International, “Why Condoms Count in the Era of HIV/AIDS,” fact sheet

(Washington, DC: 2008); cost per condom and condom distribution from

United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Donor Support for Contra-

ceptives and Condoms for STI/HIV Prevention 2007 (New York: 2008);

school lunch program from George McGovern, “Yes We CAN Feed the

World’s Hungry,” Parade, 16 December 2001; assistance to preschool chil-

dren and pregnant women is author’s estimate of extending the U.S.’s

Women, Infants, and Children program, based on United Nations, World

Population Prospects: The 2004 Revision (New York: 2005); UNFPA, The

State of World Population 2004 (New York: 2004), p. 39.

64. In Table 10–2, restoring the earth budget compiled from the following:

planting trees to reduce flooding and conserve soil and protecting topsoil

on cropland from Lester R. Brown and Edward C. Wolf, “Reclaiming the

Future,” in Lester R. Brown et al., State of the World 1988 (New York:

W. W. Norton & Company, 1988), p. 174, using data from U.N. Food and

Agriculture Organization, Fuelwood Supplies in the Developing Coun-

tries, Forestry Paper 42 (Rome: 1983); planting trees to sequester carbon

from IPCC, op. cit. note 41, pp. 543, 559; restoring rangelands from

UNEP, Status of Desertification and Implementation of the United

Nations Plan of Action to Combat Desertification (Nairobi: 1991), pp.

73–92; restoring fisheries from Andrew Balmford et al., “The Worldwide

Costs of Marine Protected Areas,” Proceedings of the National Academy

of Sciences, vol. 101, no. 26 (29 June 2004), pp. 9,694–97; protecting bio-

logical diversity from World Parks Congress, Recommendations of the

Vth IUCN World Parks Congress (Durban, South Africa: 2003), pp.

17–19, and from World Parks Congress, “The Durban Accord,” at

www.iucn.org/themes/wcpa, viewed 19 October 2007; stabilizing water

tables is author’s estimate.

65. Table 10–3 compiled from Stockholm International Peace Research Insti-

tute (SIPRI), Military Expenditure Database, electronic database at

www.sipri.org, updated 2009.

66. SIPRI, op. cit. note 65.

67. Amy Belasco, The Cost of Iraq, Afghanistan and Other Global War on

Terror Operations Since 9/11 (Washington, DC: Congressional Research

Service, 15 May 2009); Linda Bilmes and Joseph Stiglitz, The Economic

Notes: chapter 10

339

Physics, vol. 7 (2007), pp. 2,287–312.

46. Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear

Safety, Renewable Energy-Employment Effects: Impact of the Expansion

of Renewable Energy on the German Labor Market (Berlin: June 2006);

“German Plan to Close Coal Mines,” BBC News, 29 January 2007;

Michael Levitin, “Germany Says Auf Wiedersehen to Nuclear Power,

Guten Tag to Renewables,” Grist, 12 August 2005.

47. Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA (New York: Dou-

bleday, 2009), p. 429.

48. Surgeon General’s Advisory Committee on Smoking and Health, Smok-

ing and Health (Washington, DC: Office of the Surgeon General, 1964).

49. Cigarette consumption from U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA),

Production, Supply and Distribution, electronic database, at

www.fas.usda.gov/psdonline, updated 31 August 2006, and from Tom

Capehart, Tobacco Outlook (Washington, DC: USDA, Economic

Research Service (ERS), 24 April 2007); American Cancer Society, “Guide

to Quitting Smoking: Tobacco and Cancer,” at www.cancer.org, updated

21 May 2009.

50. Duff Wilson, “Congress Passes Measure on Tobacco Regulation,” New

York Times, 13 June 2009; USDA, ERS, “Cigarette Price Increase Follows

Tobacco Pact,” Agricultural Outlook, January–February 1999.

51. DOE, EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2009 with Projections for 2030

(Washington, DC: March 2009); BP, BP Statistical Review of World Ener-

gy 2009 (London: British Petroleum, June 2009); Sharon Silke Carty, “This

Year’s Auto Sales Forecast Falls to 10 Million,” USA Today, 22 May 2009;

cars scrapped from R. L. Polk & Co., “U.S. Vehicle Median Age Increased

in 2008, According to Polk,” press release (Southfield, MI: 3 March 2009).

52. U.S. Department of Transportation, Summary of Fuel Economy Perfor-

mance (Washington, DC: 30 March 2009).

53. DOE, EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2007 with Projections for 2030

(Washington, DC:, February 2006); DOE, op. cit. note 51.

54. For information on mobilization, see Francis Walton, Miracle of World

War II: How American Industry Made Victory Possible (New York:

Macmillan, 1956).

55. Franklin Roosevelt, “State of the Union Address,” 6 January 1942, at

www.ibiblio.org/pha/7-2-188/188-35.html.

56. Harold G. Vatter, The US Economy in World War II (New York: Colum-

bia University Press, 1985), p. 13; Alan L. Gropman, Mobilizing U.S.

Industry in World War II (Washington, DC: National Defense University

Press, August 1996).

57. Doris Kearns Goodwin, No Ordinary Time—Franklin and Eleanor Roo-

sevelt: The Home Front in World War II (New York: Simon & Schuster,

1994), p. 316; “Point Rationing Comes of Age,” Business Week, 19 Febru-

ary 1944.

58. “War Production—The Job ‘That Couldn’t Be Done’,” Business Week, 5

May 1945; Donald M. Nelsen, Arsenal of Democracy: The Story of

American War Production (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1946),

p. 243.

59. Goodwin, op. cit. note 57, p. 316.

60. Grey quoted in Walton, op. cit. note 54.

338

Notes: chapter 10

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Costs of the Iraq War: An Appraisal Three Years After the Beginning of

the Conflict (Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research,

February 2006); Linda Bilmes and Joseph Stiglitz, “The $10 Trillion

Hangover,” Harper’s, January 2009.

