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HideWindowUI

boolean

(Optional) A flag specifying whether to hide user interface

elements in the document’s window (such as scroll bars and

navigation controls), leaving only the document’s contents

displayed. Default value: false.

FitWindow

boolean

(Optional) A flag specifying whether to resize the document’s

window to fit the size of the first displayed page. Default value:

false.

CenterWindow

boolean

(Optional) A flag specifying whether to position the document’s

window in the center of the screen. Default value: false .

DisplayDocTitle

boolean

(Optional; PDF 1.4) A flag specifying whether the window’s title

bar should display the document title taken from the Title entry of

the document information dictionary (see 14.3.3, “Document

Information Dictionary”). If false , the title bar should instead

display the name of the PDF file containing the document. Default

value: false .

NonFullScreenPageMode

name

(Optional) The document’s page mode, specifying how to display

the document on exiting full-screen mode:

UseNone

Neither document outline nor thumbnail images

visible

UseOutlines

Document outline visible

UseThumbs

Thumbnail images visible

UseOC

Optional content group panel visible

This entry is meaningful only if the value of the PageMode entry

in the Catalog dictionary (see 7.7.2, “Document Catalog”) is

FullScreen; it shall be ignored otherwise. Default value: UseNone.

Direction

name

(Optional; PDF 1.3) The predominant reading order for text:

L2R

Left to right

R2L

Right to left (including vertical writing systems, such as

Chinese, Japanese, and Korean)

This entry has no direct effect on the document’s contents or page

numbering but may be used to determine the relative positioning

of pages when displayed side by side or printed n-up. Default

value: L2R.

ViewArea

name

(Optional; PDF 1.4) Th

e name of the page boundary representing

the area of a page that shall be displayed when viewing the

document on the screen. The value is the key designating the

relevant page boundary in the page object (see 7.7.3, “Page Tree”

and 14.11.2, “Page Boundaries”). If the specified page boundary

is not defined in the page object, its default value shall be used,

as sp

ecified in Table 30. Default value: CropBox.

This entry is intended primarily for use by prepress applications

that interpret or manipulate the page boundaries as described in

14.11.2, “Page Boundaries.”

NOTE 1

Most conforming readers disregard it.

Table 150 – Entries in a viewer preferences dictionary (continued)

Key

Type

Value

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ViewClip

name

(Optional; PDF 1.4) The name of the page boundary to which the

contents of a page shall be clipped when viewing the document

on the screen. The value is the key designating the relevant page

boundary in the page object (see 7.7.3, “Page Tree” and 14.11.2,

“Page Boundaries”). If the specified page boundary is not defined

in the page object, its default value shall be used, as specified in

Table 30. Default value: CropBox.

This entry is intended primarily for use by prepress applications

that interpret or manipulate the page boundaries as described in

14.11.2, “Page Boundaries.”

NOTE 2

Most conforming readers disregard it.

PrintArea

name

(Optional; PDF 1.4) The name of the page boundary representing

the area of a page that shall be rendered when printing the

document. The value is the key designating the relevant page

boundary in the page object (see 7.7.3, “Page Tree” and 14.11.2,

“Page Boundaries”). If the specified page boundary is not defined

in the page object, its default value shall be used, as specified in

Table 30. Default value: CropBox.

This entry is intended primarily for use by prepress applications

that interpret or manipulate the page boundaries as described in

14.11.2, “Page Boundaries.”

NOTE 3

Most conforming readers disregard it.

PrintClip

name

(Optional; PDF 1.4) The name of the page boundary to which the

contents of a page shall be clipped when printing the document.

The value is the key designating the relevant page boundary in

the page object (see 7.7.3, “Page Tree” and 14.11.2, “Page

Boundaries”). If the specified page boundary is not defined in the

page object, its default value shall be used, as specified in

Table 30. Default value: CropBox.

This entry is intended primarily for use by prepress applications

that interpret or manipulate the page boundaries as described in

14.11.2, “Page Boundaries.”

NOTE 4

Most conforming readers disregard it.

