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Appendix B. Date/Time Support

Day

Abbreviations

Thursday

Thu, Thur, Thurs

Friday

Fri

Saturday

Sat

Table B-3 shows the tokens that serve various modiﬁer purposes.

Table B-3. Date/Time Field Modiﬁers

Identiﬁer

Description

Time is before 12:00

Ignored

JULIAN

Next ﬁeld is Julian Date

Ignored

Time is on or after 12:00

Next ﬁeld is time

B.3. Date/Time Conﬁguration Files

Since timezone abbreviations are not well standardized, PostgreSQL provides a means to customize

the set of abbreviations accepted by the server. The timezone_abbreviations run-time parameter de-

termines the active set of abbreviations. While this parameter can be altered by any database user, the

possible values for it are under the control of the database administrator — they are in fact names of

conﬁgurationﬁles stored in

.../share/timezonesets/

of the installation directory. By adding or

altering ﬁles in that directory, the administrator can set local policy for timezone abbreviations.

timezone_abbreviations

can be set to any ﬁle name found in

.../share/timezonesets/

if the ﬁle’s name is entirely alphabetic. (The prohibition against non-alphabetic characters in

timezone_abbreviations

prevents reading ﬁles outside the intended directory, as well as reading

editor backup ﬁles and other extraneous ﬁles.)

Atimezone abbreviation ﬁle can contain blank lines and comments beginning with

.Non-comment

lines must have one of these formats:

zone_abbreviation offset

zone_abbreviation time_zone_name

@INCLUDE

file_name

@OVERRIDE

zone_abbreviation

is just the abbreviation being deﬁned. The

offset

is the equivalent offset

in seconds from UTC, positive being east from Greenwich and negative being west. For example, -

18000wouldbeﬁvehourswestof Greenwich, or North American eastcoaststandardtime.

indicates

that the zone name represents local daylight-savings time rather than standard time. Alternatively, a

time_zone_name

can be given, in which case that time zone deﬁnition is consulted, and the abbre-

viation’s meaning in that zone is used. This alternative is recommended only for abbreviations whose

meaning has historically varied, as looking up the meaning is noticeably more expensive than just

using a ﬁxed integer value.

1998

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Appendix B. Date/Time Support

The

@INCLUDE

syntaxallowsinclusion of another ﬁle inthe

.../share/timezonesets/

directory.

Inclusion can be nested, to a limited depth.

The

@OVERRIDE

syntaxindicates thatsubsequententries in the ﬁle can overrideprevious entries (typ-

ically, entries obtained from includedﬁles). Without this, conﬂicting deﬁnitions of the same timezone

abbreviation are considered an error.

In an unmodiﬁed installation, the ﬁle

Default

contains all the non-conﬂicting time zone abbrevia-

tions for most of the world. Additional ﬁles

Australia

and

India

are provided for those regions:

these ﬁles ﬁrst include the

Default

ﬁle and then addor modify abbreviations as needed.

For reference purposes, a standard installation also contains ﬁles

Africa.txt

America.txt

,etc,

containing information about every time zone abbreviation known to be in use according to the

IANA timezone database. The zone name deﬁnitions found in these ﬁles can be copied and pasted

into a custom conﬁguration ﬁle as needed. Note that these ﬁles cannot be directly referenced as

timezone_abbreviations

settings, because of the dot embedded in their names.

Note: If an error occurs whilereadingthe time zoneabbreviation set, no new value is applied and

the old set is kept. If the error occurs while starting the database, startup fails.

Caution

Timezone abbreviations deﬁned in the conﬁguration ﬁleoverride non-timezone

meanings built into PostgreSQL. For example, the

Australia

conﬁguration ﬁle

deﬁnes

SAT

(for South Australian Standard Time). When this ﬁle is active,

SAT

will not be recognized as anabbreviation for Saturday.

Caution

If you modify ﬁles in

.../share/timezonesets/

,it is up to you to make back-

ups — a normal database dump willnot include this directory.

B.4. History of Units

The SQL standard states that “Within the deﬁnition of a ‘datetime literal’, the ‘datetime values’ are

constrainedby the naturalrules for dates and times accordingto the Gregoriancalendar”. PostgreSQL

follows the SQL standard’s lead by counting dates exclusively in the Gregorian calendar, even for

years before that calendar was in use. This rule is known as the proleptic Gregorian calendar.

The Julian calendar was introduced by Julius Caesar in 45 BC. It was in common use in the Western

world until the year 1582, when countries started changing to the Gregorian calendar. In the Julian

calendar, the tropical year is approximatedas 365 1/4 days = 365.25 days. This gives an error of about

1day in 128 years.