68. Jared Diamond, Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed (New

York: Penguin Group, 2005); Ronald Wright, A Short History of Progress

(New York: Carroll and Graf Publishers, 2005); Joseph A. Tainter, The

Collapse of Complex Societies (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University

Press, 1988).

69. SIPRI, op. cit. note 65.

70. The Institute for Intercultural Studies, at www.interculturalstudies.org,

viewed 8 July 2009.

71. Richard Register, e-mail to author, 16 October 2007.

72. Gidon Eshel and Pamela A. Martin, “Diet, Energy, and Global Warming,”

Earth Interactions, vol. 10, no. 9 (2006).

340

Notes: chapter 10

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ABB Group, 139

Abed, Fazle Hasan, 175

ABN AMRO, 90

Abu Dhabi, 165–66

Acela Express, 95

acidification of marine environment, 209

Active Transportation Alliance, 150

adult literacy programs, 173, 183

Afghanistan, 19, 22, 36, 41, 48, 67

Africa. See alsoMiddle East and North

Africa, and specific countries

bus-based rapid transit systems in,

148

child mortality rates in, 174

debt forgiveness for, 189–90

drought in, 60

food security issues, 218

forestry, deforestation, and

reforestation in, 198

Great Rift Valley,geothermal energy in,

125, 126

HIV/AIDS in, 175, 176

poverty and poverty eradication in,

169–70

refugees, environmental, 51–52

Sahelian region, 44–45, 51, 71, 204

social conflict over land and water

access in, 44–46

soil erosion and conservation in, 7, 34,

36, 51, 204, 213

African Development Bank, 189

African Union, 13, 204

Agassi, Shai, 93

agriculture. See also fertilizer; food

security; irrigation water; livestock;