PrintScaling

name

(Optional; PDF 1.6) The page scaling option that shall be selected

when a print dialog is displayed for this document. Valid values

are None, which indicates no page scaling, and AppDefault, which

indicates the conforming reader’s default print scaling. If this entry

has an unrecognized value, AppDefault shall be used. Default

value: AppDefault.

If the print dialog is suppressed and its parameters are provided

from some

other source, this entry nevertheless shall be honored.

Duplex

name

(Optional; PDF 1.7) The paper handling option that shall be used

when printing the file from the print dialog. The following values

are valid:

Simplex

Print single-sided

DuplexFlipShortEdge

Duplex and flip on the short edge of the

sheet

DuplexFlipLongEdge

Duplex and flip on the long edge of the

sheet

Default value: none

Table 150 – Entries in a viewer preferences dictionary (continued)

Key

Type

Value

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12.3

Document-Level Navigation

12.3.1

General

The features described in this sub-clause allow a conforming reader to present the user with an interactive,

global overview of a document in either of two forms:

•

As a hierarchical outline showing the document’s internal structure

•

As a collection of thumbnail images representing the pages of the document in miniature form

Each item in the outline or each thumbnail image may be associated with a corresponding destination in the

document, so that the user can jump directly to the destination by clicking with the mouse.

12.3.2

Destinations

12.3.2.1

General

A destination defines a particular view of a document, consisting of the following items:

•

The page of the document that shall be displayed

•

The location of the document window on that page

•

The magnification (zoom) factor

Destinations may be associated with outline items (see 12.3.3, “Document Outline”), annotations (12.5.6.5,

“Link Annotations”), or actions (12.6.4.2, “Go-To Actions” and 12.6.4.3, “Remote Go-To Actions”). In each case,

the destination specifies the view of the document that shall be presented when the outline item or annotation

is opened or the action is performed. In addition, the optional OpenAction entry in a document’s catalogue

(7.7.2, “Document Catalog”) may specify a destination that shall be displayed when the document is opened. A

destination may be specified either explicitly by an array of parameters defining its properties or indirectly by

name.

PickTrayByPDFSize

boolean

(Optional; PDF 1.7) A flag specifying whether the PDF page size

shall be used to select the input paper tray. This setting influences

only the preset values used to populate the print dialog presented

by a conforming reader. If PickTrayByPDFSize is true, the check

box in the print dialog associated with input paper tray shall be

checked.

This setting has no effect on operating systems that do not

provide the ability to pick the input tray by size.

Default value: as defined by the conforming reader

PrintPageRange

array

(Optional; PDF 1.7) The page numbers used to initialize the print

dialog box when the file is printed. The array shall contain an even

number of integers to be interpreted in pairs, with each pair

specifying the first and last pages in a sub-range of pages to be

printed.The first page of the PDF file shall be denoted by 1.

Default value: as defined by the conforming reader

NumCopies

integer

(Optional; PDF 1.7) The number of copies that shall be printed

when the print dialog is opened for this file. Values outside this

range shall be ignored.

Default value: as defined by the conforming reader, but typically 1

Table 150 – Entries in a viewer preferences dictionary (continued)

Key

Type

Value

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12.3.2.2

Explicit Destinations

Table 151 shows the allowed syntactic forms for specifying a destination explicitly in a PDF file. In each case,

page is an indirect reference to a page object (except in a remote go-to action; see 12.6.4.3, “Remote Go-To

Actions”). All coordinate values (left, right, top , and bottom ) shall be expressed in the default user space

coordinate system. The page’s bounding box is the smallest rectangle enclosing all of its contents. (If any side

of the bounding box lies outside the page’s crop box, the corresponding side of the crop box shall be used

instead; see 14.11.2, “Page Boundaries,” for further discussion of the crop box.)

No page object can be specified for a destination associated with a remote go-to action (see 12.6.4.3, “Remote

Go-To Actions”) because the destination page is in a different PDF document. In this case, the page parameter

specifies an integer page number within the remote document instead of a page object in the current

document.