The accumulating calendar error prompted Pope Gregory XIII to reform the calendar in accordance

with instructions from the Council of Trent. In the Gregorian calendar, the tropical year is approxi-

mated as 365+ 97 /400days = 365.2425days. Thus ittakes approximately 3300years for the tropical

year to shift one day with respect to the Gregorian calendar.

The approximation 365+97/400 is achieved by having 97 leap years every 400 years, using the fol-

lowing rules:

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Appendix B. Date/Time Support

Every year divisible by 4 is a leap year.

However, every year divisible by 100 is not a leap year.

However, every year divisible by 400 is a leap year after all.

So, 1700, 1800, 1900, 2100, and 2200 are not leap years. But 1600, 2000, and 2400 are leap years.

By contrast, in the older Julian calendar all years divisible by 4 are leap years.

The papal bull of February 1582 decreed that 10 days should be dropped from October 1582 so that

15 October should follow immediately after 4 October. This was observed in Italy, Poland, Portugal,

and Spain. Other Catholic countries followed shortly after, but Protestant countries were reluctant

to change, and the Greek Orthodox countries didn’t change until the start of the 20th century. The

reform was observed by Great Britain and its dominions (including what is now the USA) in 1752.

Thus 2 September 1752was followed by 14 September 1752. This is why Unixsystems have the

cal

program produce the following:

cal 9 1752

September 1752

M Tu

W Th

2 14 15 16

17 18 19 20 21 22 23

24 25 26 27 28 29 30

But, of course, this calendar is only valid for Great Britain and dominions, not other places. Since it

would be difﬁcult and confusing to try to track the actual calendars that were in use in various places

at various times, PostgreSQL does not try, butrather follows theGregorian calendar rules for alldates,

even thoughthis method is not historically accurate.

Different calendars have been developed in various parts of the world, many predating the Gregorian

system. For example, the beginnings of the Chinese calendar can be traced back to the 14th cen-

tury BC. Legend has it that the Emperor Huangdi invented that calendar in 2637 BC. The People’s

Republic of China uses the Gregorian calendar for civil purposes. The Chinese calendar is used for

determining festivals.

The Julian Date system is another type of calendar, unrelated to the Julian calendar though it is con-

fusingly named similarly tothat calendar. The Julian Date system was invented bythe French scholar

Joseph Justus Scaliger (1540-1609) and probably takes its name from Scaliger’s father, the Italian

scholar Julius Caesar Scaliger (1484-1558). In the Julian Date system, each day has a sequential

number, starting from JD 0 (which is sometimes called the Julian Date). JD 0 corresponds to 1 Jan-

uary 4713 BC in the Julian calendar, or 24 November 4714 BC inthe Gregoriancalendar. Julian Date

counting is most often used by astronomers for labeling their nightly observations, and therefore a

date runs from noon UTC to the next noon UTC, rather than from midnight to midnight: JD 0 desig-

nates the 24 hours from noon UTC on 24 November 4714 BC to noon UTC on 25 November 4714

BC.

AlthoughPostgreSQL supports JulianDate notationfor input and outputof dates (and also uses Julian

dates for some internal datetime calculations), itdoes not observe the nicety of having dates run from

noon to noon. PostgreSQL treats a Julian Date as running from midnight to midnight.

2000

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Appendix C. SQL Key Words

TableC-1 lists all tokens thatarekeywordsintheSQL standardandinPostgreSQL 9.4.7. Background

information can be foundin Section4.1.1. (For space reasons, onlythe latest two versions of the SQL

standard, andSQL-92 for historical comparison, are included. The differences between those and the

other intermediate standard versions are small.)

SQL distinguishes betweenreservedandnon-reserved keywords. Accordingtothestandard, reserved

key words are the only real key words; they are never allowed as identiﬁers. Non-reserved key words

only have a special meaning in particular contexts and can be used as identiﬁers in other contexts.

Most non-reserved key words are actually the names of built-in tables and functions speciﬁed by

SQL. The concept of non-reserved key words essentially only exists to declare that some predeﬁned

meaningis attached to a word in some contexts.

In the PostgreSQL parser life is a bit more complicated. There are several different classes of tokens

ranging from those that can never be used as an identiﬁer to those that have absolutely no special

status in the parser as compared to an ordinary identiﬁer. (The latter is usually the case for functions

speciﬁed by SQL.) Even reserved key words are not completely reserved in PostgreSQL, but can be

used as column labels (for example,

SELECT 55 AS CHECK

,even though

CHECK

is a reserved key

word).