soil erosion and conservation

biofuels and food supply, 5, 48–51, 115

climate change affecting food security

and, 6–7, 56, 59, 68, 69–71, 234,

236–37

development, cropland and irrigation

water diverted for, 7

double cropping, 221–22, 230

education and, 172

expansion of grazing and croplands,

35–38

fertilizer runoff, 209

genetically modified crops, 8, 218, 219,

220

land acquisition agreements, 10–13,

216–17

leguminous trees and grain, simul-

taneous planting of, 197–98, 222

localization of energy and food

economies, 140, 230–33

Ponzi scheme approach to, 14–15

population pressures on agricultural

land. See under population growth

productivity measures, 8, 217–20

retirement of cropland, 213

subsidies, 188–89

tillage practices, 203–4

in urban environments, 158–60

water intensivity of food production,

32, 42, 223

AIDS. See HIV/AIDS

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Berg Insight, 106

Berlin (Germany), 90, 147, 256, 257, 259

Berlin Wall model of change, 257–58, 259

Bhutan, 180

Bicycle Master Plan (Netherlands), 153–54

bicycles, encouraging use of, 26, 148–54,

163

Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, 175,

177, 178

Billion Tree Campaign, 201

Bilmes, Linda, 264

biodiesel, 11, 49, 130–31, 200

biodiversity, protecting, 209–11, 214

biofuels, 128–32. See alsoethanol

cellulosic, 50, 132, 254

deforestation and reforestation, 200

food security affected by demand for, 5,

48–51, 115, 131, 170, 216, 235, 255

palm oil, 49, 131, 198

in Plan B, 137

rapeseed, 49, 131

subsidy shifting to support, 249

switchgrass and other waste grasses

and plants, 50, 132, 254

birth control, 182–84

black lung disease, 74, 256

Bloomberg Global Initiative to Reduce

Tobacco Use, 179

Bloomberg, Michael, 165, 179

Blumenauer, Earl, 153

Boeing, 101

Bogotá (Colombia), 144, 164

Bolivia, 67

Bolsa Familia program (Brazil), 169

Botswana, 154

bottled water and other drinks, 99, 101–3

BRAC (Bangladesh), 175

Braungart, Michael, 97

Brazil

carbon emissions from, 96

cerrado, 38, 50, 146

Curitiba, 26, 145, 147, 161, 164

energy-efficient technology in, 82, 90

as ethanol producer, 48–49

food security issues, 217, 222, 229

forestry, deforestation, and

reforestation in, 195, 196, 199, 201–2

land acquisition agreements, 10, 11, 13

population pressure on land and water

in, 50, 53–54

poverty and poverty eradication in,

168–70, 172, 188–89

renewable energy in, 122, 129, 130–32,

134

São Paulo, 144, 147

soil conservation in, 203

urban environments in, 26, 144–46,

154, 160

BrightSource Energy, 121

British Petroleum, 114

Brussels (Belgium), 94

Buehler, Ralph, 153

Build Your Dreams, 92

buildings, zero-carbon, 87–91, 107–8,

165–66

bullet trains, 93–96

Burkina Faso, 34, 177, 188

Burundi, 189

bus-based rapid transit systems, 144,

147–48, 164

Bush, George W., 207, 246

Bussmann, Werner, 127

Cairo (Egypt), 42, 178

California

Berkeley, 202

climate change in, 64, 68

coal-fired power plants in, 251

energy-efficient technology in, 83, 86,

89, 91, 93, 95, 96, 100, 106

localization of agriculture in, 232

Los Angeles, 7, 42, 83, 99, 103, 145,

148, 157

population pressures on land and water

in, 7, 42, 43

renewable energy in, 109, 114, 120–23,

126, 128, 134, 137, 250

San Diego, 7, 43

San Francisco, 93, 99, 102, 126, 134, 149

San José, 100

San Luis Obispo, 146

urban environments in, 146, 150, 157,

163

Campbell, Colin, 72

Canada

climate change in, 57, 59, 60, 61

cod fisheries, collapse of, 15

energy-efficient technology in, 82, 90,

93, 99

food security issues, 5, 219

Index

343

airliner recycling, 101

Airtricity, 134

Alaska, 57, 61

Algeria, 7, 44, 53, 110, 120–21, 137, 139

Alliance for Forest Conservation and

Sustainable Use, 195

Allin, Patrick, 149

Amazon basin and rainforest, 38, 50,

198–200, 210, 243

American Association for the

Advancement of Science, 208

American Electric Power, 106

American Institute of Architects, 91

American Recovery and Reinvestment

Act, 87–88

Amsterdam (Netherlands), 26, 153, 163,

164

Amu Darya River (Central Asia), 48

Anderson, Rocky, 102

Andes and Andean countries, 66, 68, 118,

213

Anschutz, Philip, 114

Antarctic, effects of climate change on,

6–7, 57, 58, 61–65, 76, 256–57

appliances

energy-efficient, 84–86, 104–5, 106–7

water-efficient, 157–58

aquaculture. See fisheries and marine

ecosystem

Aquamarine Power, 134

aquifers, overpumping of, 6, 9, 14, 32,

38–41

Aral Sea Basin (Central Asia), 48

Archer, Cristina, 113

architecture, zero-carbon, 87–91, 107–8,

165–66

Arctic Climate Impact Assessment, 61–63

Arctic, effects of climate change on, 6–7,

58, 61–65, 76

Argentina, 9, 203, 222, 236

Arid Zone Research Institute, 41

Arizona, 34, 53, 114, 120, 122

Asia. See also specific countries

climate change in, 6–7, 60

electric bicycles in, 154

forestry, deforestation, and

reforestation in, 198–199

poverty and poverty eradication in, 169

rising sea levels in, 65–66

soil conservation in, 204

soil erosion and desertification in, 36

Athabasca tar sand deposits (Canada), 73

Atlanta, GA, 130, 152, 163

atmospheric brown clouds, 57–58

atmospheric carbon dioxide. See carbon

emissions

Auckland (New Zealand), 149

Australia

cap-and-trade system for lobster

fisheries, 247

drought in, 60

energy-efficient technology in, 82, 86,

87, 93

food security issues in, 9, 11, 219, 220

Japanese wheat coming from, 146

renewable energy in, 121, 125, 126

soil erosion and conservation in, 37, 203

Austria, 123, 163

automobiles. Seemotor vehicles

Babcock Ranch (Florida), 165

Bakhtiari, A. M. Samsam, 72

Balmford, Andrew, 207–8

Baltic Sea, 139

BaltimoreGas and Electric, 105–6

Bangkok (Thailand), 90, 144, 161

Bangladesh

Dhaka, 144

micro-credit in, 242

poverty and poverty eradication in,

170, 172, 173, 175, 180, 184

renewable energy in, 118

rising sea levels, vulnerability to, 7, 65,

Barbados, 52

Barbut, Monique, 127

Barcelona (Spain), 94

Bay of Fundy (Canada), 133

beef production. See livestock

Beijing (China)

air pollution in, 144

high-speed trains in, 95

population pressures on land and water

in, 39, 42

rice production in area of, 225

transportation in, 147, 163

tree planting in, 199

water supply in, 146, 147

Belgium, 94, 248

Benin, 188

342

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Canada (continued)

