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PDF 32000-1:2008

In PDF 1.5, optional content (see 8.11, "Optional Content") may be used to facilitate selection between

alternate images. If an image XObject contains both an Alternates entry and an OC entry, the choice of which

image to use shall be determined as follows:

a) If the image’s OC entry specifies that the base image is visible, that image shall be displayed.

b) Otherwise, the list of alternates specified by the Alternates entry is examined, and the first alternate containing an OC

entry specifying that its content should be visible shall be shown. (Alternate images that have no OC entry shall not be

shown.)

8.9.6

Masked Images

8.9.6.1 General

Ordinarily, in the opaque imaging model, images mark all areas they occupy on the page as if with opaque

paint. All portions of the image, whether black, white, gray, or colour, completely obscure any marks that may

previously have existed in the same place on the page. In the graphic arts industry and page layout

applications, however, it is common to crop or mask out the background of an image and then place the

masked image on a different background so that the existing background shows through the masked areas. A

number of PDF features are available for achieving such masking effects:

•

The ImageMask entry in the image dictionary, specifies that the image data shall be used as a stencil

mask for painting in the current colour.

•

The Mask entry in the image dictionary (PDF 1.3) specifies a separate image XObject which shall be used

as an explicit mask specifying which areas of the image to paint and which to mask out.

•

Alternatively, the Mask entry (PDF 1.3) specifies a range of colours which shall be masked out wherever

they occur within the image. This technique is known as colour key masking.

NOTE 5

Earlier versions of PDF commonly simulated masking by defining a clipping path enclosing only those of an

image’s samples that are to be painted. However, if the clipping path is very complex (or if there is more than

one clipping path) not all conforming Readers will render the results in the same way. An alternative way to

achieve the effect of an explicit mask is to define the image being clipped as a pattern, make it the current

colour, and then paint the explicit mask as an image whose ImageMask entry is true .

In the transparent imaging model, a fourth type of masking effect, soft masking, is available through the SMask

entry (PDF 1.4) or the SMaskInData entry (PDF 1.5) in the image dictionary; see 11.6.5, "Specifying Soft

Masks", for further discussion.

8.9.6.2 Stencil Masking

An image mask (an image XObject whose ImageMask entry is true ) is a monochrome image in which each

sample is specified by a single bit. However, instead of being painted in opaque black and white, the image

mask is treated as a stencil mask that is partly opaque and partly transparent. Sample values in the image do

not represent black and white pixels; rather, they designate places on the page that should either be marked

with the current colour or masked out (not marked at all). Areas that are masked out retain their former

contents. The effect is like applying paint in the current colour through a cut-out stencil, which lets the paint

reach the page in some places and masks it out in others.

An image mask differs from an ordinary image in the following significant ways:

•

The image dictionary shall not contain a ColorSpace entry because sample values represent masking

properties (1 bit per sample) rather than colours.

•

The value of the BitsPerComponent entry shall be 1.

•

The Decode entry determines how the source samples shall be interpreted. If the Decode array is [ 0 1 ]

(the default for an image mask), a sample value of 0 shall mark the page with the current colour, and a 1

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shall leave the previous contents unchanged. If the Decode array is [ 1 0 ], these meanings shall be

reversed.

NOTE 6

One of the most important uses of stencil masking is for painting character glyphs represented as bitmaps.

Using such a glyph as a stencil mask transfers only its “black” bits to the page, leaving the “white” bits (which

are really just background) unchanged. For reasons discussed in 9.6.5, "Type 3 Fonts", an image mask, rather

than an image, should almost always be used to paint glyph bitmaps.

If image interpolation (see 8.9.5.3, "Image Interpolation") is requested during stencil masking, the effect shall

be to smooth the edges of the mask, not to interpolate the painted colour values. This effect can minimize the

jaggy appearance of a low-resolution stencil mask.