Table 151 – Destination syntax

Syntax

Meaning

[ page /XYZ left top zoom ]

Display the page designated by page, with the coordinates (left, top )

positioned at the upper-left corner of the window and the contents of

the page magnified by the factor zoom . A null value for any of the

parameters left, top , or zoom specifies that the current value of that

parameter shall be retained unchanged. A zoom value of 0 has the

same meaning as a null value.

[ page /Fit ]

Display the page designated by page, with its contents magnified just

enough to fit the entire page within the window both horizontally and

vertically. If the required horizontal and vertical magnification factors

are different, use the smaller of the two, centering the page within the

window in the other dimension.

[ page /FitH top ]

Display the page designated by page, with the vertical coordinate top

positioned at the top edge of the window and the contents of the page

magnified just enough to fit the entire width of the page within the

window. A null value for top specifies that the current value of that

parameter shall be retained unchanged.

[ page /FitV left ]

Display the page designated by page, with the horizontal coordinate

left positioned at the left edge of the window and the contents of the

page magnified just enough to fit the entire height of the page within

the window. A null value for left specifies that the current value of that

parameter shall be retained unchanged.

[ page /FitR left bottom ri

ght top ]

Display the page designated by page, with its contents magnified just

enough to fit the rectangle specified by the coordinates left, bottom ,

right, and top entirely within the window both horizontally and vertically.

If the required horizontal and vertical magnification factors are

different, use the smaller of the two, centering the rectangle within the

window in the other dimension.

[ page /FitB ]

(PDF 1.1) Display the page designated by page, with its contents

magnified just enough to fit its bounding box entirely within the window

both horizontally and vertically. If the required horizontal and vertical

magnification factors are different, use the smaller of the two,

centering the bounding box within the window in the other dimension.

[ page /FitBH top ]

(PDF 1.1) Display the page designated by page, with the vertical

coordinate top positioned at the top edge of the window and the

contents of the page magnified just enough to fit the entire width of its

bounding box within the window. A null value for top specifies that the

current value of that parameter shall be retained unchanged.

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12.3.2.3

Named Destinations

Instead of being defined directly with the explicit syntax shown in Table 151, a destination may be referred to

indirectly by means of a name object (PDF 1.1) or a byte string (PDF 1.2). This capability is especially useful

when the destination is located in another PDF document.

NOTE 1

A link to the beginning of Chapter 6 in another document might refer to the destination by a name, such as

Chap6 . begin, instead of by an explicit page number in the other document. Then, the location of the chapter in

the other document could change without invalidating the link. If an annotation or outline item that refers to a

named destination has an associated action, such as a remote go-to action (see 12.6.4.3, “Remote Go-To

Actions”) or a thread action (12.6.4.6, “Thread Actions”), the destination is in the file specified by the action’s F

entry, if any; if there is no F entry, the destination is in the current file.

In PDF 1.1, the correspondence between name objects and destinations shall be defined by the Dests entry in

the document catalogue (see 7.7.2, “Document Catalog”). The value of this entry shall be a dictionary in which

each key is a destination name and the corresponding value is either an array defining the destination, using

the syntax shown in Table 151, or a dictionary with a D entry whose value is such an array.

NOTE 2

The latter form allows additional attributes to be associated with the destination, as well as enabling a go-to

action (see 12.6.4.2, “Go-To Actions”) that shall be used as the target of a named destination.

In PDF 1.2 and later, the correspondence between strings and destinations may alternatively be defined by the

Dests entry in the document’s name dictionary (see 7.7.4, “Name Dictionary”). The value of this entry shall be

a name tree (7.9.6, “Name Trees”) mapping name strings to destinations. (The keys in the name tree may be

treated as text strings for display purposes.) The destination value associated with a key in the name tree may

be either an array or a dictionary, as described in the preceding paragraph.

NOTE 3

The use of strings as destination names is a PDF 1.2 feature. If compatibility with earlier versions of PDF is

required, only name objects may be used to refer to named destinations. A document that supports PDF 1.2

can contain both types. However, if backward compatibility is not a consideration, applications should use the

string form of representation in the Dests name tree.