forestry, deforestation, and

reforestation in, 193, 195, 196

localization of agriculture in, 232

renewable energy in, 110, 115, 125, 130,

133, 137, 140

soil conservation in, 203

soil erosion in China affecting, 34

tar sands project, 73

urban environments in, 143, 148,

159–60

cancer

from coal pollution, 74, 180

from smoking, 178

cap-and-trade systems, 141, 247

car industry capacity to produce wind

turbines, 117, 266

Caracas (Venezuela), 159

carbon emissions

bicycles’ role in reducing, 151–52

from biofuels, 131

cap-and-trade systems, 141, 247

climate change caused by, 57–60

from coal, 74

energy-intensive but nonessential

industries, discouraging, 101

food security affected by, 236

from high-speed trains, 94–95

from kerosene lamps, 119

marine environment, acidificationof,

209

from motor vehicles, 96

from natural gas, 75

Plan B goal of cutting, 24, 76, 80–81,

111

PlaNYC plan to reduce, 165

subsidy shifting, 248–49

urban transportation issues, 150

zero-carbon buildings, 87–91, 107–8,

165–66

Carbon Neutral Network, 244

carbon sequestration

clean coal technology, 112, 250

climate change, stabilizing, 254–55

soil conservation and, 206

via tree planting, 198–202

carbon tax, 108, 141, 245, 249, 255

Caribbean. SeeLatin America and

Caribbean, and specific countries

cars. Seemotor vehicles

Carter, Jimmy, and Carter Center, 178

catastrophic or Pearl Harbor model of

change, 256, 259

Caterpillar, 101

cellulosic biofuels, 50, 132, 254

cement production, 98, 107

Center for American Progress, 104

Central America. SeeLatin America and

Caribbean, and specific countries

Centre for Science and Environment, 155

Cevital, 139

Chad

climate change in, 71

failing states, problem of, 19–22

food security issues, 220

population pressures on land and water

in, 34, 45

poverty and poverty eradication in,

177, 188

Chennai (India), 42

Chesapeake Bay Foundation, 89

Chevrolet, 25, 92–93, 234

Chicago, IL, 89, 99, 148, 152, 160, 234, 244

children

education of, 170, 171–74

mortality rates and health care for,

174–81

U.S. women, infants and children

program, 173–74

Chile, 125, 154

China. See also Beijing

atmospheric brown clouds, 58

bicycles in, 151, 152, 154

biofuels in, 130

carbon emissions from, 96

climate change in, 65–67, 69

coal and coal pollution in, 74–75, 253

conversion of cropland to other uses in,

energy-efficient technology in, 82–86,

90, 92, 95, 98, 103

energy subsidies, 248

falling water tables in, 6, 39–40

food security issues, 216–19, 221–25,

227–30, 236

forestry, deforestation, and

reforestation in, 195, 199, 211, 212

geopolitics of food security in, 13

geothermal power in, 125, 127, 128

hydropower in, 132, 133, 134

irrigation water diverted to other uses

8, 42

344

Index

land acquisition agreements, 10, 11, 12,

216

paper recycling in, 193

poverty and poverty eradication in,

168, 169, 177, 179–81, 185

Shanghai, 66, 95, 115, 144, 159, 247

soil erosion and conservation in, 6, 7,

34–37, 204, 205, 213

solar power in, 26, 118, 119, 121–24

urban environments in, 147, 151, 152,

154, 163

wind power in, 111, 113, 115, 136, 253

China Technology Development Group

Corporation, 119

Chrysler, 93

Chu, Steven, 138

Churchill, Winston, 261

cigarette smoking, 179–80, 244–45, 246,

257–58

Citi/Citigroup, 90, 251

cities. Seeurban environments

civilization

decline of past civilizations, 3–4, 14–18,

32–33, 191, 237, 241–42

mobilizing to save, 261–66

Clark, Edwin, 247

Clean Air Act (U.S.), 252

clean coal technology, 112, 250

climate change, 55–76

agriculture and food security affected

by, 6–7, 56, 59, 68, 69–71, 234,

236–37

drivers and effects of, 56–61

energy efficiency as means of. See

energy efficiency

food security affected by, 234, 236–37

glacial melt, 6–7, 14–15, 66–69, 76

kerosene lamps, carbon emissions

from, 119

oil and coal, effects of use of, 56–58

Plan B goal of stabilizing, 24–25,

253–56

reducing dependence on traditional

energy sources to stabilize, 71–75

renewable energy as means of. See

renewable energy

rising sea levels, 7, 51–54, 55, 61–66,

244

Clinton, Bill, Clinton Foundation, and

Clinton Climate Initiative, 90

Clipper Windpower, 114

Club of Rome, 139

coal

atmospheric soot and, 58

carbon sequestration, 112

climate change and use of, 56–58

energy efficiency as means of reducing

use of, 105, 107

reducing dependence on, 71–75

subsidy shifting, 248–49

U.S. de facto moratorium on new coal-

fired power plants, 249–53

coal ash, 251–52

Colombia, 125, 144, 147, 154, 185–86

Colorado, 43, 73, 116

Colorado River, 68, 145

Commission on Weak States and U.S.

National Security, 186

community gardens, 231–32

compact fluorescent bulbs, 25–26, 79,

81–83

complete streets movement, 150–51

compossting toilets, 155–56

computers, 100, 112

concentrating solar power, 120–21

condoms, 176, 262

Congo basin, 50, 210

Congo, Democratic Republic of

deforestation in, 199

failed states, problem of, 18–23, 199

land acquisition agreements, 11, 13

population growth in, 181

renewable energy in, 132, 137

Conservation Reserve Program, 203

contraception, 182–84

Corell, Robert, 61

corn

climate change affecting, 59, 69–71

ethanol fuel from, 5, 48–51, 115, 216,

255

food security issues related to, 4–6, 11,

216, 218–22, 229, 230, 235, 255

population pressures on land and

water, 38, 39, 48, 49, 50

renewable energy and, 115, 116, 128,

131, 140

soil conservation and, 203, 205

urban environments, food supply in, 146

Corn Belt (U.S.), 59, 69

Costa Rica, 244

Côte d’Ivoire, 22, 177

Council of Economic Advisors (U.S.), 246

Index

345

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Index

347

346

Index

energy sources for, 25, 50–51, 92–93

renewable sources of. See renewable

energy

smart grids, meters, and appliances,

103–6

transport systems, electrification of,

91–96, 107, 111

Endangered Species Act (U.S.), 210

energy economy, restructuring, 79–81,

109–12, 135–42, 253–56

energy efficiency, 79–108

fuel efficiency standards, improving,

50, 96, 107, 258

household appliances, 84–86, 104–5,

106–7

lighting technology, advances in, 25–26,

79, 81–84, 106

materials economy, changing, 96–103,

107

nonessential but energy-intensive

industries, discouraging, 101

savings potential, 106–8

smart electrical grids and meters, 103–6

transport systems, electrification of,

91–96, 107, 111

zero-carbon buildings, 87–91, 107–8,

165–66

Energy Efficiency Building Retrofit

Program, 90

Energy Policy Act of 2005 (U.S.), 84

energy, renewable. See renewable energy

energy sources, traditional. Seecoal;