8.9.6.3

Explicit Masking

In PDF 1.3, the Mask entry in an image dictionary may be an image mask, as described in sub-clause 8.9.6.2,

"Stencil Masking", which serves as an explicit mask for the primary (base) image. The base image and the

image mask need not have the same resolution (Width and Height values), but since all images shall be

defined on the unit square in user space, their boundaries on the page will coincide; that is, they will overlay

each other. The image mask indicates which places on the page shall be painted and which shall be masked

out (left unchanged). Unmasked areas shall be painted with the corresponding portions of the base image;

masked areas shall not be.

8.9.6.4

Colour Key Masking

In PDF 1.3, the Mask entry in an image dictionary may be an array specifying a range of colours to be masked

out. Samples in the image that fall within this range shall not be painted, allowing the existing background to

show through.

NOTE 1

The effect is similar to that of the video technique known as chroma-key.

For colour key masking, the value of the Mask entry shall be an array of 2 ¥ n integers,

[ min

max

… min

max

], where n is the number of colour components in the image’s colour space. Each

integer shall be in the range 0 to 2BitsPerComponent - 1, representing colour values before decoding with the

Decode array. An image sample shall be masked (not painted) if all of its colour components before decoding,

… c

, fall within the specified ranges (that is, if min

£ c

£ max

for all 1 £ i £ n).

When colour key masking is specified, the use of a DCTDecode or lossy JPXDecode filter for the stream can

produce unexpected results.

NOTE 2

DCTDecode is always a lossy filter while JPXDecode has a lossy filter option. The use of a lossy filter mean

that the output is only an approximation of the original input data. Therefore, the use of this filter may lead to

slight changes in the colour values of image samples, possibly causing samples that were intended to be

masked to be unexpectedly painted instead, in colours slightly different from the mask colour.

8.9.7

Inline Images

As an alternative to the image XObjects described in 8.9.5, "Image Dictionaries", a sampled image may be

specified in the form of an inline image . This type of image shall be defined directly within the content stream in

which it will be painted rather than as a separate object. Because the inline format gives the reader less

flexibility in managing the image data, it shall be used only for small images (4 KB or less).

An inline image object shall be delimited in the content stream by the operators BI (begin image), ID (image

data), and EI (end image). These operators are summarized in Table 92. BI and ID shall bracket a series of

key-value pairs specifying the characteristics of the image, such as its dimensions and colour space; the image

data shall follow between the ID and EI operators. The format is thus analogous to that of a stream object such

as an image XObject:

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… Key-value pairs …

… Image data …

Inline image objects shall not be nested; that is, two BI operators shall not appear without an intervening EI to

close the first object. Similarly, an ID operator shall only appear between a BI and its balancing EI. Unless the

image uses ASCIIHexDecode or ASCII85Decode as one of its filters, the ID operator shall be followed by a

single white-space character, and the next character shall be interpreted as the first byte of image data.

The key-value pairs appearing between the BI and ID operators are analogous to those in the dictionary portion

of an image XObject (though the syntax is different). Table 93 shows the entries that are valid for an inline

image, all of which shall have the same meanings as in a stream dictionary (see Table 5) or an image dictionary

(see Table 89). Entries other than those listed shall be ignored; in particular, the Type, Subtype, and Length

entries normally found in a stream or image dictionary are unnecessary. For convenience, the abbreviations

shown in the table may be used in place of the fully spelled-out keys. Table 94 shows additional abbreviations

that can be used for the names of colour spaces and filters.

These abbreviations are valid only in inline images; they shall not be used in image XObjects. JBIG2Decode

and JPXDecode are not listed in Table 94 because those filters shall not be used with inline images.

Table 92 – Inline Image Operators

Operands

Operator

Description

—

Begin an inline image object.

—

Begin the image data for an inline image object.

—

End an inline image object.