12.3.3

Document Outline

A PDF document may contain a document outline that the conforming reader may display on the screen,

allowing the user to navigate interactively from one part of the document to another. The outline consists of a

tree-structured hierarchy of outline items (sometimes called bookmarks), which serve as a visual table of

contents to display the document’s structure to the user. The user may interactively open and close individual

items by clicking them with the mouse. When an item is open, its immediate children in the hierarchy shall

become visible on the screen; each child may in turn be open or closed, selectively revealing or hiding further

parts of the hierarchy. When an item is closed, all of its descendants in the hierarchy shall be hidden. Clicking

the text of any visible item activates the item, causing the conforming reader to jump to a destination or trigger

an action associated with the item.

The root of a document’s outline hierarchy is an outline dictionary specified by the Outlines entry in the

document catalogue (see 7.7.2, “Document Catalog”). Table 152 shows the contents of this dictionary. Each

individual outline item within the hierarchy shall be defined by an outline item dictionary (Table 153). The items

at each level of the hierarchy form a linked list, chained together through their Prev and Next entries and

accessed through the First and Last entries in the parent item (or in the outline dictionary in the case of top-

[ page /FitBV left ]

(PDF 1.1) Display the page designated by page, with the horizontal

coordinate left positioned at the left edge of the window and the

contents of the page magnified just enough to fit the entire height of its

bounding box within the window. A null value for left specifies that the

current value of that parameter shall be retained unchanged.

Table 151 – Destination syntax (continued)

Syntax

Meaning

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level items). When displayed on the screen, the items at a given level shall appear in the order in which they

occur in the linked list.

Table 152 – Entries in the outline dictionary

Key

Type

Value

Type

name

(Optional) The type of PDF object that this dictionary describes; if

present, shall be Outlines for an outline dictionary.

First

dictionary

(Required if there are any open or closed outline entries; shall be an

indirect reference) An outline item dictionary representing the first top-

level item in the outline.

Last

dictionary

(Required if there are any open or closed outline entries; shall be an

indirect reference) An outline item dictionary representing the last top-

level item in the outline.

Count

integer

(Required if the document has any open outline entries) Total number

of visible outline items at all levels of the outline. The value cannot be

negative.

This entry shall be omitted if there are no open outline items.

Table 153 – Entries in an outline item dictionary

Key

Type

Value

Title

text string

(Required) The text that shall be displayed on the screen for this item.

Parent

dictionary

(Required; shall be an indirect reference) The parent of this item in the

outline hierarchy. The parent of a top-level item shall be the outline

dictionary itself.

dictionary

(Required for all but the first item at each level; shall be an indirect

reference) The previous item at this outline level.

dictionary

(Required for all but the last item at each level; shall be an indirect

reference) The next item at this outline level.

First

dictionary

(Required if the item has any descendants; shall be an indirect

reference) The first of this item’s immediate children in the outline

hierarchy.

Last

dictionary

(Required if the item has any descendants; shall be an indirect

reference) The last of this item’s immediate children in the outline

hierarchy.

Count

integer

(Required if the item has any descendants) If the outline item is open,

Count is the sum of the number of visible descendent outline items at

all levels. The number of visible descendent outline items shall be

determined by the following recursive process:

Step 1. Initialize Count to

zero.

Step 2. Add to Count the number of immediate children. During

repetitions of this step, update only the Count of the original

outline item.

Step 3. For each of those immediate children whose Count is

positive and non-zero, repeat steps 2 and 3.

If the outline item is closed, Count is negative and its absolute value is

the number of descendants that would be visible if the outline item

were opened.

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The value of the outline item dictionary’s F entry (PDF 1.4) shall be an integer interpreted as one-bit flags

specifying style characteristics for displaying the item. Bit positions within the flag word are numbered from low-

order to high-order bits, with the lowest-order bit numbered 1. Table 154 shows the meanings of the flags; all

other bits of the integer shall be 0.

EXAMPLE

The following example shows a typical outline dictionary and outline item dictionary. See H.6, “Outline

Hierarchy Example” for an example of a complete outline hierarchy.