natural gas; nuclear power; oil, gas,

and petroleum

energy subsidies, 248–49

Enron, 16

Environmental Defense Fund, 241, 250

environmental refugees, 51–54, 65–66

environmental taxes

carbon tax, 108, 141, 245, 249, 255

cigarette sales tax, 179, 244–45, 246

gasoline tax, 245–46

landfill tax, 99, 246

on purchase of motor vehicles, 246–47

renewable energy, encouraging

transition to, 141

subsidies for parking/mass transit use,

tax-exempt, 163

tax shifting, 244–47

urban use of motor vehicles, charges

for, 26, 148–49

Eshel, Gidon, 234

ethanol, 255

agricultural subsidies for, 189

cane-based, 129, 131, 198

cellulosic, 50, 132, 254

from corn, 5, 48–51, 115, 216, 255

deforestation and reforestation, 200

food security affected by, 5, 48–51,

115, 131, 170, 216, 235, 255

problems associated with, 130–32

Ethiopia

climate change affecting, 71

food security issues, 220

land acquisition agreements, 10, 11

population pressure on land and water

in, 35, 47–48

poverty and poverty eradication in,

172, 181, 184

reforestation efforts in, 201

renewable energy in, 125–26

Europe/European Union. See also Eastern

Europe, and specific countries

agricultural subsidies in, 188

bicycle use in, 151, 154

biodiesel goals, 49, 131

climate change in, 60

energy-efficient technology in, 82, 85,

96, 100, 105, 106

environmental taxes in, 245, 246

food security issues, 218, 219, 221–22

high-speed trains in, 94–95

motor vehicle sales in, 164

recycling in, 98

refugees, environmental, 51

renewable energy in, 79, 111, 113,

117, 122, 123, 124, 130, 139, 141

soil conservation in, 204, 213

urban environments in, 151, 154, 159

European Solar Thermal Electricity

Association, 122

European Solar Thermal Industry

Federation, 123

exponential growth, problem of, 31

Factor Ten Institute (France), 96

Fagre, Daniel, 68

failing states

land and water shortages, social con-

flicts resulting from, 44–48

Plan B and problem of, 18–23, 242

poverty and poverty eradication, 185–88

Cox, Craig, 192–93

Crutzen, Paul, 131

Cunha, Rosani, 169

Curitiba (Brazil), 26, 145, 147, 161, 164

Currys, 82

Cyprus, 123, 223

Czech Republic, 94, 163

Daewoo Logistics, 12

Dahle, Øystein, 243

Daly, Herman, 18

dams, hydropower from, 132–33, 135

Darfur, 19, 22, 45

Davis Langdon, 87

dead zones, oceanic, 155

debt forgiveness, 189–90, 204

Del Giudice, Paula, 60

Delanoë, Bertrand, 149, 163

Delaware, 114–15

Democratic Republic of Congo. See

Congo, Democratic Republic of

Denmark

bicycle use in, 151, 153

electric-car service stations in, 93

environmental taxes in, 246

new coal-fired power plants banned in

253

renewable energy in, 26, 113–14, 140

DESERTEC, 139–40

desertification, 7, 35, 51, 53–54, 204–5,

213

Deutsche Bank, 90, 139, 140

diabetes, 180

Diagne, Modou Fada, 204

Diamond, Jared, 266

diarrhea, 19, 174, 175

diversity of plants and animals, protecting,

209–11, 214

double cropping, 221–22, 230

drip irrigation systems, 223–24

drought, 60, 71, 204

dry composting toilets, 155–56

Dublin (Ireland), 149

Dust Bowls, 34, 37, 53, 60, 202. See also

soil erosion and conservation

Earth Council, 248

Earth Day, 165

EarthJustice, 250

Eastern Europe. See also specific countries

forestry, deforestation, and

reforestation in, 196

HIV/AIDS in, 176, 262

economy and environment

coal stocks, downgrading of, 251

energy economy, restructuring,

79–81, 109–12, 135–42, 253–56

failing states, 18–23

localization of energy and food

economies, 140, 230–33

materials economy, changing, 96–103,

107

Ponzi scheme treatment of, 14–18

ecopsychology, 162–63

Ecuador, 67, 147, 154

education and educational institutions

adult literacy programs, 173, 183

bicycle use, encouraging, 152

debt forgiveness, 189

girls, importance of educating, 172, 173

poverty eradication and universal

education, 170, 171–74, 190–91

school gardens, 132

school lunch programs, 173–74

walk to school movement, 150

Education for All (World Bank plan), 171

Egypt

agriculture productivity measures,

decline in, 8

bilateral grain import agreement with

Russia, 9

Cairo, 42, 178

failing states, problem of, 22

food security issues, 217, 218, 219, 225

land acquisition agreements, 10, 11

oral rehydration therapy for children

in,175

population pressures on land and water

in, 43, 47

renewable energy in, 121, 137, 139

rising sea levels, vulnerability to, 65

Eisenhower, Dwight, 95

electric arc furnaces, 98

electric bicycles, 154

Electric Power Research Institute, 104

electrical power

economy, electrification of, 111, 135

grid, renewable energy, 137–40

lighting technology, 25–26, 79, 81–84

motor vehicles, electric and hybrid

leguminous trees and grain, simul-

taneous planting of, 197–98, 222

logging practices, 194–96

paper use and recycling, 97–99, 193–94

Plan B for, 24–26

plantations, 195–96

soil erosion and conservation, 192,

204–6

fossil fuels. See coal; natural gas; oil, gas,

and petroleum

Fowler, Cary, 71

Framework Convention on Tobacco

Control, 179, 180

France

agriculture productivity measures,

decline in, 8

climate change in, 60

energy subsidies, 248

environmental taxes in, 245, 246

Factor Ten Institute, 96

food security issues, 218

high-speed trains, 94

Paris, 26, 94, 149, 152, 159, 163–64

renewable energy in, 114, 123, 126, 127,

130, 133

smoking, decline in, 179–80

urban transportation in, 26

Francou, Bernard, 67

fuel efficiency standards, improving, 50,

96, 107, 258

Fund for Peace, 19–20

Funk, Robert, 197

G-8, 189

Ganges River basin and delta (India),

66–67, 69

Gangotri Glacier (Himalayas), 67

garbage. See waste

Garrad Hassan, 113

gas and gasoline. Seeoil, gas, and

petroleum

Gasana, James, 46, 47

Gates (Bill and Melinda) Foundation,

175, 177, 178

Gates, Robert, 257

General Motors. See Chevrolet

genetically modified crops, 8, 218, 219, 220

Genoa (Italy), 149

geopolitics. See politics and the

environment

Georgia (U.S. state), 129, 130, 152, 163

geothermal energy, 125–28

climate change, stabilizing, 75, 79, 92

cookstoves powered by, 194

for hot water, 128

in Plan B, 24, 26

restructuring energy economy with,

110–11, 135–42

subsidy shifting to support, 249

German Geothermal Association, 127

Germany

Berlin, 90, 147, 256, 257, 259

bicycle use in, 151, 153

carbon emissions from, 96

coal subsidies, 248

energy-efficient technology in, 87, 94,

97, 100

environmental taxes in, 245, 246

fertility rates, decline in, 181

food security issues, 217

paper recycling in, 193

polio eradication initiative, 178

renewable energy in, 113, 118–20, 123,

126, 130, 131, 142, 255

Ghana, 154, 178

girls, education of, 172, 173

glacial melt, 6–7, 14–15, 66–69, 76

Gleick, Peter, 157

Gleneagles meeting of G-8 (2005), 189

Global Crop Diversity Trust, 71

Global Development Research Center, 161

global economy. Seeeconomy and

environment

Global Environment Facility, 82, 127

Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis

and Malaria, 181

Global Polio Eradication Initiative, 177

global warming. See climate change

Gökyigit, Nihat, 197

Goldmark, Peter, 241

Goodwin, Doris Kearns, 261

Gore, Al, 251

Goudie, Andrew, 34

Grameen Bank, 242

Granholm, Jennifer, 251

Great Indian Desert, 121, 139

Great Plains (U.S.)

Dust Bowl, 37, 53, 60, 202

food security issues, 219

New England forest, relation to, 196

population pressures on land and water

of, 38, 40, 42, 47

Index

349

failing states (continued)