Table 93 – Entries in an Inline Image Object

Full Name

Abbreviation

BitsPerComponent

BPC

ColorSpace

Decode

DecodeParms

Filter

Height

ImageMask

Intent (PDF 1.1)

No abbreviation

Interpolate

I (uppercase I)

Width

Table 94 – Additional Abbreviations in an Inline Image Object

Full Name

Abbreviation

DeviceGray

DeviceRGB

RGB

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216

The colour space specified by the ColorSpace (or CS) entry shall be one of the standard device colour spaces

(DeviceGray, DeviceRGB, or DeviceCMYK). It shall not be a CIE-based colour space or a special colour

space, with the exception of a limited form of Indexed colour space whose base colour space is a device space

and whose colour table is specified by a byte string (see 8.6.6.3, "Indexed Colour Spaces"). Beginning with

PDF 1.2, the value of the ColorSpace entry may also be the name of a colour space in the ColorSpace

subdictionary of the current resource dictionary (see 7.8.3, "Resource Dictionaries"). In this case, the name

may designate any colour space that can be used with an image XObject.

NOTE 1

The names DeviceGray, DeviceRGB, and DeviceCMYK (as well as their abbreviations G, RGB, and CMYK)

always identify the corresponding colour spaces directly; they never refer to resources in the ColorSpace

subdictionary.

The image data in an inline image may be encoded by using any of the standard PDF filters except JPXDecode

and JBIG2Decode. The bytes between the ID and EI operators shall be treated the same as a stream object’s

data (see 7.3.8, "Stream Objects"), even though they do not follow the standard stream syntax.

NOTE 2

This is an exception to the usual rule that the data in a content stream shall be interpreted according to the

standard PDF syntax for objects.

EXAMPLE

This example shows an inline image 17 samples wide by 17 high with 8 bits per component in the

DeviceRGB colour space. The image has been encoded using LZW and ASCII base-85 encoding. The

cm operator is used to scale it to a width and height of 17 units in user space and position it at

coordinates (298, 388). The q and Q operators encapsulate the cm operation to limit its effect to resizing

the image.

% Save graphics state

17 0 0 17 298 388 cm

% Scale and translate coordinate space

% Begin inline image object

/W 17

% Width in samples

/H 17

% Height in samples

/CS /RGB

% Colour space

/BPC 8

% Bits per component

/F [ /A85 /LZW ]

% Filters

% Begin image data

J1/gKA>.]AN&J?]-<HW]aRVcg*bb.\eKAdVV%/PcZ

… Omitted data …

R.s(4KE3&d&7hb*7[%Ct2HCqC~>

% End inline image object

% Restore graphics state

DeviceCMYK

CMYK

Indexed

I (uppercase I)

ASCIIHexDecode

AHx

ASCII85Decode

A85

LZWDecode

LZW

FlateDecode (PDF 1.2)

Fl (uppercase F, lowercase L)

RunLengthDecode

CCITTFaxDecode

CCF

DCTDecode

DCT

Table 94 – Additional Abbreviations in an Inline Image Object (continued)

Full Name

Abbreviation

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PDF 32000-1:2008

8.10 Form XObjects

8.10.1

General

A form XObject is a PDF content stream that is a self-contained description of any sequence of graphics

objects (including path objects, text objects, and sampled images). A form XObject may be painted multiple

times—either on several pages or at several locations on the same page—and produces the same results each

time, subject only to the graphics state at the time it is invoked. Not only is this shared definition economical to

represent in the PDF file, but under suitable circumstances the conforming reader can optimize execution by

caching the results of rendering the form XObject for repeated reuse.

NOTE 1

The term form also refers to a completely different kind of object, an interactive form (sometimes called an

AcroForm), discussed in 12.7, "Interactive Forms". Whereas the form XObjects described in this sub-clause

correspond to the notion of forms in the PostScript language, interactive forms are the PDF equivalent of the

familiar paper instrument. Any unqualified use of the word form is understood to refer to an interactive form; the

type of form described here is always referred to explicitly as a form XObject.

Form XObjects have various uses:

•

As its name suggests, a form XObject may serve as the template for an entire page.

EXAMPLE

A program that prints filled-in tax forms can first paint the fixed template as a form XObject and then paint

the variable information on top of it.