21 0 obj

<< /Count 6

/First 22 0 R

/Last 29 0 R

endobj

22 0 obj

<< /Title ( Chapter 1 )

/Parent 21 0 R

/Next 26 0 R

/First 23 0 R

/Last 25 0 R

/Count 3

/Dest [ 3 0 R /XYZ 0 792 0 ]

endobj

Dest

name,

byte string, or

array

(Optional; shall not be present if an A entry is

present) The destination

that shall be displayed when this item is activated (see 12.3.2,

“Destinations”).

dictionary

(Optional; PDF 1.1; shall not be present if a Dest entry is present) The

action that shall be performed when this item is activated (see 12.6,

“Actions”).

dictionary

(Optional; PDF 1.3; shall be an indirect reference) The structure

element to which the item refers (see 14.7.2, “Structure Hierarchy”).

(PDF 1.0) An item may also specify a destination (Dest)

corresponding to an area of a page where the contents of the

designated structure element are displayed.

array

(Optional; PDF 1.4) An array of three numbers in the range 0.0 to 1.0,

representing the components in the DeviceRGB colour space of the

colour that shall be used for the outline entry’s text. Default value:

[ 0.0 0.0 0.0 ].

integer

(Optional; PDF 1.4) A set of flags specifying style characteristics for

displaying the outline item’s text (see Table 154). Default value: 0.

Table 154 – Outline item flags

Bit position

Name

Meaning

Italic

If set to 1, display the item in italic.

Bold

If set to 1, display the item in bold.

Table 153 – Entries in an outline item dictionary (continued)

Key

Type

Value

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12.3.4

Thumbnail Images

A PDF document may contain thumbnail images representing the contents of its pages in miniature form. A

conforming reader may display these images on the screen, allowing the user to navigate to a page by clicking

its thumbnail image:

NOTE

Thumbnail images are not required, and may be included for some pages and not for others.

The thumbnail image for a page shall be an image XObject specified by the Thumb entry in the page object

(see 7.7.3, “Page Tree”). It has the usual structure for an image dictionary (8.9.5, “Image Dictionaries”), but

only the Width, Height, ColorSpace, BitsPerComponent, and Decode entries are significant; all of the other

entries listed in Table 89 shall be ignored if present. (If a Subtype entry is specified, its value shall be Image .)

The image’s colour space shall be either DeviceGray or DeviceRGB, or an Indexed space based on one of

these.

EXAMPLE

This example shows a typical thumbnail image definition.

12 0 obj

<< /Width 76

/Height 99

/ColorSpace /DeviceRGB

/BitsPerComponent 8

/Length 13 0 R

/Filter [ /ASCII85Decode /DCTDecode ]

stream

s4IA>!"M;*Ddm8XA,lT0!!3,S!/(=R!<E3%!<N<(!WrK*!WrN,

… Omitted data …

endstream

endobj

13 0 obj

% Length of stream

…

endobj

12.3.5

Collections

Beginning with PDF 1.7, PDF documents may specify how a conforming reader’s user interface presents

collections of file attachments, where the attachments are related in structure or content. Such a presentation is

called a portable collection.

NOTE 1

The intent of portable collections is to present, sort, and search collections of related documents embedded in

the containing PDF document, such as email archives, photo collections, and engineering bid sets. There is no

requirement that documents in a collection have an implicit relationship or even a similarity; however, showing

differentiating characteristics of related documents can be helpful for document navigation.

A collection dictionary specifies the viewing and organizational characteristics of portable collections. If this

dictionary is present in a PDF document, the conforming reader shall present the document as a portable

collection. The EmbeddedFiles name tree specifies file attachments (see 7.11.4, “Embedded File Streams”).

When a conforming reader first opens a PDF document containing a collection, it shall display the contents of

the initial document, along with a list of the documents present in the EmbeddedFiles name tree. The

document list shall include the additional document information specified by the collection schema. The initial

document may be the container PDF or one of the embedded documents.

NOTE 2

The page content in the initial document should contain information that helps the user understand what is

contained in the collection, such as a title and an introductory paragraph.

The file attachments comprising a collection shall be located in the EmbeddedFiles name tree. All attachments

in that tree are in the collection; any attachments not in that tree are not.

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Table 155 describes the entries in a collection dictionary.