refugees, environmental, 52

family planning and reproductive health,

182–84

farms and farming. Seeagriculture; food

security; livestock

fertilizer

nitrous oxide from synthetic nitrogen,

131

runoff from, 209

use of, 218, 219

Finland, 99, 100, 106, 133

fisheries and marine ecosystem

biodiversity, protecting, 210

cap-and-trade system for lobster, 247

carbon emissions and acidification of,

209

climate change, effects of, 60

cost of restoring, 214

dead zones, 155

food-based needs, pressure from, 7

geothermal energy in aquaculture, 128

hydropower from waves and tides,

132–35

marine reserves, 206–9

Newfoundland cod fisheries, failure of,

Plan B for, 24–25

Ponzi scheme approach to, 15

productivity of aquaculture, 228–29

rising sea levels, 7, 51–54, 55, 61–66,

244

sewage and fertilizer runoff, 209

subsidies, 209

urban environments, aquaculture in, 159

flooding

deforestation, due to, 17, 199

from rising sea levels, 7, 51–54, 55,

61–66, 244

Florida, 99, 123, 157, 165, 250–51

Florida Power and Light, 106

flush and forget sewage systems, 147,

154–58

food chain, eating lower on, 5, 226,

233–35, 238

food security, 3–13, 216–38. See also

agriculture; fisheries and marine

ecosystem; livestock

biofuel demand affecting, 5, 48–51,

115, 131, 170, 216, 235, 255

civilizations, decline of, 3–4

climate change affecting agriculture

and, 6–7, 56, 59, 68, 69–71, 234,

236–37

demand, reducing, 233–35

failing states, problem of, 21–22

forestry, deforestation, and

reforestation, 236

genetically modified crops, 8, 218, 219,

220

geopolitics of import and land

acquisition agreements, 9–13

geothermal energy used in winter

vegetable production, 127

interrelationship with other issues,

236–38

land acquisition agreements, 10–13,

216–17

localization of energy and food

economies, 140, 230–33

Plan B goals contributing to, 242

population growth and, 233–34

poverty eradication and, 170

productivity of land, 217–22

productivity of water supply, 214–15,

222–26, 236–37

rising sea levels affecting, 66

school lunch programs, 173–74

soil erosion affecting, 5–6, 9, 236

trend-driven problems with, 4–9

true cost of food production, 17

in urban environments, 145–47,

158–60

water intensivity of food production,

32, 42, 223

Foreign Policy (magazine), 18–20, 185–86

Forest Service, U.S., 60

Forest Stewardship Council, 195

forestry, deforestation, and reforestation,

193–202

biofuel, forest products used as, 129,

194, 198

carbon sequestration via tree planting,

198–202

certification programs, 195

costs associated with, 211–12

cropland expansion affecting, 38

devastation caused by deforestation, 192

food security and, 236

land acquisition agreements, 13

348

Index

renewable energy in, 110–11, 125–26,

128, 131, 137

rising sea levels, vulnerability to, 65

Indus River basin, 35, 66

infectious diseases, 174–81. See also

specific illnesses

Inkley, Douglas, 61

Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research

(U.S.), 65

Institute of Research and Development

(France), 67

Interface, 130

Interface for Cycling Expertise, 154

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

Change, 6, 58, 65, 66, 200–1

International Center for Technology

Assessment, 17, 245

International Centre for Research in

Agroforestry, 222

International Council for Science, 131

International Energy Agency, 86, 106, 122

International Food Policy Research

Institute, 10, 13

International Institute for Environment

and Development, 65

International Monetary Fund, 189

International Rice Research Institute, 70

International Water Management

Institute, 40

Iowa, 115, 136, 219, 232

Iran

climate change in, 67

oil subsidies, 248

population pressure on land and water

in, 36, 41, 43, 53

poverty and poverty eradication in,

173, 182–83

Tehran, 144, 148

Iraq, 19, 20, 48, 72, 182, 264

Iraq War, 264

Ireland, 103, 134, 149, 180

irrigation water

diverted to other uses, 7–8, 41–44

food production, water intensivity of,

32, 42, 223

glacial melt affecting, 68

land productivity and, 218

population pressure on. See under

population growth

productivity of, increasing, 214–15,

222–26, 236–37

supply issues, 14–15

Israel, 43, 91, 119, 121, 124, 128, 143, 223

Italy

bicycles, encouraging use of, 151

climate change affecting, 59

environmental taxes in, 245, 246

food insecurity issues, 233, 234

Milan, 149, 164

refugees, environmental, 51–53

renewable energy in, 119, 125, 130

smart appliances, 105

smoking ban in, 180

ITC Holdings Corporation, 138

Jacobson, Mark, 113

Japan

agriculture productivity measures,

decline in, 8

bicycle use in, 154

carbon emissions from, 96

cement production in, 98

energy-efficient technology in, 85,

93–96, 98, 100, 101, 107

energy subsidies, 248

food security issues, 218–19, 223

land acquisition agreements, regulation

of, 13

motor vehicle sales in, 164

Osaka, 93–94

paper recycling in, 193

population growth, decline in, 181, 185

renewable energy in, 118, 119, 124–28,

137

rising sea levels, vulnerability to, 65

smoking, decline in, 179–80

Tokyo, 90, 93, 94, 143, 146, 164, 202

urban environments in, 146, 154, 164

Johnson Controls, 90

Johnson-Sirleaf, Ellen, 185

Jordan, 10, 215, 223

JP Morgan Chase, 90

Kansas, 40, 111, 220

Karaca, Hayrettin, 197

Kazakhstan, 5, 10, 11, 37–38, 48, 67, 72

Kenya, 67, 125–26, 154, 194, 201

kerosene, 118–19

Khan, Sardar Riaz A., 41

Khomeini, Ayatollah, 182

Index

351

Great Plains (U.S.) (continued)