•

Any graphical element that is to be used repeatedly, such as a company logo or a standard component in

the output from a computer-aided design system, may be defined as a form XObject.

•

Certain document elements that are not part of a page’s contents, such as annotation appearances (see

12.5.5, "Appearance Streams"), shall be represented as form XObjects.

•

A specialized type of form XObject, called a group XObject (PDF 1.4), can be used to group graphical

elements together as a unit for various purposes (see 8.10.3, "Group XObjects"). In particular, group

XObjects shall be used to define transparency groups and soft masks for use in the transparent imaging

model (see 11.6.5.2, "Soft-Mask Dictionaries" and 11.6.6, "Transparency Group XObjects").

•

Another specialized type of form XObject, a reference XObject (PDF 1.4), may be used to import content

from one PDF document into another (see 8.10.4, "Reference XObjects").

A writer shall perform the following two specific operations in order to use a form XObject:

a) Define the appearance of the form XObject. A form XObject is a PDF content stream. The dictionary portion of the

stream (called the form dictionary ) shall contain descriptive information about the form XObject; the body of the stream

shall describe the graphics objects that produce its appearance. The contents of the form dictionary are described in

8.10.2, "Form Dictionaries".

b) Paint the form XObject. The Do operator (see 8.8, "External Objects") shall paint a form XObject whose name is

supplied as an operand. The name shall be defined in the XObject subdictionary of the current resource dictionary.

Before invoking this operator, the content stream in which it appears should set appropriate parameters in the graphics

state. In particular, it should alter the current transformation matrix to control the position, size, and orientation of the

form XObject in user space.

Each form XObject is defined in its own coordinate system, called form space . The BBox entry in the form

dictionary shall be expressed in form space, as shall be any coordinates used in the form XObject’s content

stream, such as path coordinates. The Matrix entry in the form dictionary shall specify the mapping from form

space to the current user space. Each time the form XObject is painted by the Do operator, this matrix shall be

concatenated with the current transformation matrix to define the mapping from form space to device space.

NOTE 2

This differs from the Matrix entry in a pattern dictionary, which maps pattern space to the initial user space of

the content stream in which the pattern is used.

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When the Do operator is applied to a form XObject, a conforming reader shall perform the following tasks:

a) Saves the current graphics state, as if by invoking the q operator (see 8.4.4, "Graphics State Operators")

b) Concatenates the matrix from the form dictionary’s Matrix entry with the current transformation matrix (CTM)

c) Clips according to the form dictionary’s BBox entry

d) Paints the graphics objects specified in the form’s content stream

e) Restores the saved graphics state, as if by invoking the Q operator (see 8.4.4, "Graphics State Operators")

Except as described above, the initial graphics state for the form shall be inherited from the graphics state that

is in effect at the time Do is invoked.

8.10.2

Form Dictionaries

Every form XObject shall have a form type , which determines the format and meaning of the entries in its form

dictionary. This specification only defines one form type, Type 1. Form XObject dictionaries may contain the

entries shown in Table 95, in addition to the usual entries common to all streams (see Table 5).

Table 95 – Additional Entries Specific to a Type 1 Form Dictionary

Key

Type

Value

Type

name

(Optional) The type of PDF object that this dictionary describes; if

present, shall be XObject for a form XObject.

Subtype

name

(Required) The type of XObject that this dictionary describes; shall be

Form for a form XObject.

FormType

integer

(Optional) A code identifying the type of form XObject that this

dictionary describes. The only valid value is 1. Default value: 1.

BBox

rectangle

(Required) An array of four numbers in the form coordinate system

(see above), giving the coordinates of the left, bottom, right, and top

edges, respectively, of the form XObject’s bounding box. These

boundaries shall be used to clip the form XObject and to determine its

size for caching.

Matrix

array

(Optional) An array of six numbers specifying the form matrix, which

maps form space into user space (see 8.3.4, "Transformation

Matrices"). Default value: the identity matrix [ 1 0 0 1 0 0 ].