A collection schema dictionary consists of a variable number of individual collection field dictionaries. Each

collection field dictionary has a key chosen by the conforming writer, which shall be used to associate a field

with data in a file specification. Table 156 describes the entries in a collection schema dictionary.

Table 155 – Entries in a collection dictionary

Key

Type

Value

Type

name

(Optional) The type of PDF object that this dictionary

describes; if present, shall be Collection for a collection

dictionary.

Schema

dictionary

(Optional) A collection schema dictionary (see Table 156). If

absent, the conforming reader may choose useful defaults

that are known to exist in a file specification dictionary, such

as the file name, file size, and modified date.

byte string

(Optional) A string that identifies an entry in the

EmbeddedFiles name tree, determining the document that

shall be initially presented in the user interface. If the D entry

is missing or in error, the initial document shall be the one

that contains the collection dictionary.

View

name

(Optional) The initial view. The following values are valid:

The collection view shall be presented in details mode,

with all information in the Schema dictionary presented

in a multi-column format. This mode provides the most

information to the user.

The collection view shall be presented in tile mode, with

each file in the collection denoted by a small icon and a

subset of information from the Schema dictionary. This

mode provides top-level information about the file

attachments to the user.

The collection view shall be initially hidden, The

conforming reader shall provide means for the user to

view the collection by some explicit action.

Default value: D

Sort

dictionary

(Optional) A collection sort dictionary, which specifies the

order in which items in the collection shall be sorted in the

user interface (see Table 158).

Table 156 – Entries in a collection schema dictionary

Key

Type

Value

Type

name

(Optional) The type of PDF object that this dictionary

describes; if present, shall be CollectionSchema for a

collection schema dictionary.

Other keys

dictionary

(Optional) A collection field dictionary. Each key name is

chosen at the discretion of the conforming writer. The key

name shall be used to identify a corresponding collection

item dictionary referenced from the file specification

dictionary's CI entry (see CI key in Table 44).

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372

A collection field dictionary describes the attributes of a particular field in a portable collection, including the

type of data stored in the field and the lookup key used to locate the field data in the file specification dictionary.

Table 157 describes the entries in a collection field dictionary.

A collection sort dictionary identifies the fields that shall be used to sort items in the collection. The type of

sorting depends on the type of data:

•

Text strings shall be ordered lexically from smaller to larger, if ascending order is specified.

NOTE 3

Lexical ordering is an implementation dependency for conforming readers.

Table 157 – Entries in a collection field dictionary

Key

Type

Value

Type

name

(Optional) The type of PDF object that this dictionary describes; if

present, shall be CollectionField for a collection field dictionary.

Subtype

name

(Required) The subtype of collection field or file-related field that this

dictionary describes. This entry identifies the type of data that shall

be stored in the field.

The following values identify the types of fields in the collection item

or collection subitem dictionary:

A text field. The field data shall be stored as a PDF text string.

D A date field. The field data shall be stored as a PDF date

string.

N A number field. The field data shall be stored as a PDF

number.

The following values identify the types of file-related fields:

The field data shall be the file name of the

embedded file stream, as identified by the UF entry

of the file specification, if present; otherwise by the F

entry of the file specification (see Table 44).

Desc

The field data shall be the description of the

embedded file stream, as identified by the Desc

entry in the file specification dictionary (see

Table 44).

ModDate

The field data shall be the modification date of the

embedded file stream, as identified by the ModDate

entry in the embedded file parameter dictionary (see

Table 46).

CreationDate The field data shall be the creation date of the

embedded file stream, as identified by the

CreationDate entry in the embedded file parameter

dictionary (see Table 46).

Size

The field data shall be the size of the embedded file,

as identified by the Size entry in the embedded file

parameter dictionary (see Table 46).

text string

(Required) The textual field name that shall be presented to the user

by the conforming reader.

integer

(Optional) The relative order of the field name in the user interface.

Fields shall be sorted by the conforming reader in ascending order.

boolean

(Optional) The initial visibility of the field in the user interface.

Default value: true.

boolean

(Optional) A flag indicating whether the conforming reader should

provide support for editing the field value. Default value: false.

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