renewable energy from, 110, 114, 116,

140

urban environments supplied by, 146

green buildings, 87–91, 107–8, 165–66

Green Party (U.K.), 248

Green Power Express (U.S.), 138

Green Wall (China), 204–5

Green Wall Sahara Initiative, 204

greenhouse gases, 57

Greenland ice sheet, 6–7, 57, 58, 61–65, 76

Greenpeace, 85, 122

GreenWave Energy Solutions, 134

Grey, Sir Edward, 261

grid (electrical power), 103–6, 137–40

GridPoint, 105

Grunwald, Michael, 33

Guangzhou (China), 147–48, 164

guinea worm disease, 178

Habyarimana, Juvenal, 46

Haeberli, Wilfried, 68

Haiti, 19, 22, 33, 192, 236

Hanoi (Viet Nam), 147, 159

Hansen, James, 80, 252

Hart-Rudman U.S. Commission on

National Security in the Twenty-first

Century, 186

Hawaii, 93, 123, 207

Hawken, Paul, 15, 76

He Qingcheng, 39

health care and poverty eradication,

174–81, 190–91

Heinberg, Richard, 73

high-speed trains, 93–96

high-voltage direct-current lines, 137–39

Himalayas, 6, 58, 66–67, 76, 236, 243

HIV/AIDS

curbing epidemic of, 174–77, 190, 262

education and, 172

population decline related to, 181

Population Media Center dramas on,

184

smoking deaths compared to, 179

U.N. Millennium Development Goals

aimed at, 170

home gardening, 231

Honeywell, 90

household appliances

energy-efficient, 84–86, 104–5, 106–7

water-efficient, 157–58

Huai River basin (China), 39

Hungary, 94, 127, 128

hunger. Seefood security

hurricanes, 5, 48, 192

hybrid vehicles, 25, 50–51, 76, 80, 92–93,

96, 135, 245, 253, 259, 266

hydropower, 132–35, 137

Iceland, 26, 125, 127, 128, 137

immunization programs, 175, 181

incandescent bulbs, replacing, 25–26, 79,

81–84

India

atmospheric brown clouds, 58

bicycle use in, 154

climate change in, 59, 66–67, 69–70

conversion of cropland to other uses in,

energy subsidies, 248

falling water tables in, 6, 40

food security issues, 5, 218–24, 227–30,

234, 236

forestry, deforestation, and

reforestation in, 195, 202

Kolkata (Calcutta), 66, 144, 159

land acquisition agreements, 10

milk and dairy products, 229

Mumbai (Bombay), 90, 143–44

New Delhi, 42, 144

poverty and poverty eradication in,

168, 170, 176–78, 180

renewable energy in, 113, 118, 121, 122,

124, 133, 137, 139

rising sea levels, vulnerability to, 65, 66

social conflict resulting from land and

water shortages in, 47

soil conservation in, 205

urban environments in, 154, 158, 159,

163

water supply in, 7–8, 42, 215

zero-carbon building in, 90

Indonesia

biofuel demands and food security, 49,

energy subsidies, 248

failing states, problem of, 22

forestry, deforestation, and

reforestation, 198, 201, 210

land acquisition agreements, 11, 13

poverty and poverty eradication in,

169, 177

350

Index

Kilimanjaro (Africa), 67

Kiribati, 207

Kitson, Sydney, 165

Klare, Michael, 72

Koch-Weser, Caio, 140

Kohlberg Kravis Roberts and Company

(U.S.), 250

Kolkata (Calcutta), India, 66, 144, 159

Koplow, Doug, 249

Korea Forest Research Institute, 197

Korea Midland Power, 133

Kumar, K. S. Kavi, 69

Kumtag Desert (China), 35

Kurien, Verghese, 229

Lake Erie, 114

Lake Ontario, 114

Lal, Rattan, 206

land acquisition agreements, 10–13, 216–17

land tenure and productivity, 222

landfill tax, 99, 246

landfills, 57, 99–100, 130, 166, 246, 251

Larsen ice shelf (Antarctica), 64

Larsen, Janet, 182

Las Vegas, NV, 148

Latin America and Caribbean. See also

specific countries

Andes and Andean countries, 66, 68,

118, 213

climate change in, 67–68

forestry, deforestation, and

reforestation in, 192, 198

refugees, environmental, 52–54

Leadership in Energy and Environmental

Design, 88–90

Lean, Geoffrey, 38

leguminous trees and grain, planting of,

197–98, 222

Lerner, Jaime, 145

Lesotho, 5, 9, 33, 181

Lewis, Karl, 105

Liberia, 185–86

Libya, 10, 51

light-emitting diodes, 26, 79, 83–84

light rail systems, 147, 162

lighting technology, 25–26, 79, 81–84,

106, 118–19

Lima, Peru, 68

literacy programs, 173, 183

livestock. See alsoagriculture; fisheries

and marine ecosystem; food security;

soil erosion and conservation

crop residues used for, 230

food chain, eating lower on, 5, 226,

233–35, 238