Resources

dictionary

(Optional but strongly recommended; PDF 1.2) A dictionary specifying

any resources (such as fonts and images) required by the form

XObject (see 7.8, "Content Streams and Resources").

In a PDF whose version is 1.1 and earlier, all named resources used in

the form XObject sh

all be included in the resource dictionary of each

page object on which the form XObject appears, regardless of whether

they also appear in the resource dictionary of the form XObject. These

resources should also be specified in the form XObject’s resource

dictionary as well, to determine which resources are used inside the

form XObject. If a resource is included in both dictionaries, it shall

have the same name in both locations.

In PDF 1.2 and later versions, form XObjects may be independent of

the con

tent streams in which they appear, and this is strongly

recommended although not required. In an independent form XObject,

the resource dictionary of the form XObject is required and shall

contain all named resources used by the form XObject. These

resources shall not be promoted to the outer content stream’s

resource dictionary, although that stream’s resource dictionary refers

to the form XObject.

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PDF 32000-1:2008

EXAMPLE

The following shows a simple form XObject that paints a filled square 1000 units on each side.

6 0 obj

% Form XObject

<< /Type /XObject

/Subtype /Form

/FormType 1

/BBox [ 0 0 1000 1000 ]

/Matrix [ 1 0 0 1 0 0 ]

/Resources << /ProcSet [ /PDF ] >>

Group

dictionary

(Optional; PDF 1.4) A group attributes dictionary indicating that the

contents of the form XObject shall be treated as a group and

specifying the attributes of that group (see 8.10.3, "Group XObjects").

If a Ref entry (see below) is present, the group attributes shall also

apply to the external page imported by that entry, which allows such an

imported page to be treated as a group without further modification.

Ref

dictionary

(Optional; PDF 1.4) A reference dictionary identifying a page to be

imported from another PDF file, and for which the form XObject serves

as a proxy (see 8.10.4, "Reference XObjects").

Metadata

stream

(Optional; PDF 1.4) A metadata stream containing metadata for the

form XObject (see 14.3.2, "Metadata Streams").

PieceInfo

dictionary

(Optional; PDF 1.3) A page-piece dictionary associated with the form

XObject (see 14.5, "Page-Piece Dictionaries").

LastModified

date

(Required if PieceInfo is present; optional otherwise; PDF 1.3) The

date and time (see 7.9.4, "Dates") when the form XObject’s contents

were most recently modified. If a page-piece dictionary (PieceInfo) is

present, the modification date shall be used to ascertain which of the

application data dictionaries it contains correspond to the current

content of the form (see 14.5, "Page-Piece Dictionaries").

StructParent

integer

(Required if the form XObject is a structural content item; PDF 1.3)

The integer key of the form XObject’s entry in the structural parent tree

(see 14.7.4.4, "Finding Structure Elements from Content Items").

StructParents

integer

(Required if the form XObject contains marked-content sequences that

are structural content items; PDF 1.3) The integer key of the form

XObject’s entry in the structural parent tree (see 14.7.4.4, "Finding

Structure Elements from Content Items").

At most one of the entries StructParent or StructParents shall be

present. A form XObject shall be either a content item in its entirety or

a container for marked-content sequences that are content items, but

not both.

OPI

dictionary

(Optional; PDF 1.2) An OPI version dictionary for the form XObject

(see 14.11.7, "Open Prepress Interface (OPI)").

dictionary

(Optional; PDF 1.5) An optional content group or optional content

membership dictionary (see 8.11, "Optional Content") specifying the

optional content properties for the form XObject. Before the form is

processed, its visibility shall be determined based on this entry. If it is

determined to be invisible, the entire form shall be skipped, as if there

were no Do operator to invoke it.

Name

name

(Required in PDF 1.0; optional otherwise)

The name by which this

form XObject is referenced in the XObject subdictionary of the current

resource dictionary (see 7.8.3, "Resource Dictionaries").

NOTE

This entry is obsolescent and its use is no longer

commended.

Table 95 – Additional Entries Specific to a Type 1 Form Dictionary (continued)

Key

Type

Value

PDF 32000-1:2008

220

/Length 58

stream

0 0 m

0 1000 l

1000 1000 l

1000 0 l

endstream

endobj

8.10.3

Group XObjects

A group XObject (PDF 1.4) is a special type of form XObject that can be used to group graphical elements

together as a unit for various purposes. It shall be distinguished by the presence of the optional Group entry in

the form dictionary (see 8.10.2, "Form Dictionaries"). The value of this entry shall be a subsidiary group

attributes dictionary describing the properties of the group.

As shown in Table 96, every group XObject shall have a group subtype (specified by the S entry in the group

attributes dictionary) that determines the format and meaning of the dictionary’s remaining entries. This

specification only defines one subtype, a transparency group XObject (subtype Transparency) representing a

transparency group for use in the transparent imaging model (see 11.4, "Transparency Groups"). The

remaining contents of this type of dictionary are described in 11.6.6, "Transparency Group XObjects".

8.10.4

Reference XObjects

8.10.4.1 General

Reference XObjects (PDF 1.4) enable one PDF document to import content from another. The document in

which the reference occurs is called the containing document; the one whose content is being imported is the

target document. The target document may reside in a file external to the containing document or may be

included within it as an embedded file stream (see 7.11.4, "Embedded File Streams").

The reference XObject in the containing document shall be a form XObject containing the Ref entry in its form

dictionary, as described below. This form XObject shall serve as a proxy that shall be displayed or printed by a

conforming reader in place of the imported content.

NOTE 3

The proxy might consist of a low-resolution image of the imported content, a piece of descriptive text referring

to it, a gray box to be displayed in its place, or any other similar placeholder.

Conforming readers that do not recognize the Ref entry shall simply display or print the proxy as an ordinary

form XObject. Those readers that do implement reference XObjects shall use the proxy in place of the imported

content if the latter is unavailable. A conforming reader may also provide a user interface to allow editing and

updating of imported content links.

Table 96 – Entries Common to all Group Attributes Dictionaries

Key

Type

Value

Type

name

(Optional) The type of PDF object that this dictionary describes; if

present, shall be Group for a group attributes dictionary.

name

(Required) The group subtype, which identifies the type of group whose

attributes this dictionary describes and determines the format and

meaning of the dictionary’s remaining entries. The only group subtype

defined is Transparency; see 11.6.6, "Transparency Group XObjects",

for the remaining contents of this type of dictionary.

221

PDF 32000-1:2008

The imported content shall consist of a single, complete PDF page in the target document. It shall be

designated by a reference dictionary, which in turn shall be the value of the Ref entry in the reference XObject’s

form dictionary (see 8.10.2, "Form Dictionaries"). The presence of the Ref entry shall distinguish reference

XObjects from other types of form XObjects. Table 97 shows the contents of the reference dictionary.

When the imported content replaces the proxy, it shall be transformed according to the proxy object’s

transformation matrix and clipped to the boundaries of its bounding box, as specified by the Matrix and BBox

entries in the proxy’s form dictionary (see 8.10.2, "Form Dictionaries"). The combination of the proxy object’s

matrix and bounding box thus implicitly defines the bounding box of the imported page. This bounding box

typically coincides with the imported page’s crop box or art box (see 14.11.2, "Page Boundaries"), but may not

correspond to any of the defined page boundaries. If the proxy object’s form dictionary contains a Group entry,

the specified group attributes shall apply to the imported page as well, which allows the imported page to be

treated as a group without further modification.

8.10.4.2 Printing Reference XObjects

When printing a page containing reference XObjects, an application may emit any of the following items,

depending on the capabilities of the conforming reader, the user’s preferences, and the nature of the print job:

•

The imported content designated by the reference XObject

•

The reference XObject as a proxy for the imported content

•

An OPI proxy or substitute image taken from the reference XObject’s OPI dictionary, if any (see 14.11.7,

"Open Prepress Interface (OPI)")

The imported content or the reference XObject may also be emitted, by a conforming reader, in place of an OPI

proxy when generating OPI comments in a PostScript output stream.