grasslands, use of, 235

overgrazing, 7, 14, 35–37, 45, 52, 202,

204–5

productivity of, 226–30

rotational grazing and other sustain-

able practices, 202, 204, 213–14

wind farming combined with, 116

localization of energy and food

economies, 140, 230–33

Lockheed Martin, 120

logging practices, 194–96. See also

forestry, deforestation, and

reforestation

Lowdermilk, Walter, 32–33

Lubchenco, Jane, 208

Lula da Silva, Luiz Inácio, 169

Lunar Energy (U.K. company), 133

Lyman, Francesca, 144

Lyme, New Hampshire, 99

Maathai, Wangari, 201

Madagascar, 12

Madoff, Bernard, 14, 15

Maine, 114, 152

Maine, Gulf of, 208

Mainstream Renewable Power, 139

maize. See corn

malaria, 170, 174, 181

Malawi, 220, 222

Malaysia, 49, 131, 157, 223

Maldives, 244

Mali, 45–46, 71, 177, 178, 188, 220

Mankiw, N. Gregory, 246

marine environment. See fisheries and

marine ecosystem

markets and market failure. See economy

and environment

Marshall Plan, 193

Martin, Pamela A., 234

Maryland, 89, 105–6, 120

Masdar City (Abu Dhabi), 165–66

mass transit. Seetransportation

Massachusetts, 114–15

materials economy,changing, 96–103, 107

Mauritania, 34, 52, 71, 204, 220

Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 131

Mayans, 3

352

Index

Mazria, Edward, 91

McCann, Barbara, 150

McDonough, William, 97

McGovern, George, 173–74

Mead, Margaret, 267

measles, 174, 175

Meier, Walt, 62

Mekong Delta (southeast Asia), 7, 66, 228

Merrill Lynch, 251

meters, electrical, 104–6

methane, 57, 130

Mexico

Cantarell oil field, 72

energy-efficient technology in, 90, 91

failing states, problem of, 19, 22

food security issues, 219

population pressures on land and water

in, 41, 52–54

reforestation efforts in, 201

renewable energy in, 125, 137

televised public service dramas, 183

urban environments in, 143–45, 147,

161, 183

water supply in, 215, 224–25

Mexico City, 41, 90, 143–45, 147, 161, 183

Michaels, Daniel, 101

Michigan, 116, 117, 251

micro-credit, 242

Middle East and North Africa. See also

specific countries

oil supply from, 17

refugees, environmental, 51–52

soil erosion and desertification in, 7, 36

solar energy in, 111, 139–40

water deficit in, 39, 43–44

Milan (Italy), 149, 164

military budgets, squandering of

resources on, 263–65

Minnesota, 129, 138, 148, 220

Mongolia, 5–6, 9, 33–35, 115, 180, 205,

236

Morocco, 7, 43, 53, 139, 204, 223

Moscow (Russia), 164, 257

motor vehicles

biofuels and food supply, 5, 48–51

carbon emissions from, 96

conversion to electric and hybrid

energy sources for, 25, 50–51, 92–93, 165

environmental taxes on. See under

environmental taxes

free parking for, 163

fuel efficiency standards, improving,

50, 96, 107, 258

reducing use of, 26, 107, 144–45,

148–51, 162–64

sales, decline in, 164, 258

service stations for electric vehicles, 93

wind turbines, automotive industry

capacity to produce, 117, 266

Mount Kenya, 67

Munich Re, 139

Myanmar (formerly Burma), 11, 19

Myers, Norman, 210

Narain, Sunita, 155

National Aeronautics and Space

Administration, 34, 63–65, 252

National Center for Atmospheric

Research, 60, 62

National Climate Center, 136

National Complete Streets Coalition, 150

National Dairy Development Board, 229

National Oceanic and Atmospheric

Administration, 60, 208

National Renewable Energy Lab, 113

National Snow and Ice Data Center, 62

National Wildlife Federation, 60–61

natural gas

carbon emissions from, 56, 255

electricity generated by, 253

energy efficiency and, 79, 80, 84

food security and, 233

Plan B on transitioning from, 24

reducing dependence on, 74, 75

renewable energy and, 109, 117, 121,

124, 128, 130, 135, 137

Natural Resources Defense Council, 250

Netherlands, 26, 139, 151, 153–54, 163,

164

Neufeld, Randy, 150

Nevada, 114, 120, 122, 126, 127, 251

New Energy Algeria, 121

New England, 196, 208

New Hampshire, 99

New Jersey, 114, 120, 121

New York City

cigarette taxes in, 244

climate change affecting, 66

energy-efficient technologies in, 83, 89,

90, 95, 99, 103

growth of, 143

renewable energy used in, 134

Index

353

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