8.10.4.3 Special Considerations

Certain special considerations arise when reference XObjects interact with other PDF features:

•

When the page imported by a reference XObject contains annotations (see 12.5, "Annotations"), all

annotations that contain a printable, unhidden, visible appearance stream (12.5.5, "Appearance Streams")

shall be included in the rendering of the imported page. If the proxy is a snapshot image of the imported

page, it shall also include the annotation appearances. These appearances shall therefore be converted

into part of the proxy’s content stream, either as subsidiary form XObjects or by flattening them directly into

the content stream.

•

Logical structure information associated with a page (see 14.7, "Logical Structure") may be ignored when

importing the page into another document with a reference XObject. In a target document with multiple

Table 97 – Entries in a Reference Dictionary

Key

Type

Value

file specification

(Required) The file containing the target document.

Page

integer or

text string

(Required) A page index or page label (see 12.4.2, "Page Labels")

identifying the page of the target document containing the content to

be imported. This reference is a weak one and may be inadvertently

invalidated if the referenced page is changed or replaced in the target

document after the reference is created.

array

(Optional) An array of two byte strings constituting a file identifier (see

14.4, "File Identifiers") for the file containing the target document. The

use of this entry improves an reader’s chances of finding the intended

file and allows it to warn the user if the file has changed since the

reference was created.

PDF 32000-1:2008

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pages, structure elements occurring on the imported page are typically part of a larger structure pertaining

to the document as a whole; such elements cannot meaningfully be incorporated into the structure of the

containing document. In a one-page target document or one made up of independent, structurally

unrelated pages, the logical structure for the imported page may be wholly self-contained; in this case, it

may be possible to incorporate this structure information into that of the containing document. However,

PDF provides no mechanism for the logical structure hierarchy of one document to refer indirectly to that of

another.

8.11 Optional Content

8.11.1

General

Optional content (PDF 1.5) refers to sub-clauses of content in a PDF document that can be selectively viewed

or hidden by document authors or consumers. This capability is useful in items such as CAD drawings, layered

artwork, maps, and multi-language documents.

NOTE

The following sub-clauses describe the PDF structures used to implement optional content:

8.11.2, "Optional Content Groups", describes the primary structures used to control the visibility of content.

8.11.3, "Making Graphical Content Optional", describes how individual pieces of content in a document may

declare themselves as belonging to one or more optional content groups.

8.11.4, "Configuring Optional Content", describes how the states of optional content groups are set.

8.11.2

Optional Content Groups

8.11.2.1 General

An optional content group is a dictionary representing a collection of graphics that can be made visible or

invisible dynamically by users of conforming readers. The graphics belonging to such a group may reside

anywhere in the document: they need not be consecutive in drawing order, nor even belong to the same

content stream. Table 98 shows the entries in an optional content group dictionary.

In its simplest form, each dictionary shall contain a Type entry and a Name for presentation in a user interface.

It may also have an Intent entry that may describe its intended use (see 8.11.2.3, "Intent") and a Usage entry

that shall describe the nature of its content (see 8.11.4.4, "Usage and Usage Application Dictionaries").

Table 98 – Entries in an Optional Content Group Dictionary

Key

Type

Value

Type

name

(Required) The type of PDF object that this dictionary describes; shall be

OCG for an optional content group dictionary.

Name

text string

(Required) The name of the optional content group, suitable for

presentation in a reader’s user interface.

Intent

name

array

(Optional) A single intent name or an array containing any combination of

names. PDF defines two names, View and Design, that may indicate the

intended use of the graphics in the group. A conforming reader may

choose to use only groups that have a specific intent and ignore others.

Default value: Vi

ew. See 8.11.2.3, "Intent" for more information.

Usage

dictionary

(Optional) A usage dictionary describing the nature of the content

controlled by the group. It may be used by features that automatically

control the state of the group based on outside factors. See 8.11.4.4,

"Usage and Usage Application Dictionaries" for more information.

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