In Table C-1 in the column for PostgreSQL we classify as “non-reserved” those key words that are

explicitly known to the parser but are allowed as column or table names. Some key words that are

otherwise non-reserved cannot be used as function or data type names and are marked accordingly.

(Most of these words represent built-in functions or data types with special syntax. The function or

type is still available but it cannot be redeﬁned by the user.) Labeled “reserved” are those tokens

that are not allowed as column or table names. Some reserved key words are allowable as names for

functions or data types; this is also shown in the table. If not so marked, a reserved key word is only

allowed as an “AS” column label name.

As a general rule, if you get spurious parser errors for commands that contain any of the listed key

words as an identiﬁer you should try to quote the identiﬁer to see if the problem goes away.

It is important to understand before studying Table C-1 that the fact that a key word is not reserved

in PostgreSQL does not mean that the feature relatedto the word is not implemented. Conversely, the

presence of a key word does not indicate the existence of a feature.

Table C-1. SQL Key Words

Key Word

PostgreSQL

SQL:2011

SQL:2008

SQL-92

non-reserved

ABORT

non-reserved

ABS

reserved

ABSENT

non-reserved

ABSOLUTE

non-reserved

reserved

ACCESS

non-reserved

ACCORDING

non-reserved

ACTION

non-reserved

reserved

ADA

non-reserved

2001

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Appendix C. SQL Key Words

Key Word

PostgreSQL

SQL:2011

SQL:2008

SQL-92

ADD

non-reserved

reserved

ADMIN

non-reserved

AFTER

non-reserved

AGGREGATE

non-reserved

ALL

reserved

ALLOCATE

reserved

ALSO

non-reserved

ALTER

non-reserved

reserved

ALWAYS

non-reserved

ANALYSE

reserved

ANALYZE

reserved

AND

reserved

ANY

reserved

ARE

reserved

ARRAY

reserved

ARRAY_AGG

reserved

ARRAY_MAX_CARDINALITY

reserved

ASC

reserved

non-reserved

reserved

ASENSITIVE

reserved

ASSERTION

non-reserved

reserved

ASSIGNMENT

non-reserved

ASYMMETRIC

reserved

non-reserved

reserved

ATOMIC

reserved

ATTRIBUTE

non-reserved

ATTRIBUTES

non-reserved

AUTHORIZATION

reserved (can be

function or type)

reserved

AVG

reserved

BACKWARD

non-reserved

BASE64

non-reserved

BEFORE

non-reserved

BEGIN

non-reserved

reserved

BEGIN_FRAME

reserved

BEGIN_PARTITION

reserved

BERNOULLI

non-reserved

BETWEEN

non-reserved

(cannot be

function or type)

reserved

2002

Appendix C. SQL Key Words

Key Word

PostgreSQL

SQL:2011

SQL:2008

SQL-92

BIGINT

non-reserved

(cannot be

function or type)

reserved

BINARY

reserved (can be

function or type)

reserved

BIT

non-reserved

(cannot be

function or type)

reserved

BIT_LENGTH

reserved

BLOB

reserved

BLOCKED

non-reserved

BOM

non-reserved

BOOLEAN

non-reserved

(cannot be

function or type)

reserved

BOTH

reserved

BREADTH

non-reserved

reserved

non-reserved

CACHE

non-reserved

CALL

reserved

CALLED

non-reserved

reserved

CARDINALITY

reserved

CASCADE

non-reserved

reserved

CASCADED

non-reserved

reserved

CASE

reserved

CAST

reserved

CATALOG

non-reserved

reserved

CATALOG_NAME

non-reserved

CEIL

reserved

CEILING

reserved

CHAIN

non-reserved

CHAR

non-reserved

(cannot be

function or type)

reserved

CHARACTER

non-reserved

(cannot be

function or type)

reserved

CHARACTERISTICS

non-reserved

CHARACTERS

non-reserved

CHARACTER_LENGTH

reserved

2003

Appendix C. SQL Key Words

Key Word

PostgreSQL

SQL:2011

SQL:2008

SQL-92

CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG

non-reserved

CHARACTER_SET_NAME

non-reserved

CHARACTER_SET_SCHEMA

non-reserved

CHAR_LENGTH

reserved

CHECK

reserved

CHECKPOINT

non-reserved

CLASS

non-reserved

CLASS_ORIGIN

non-reserved

CLOB

reserved

non-reserved

reserved

CLUSTER

non-reserved

COALESCE

non-reserved

(cannot be

function or type)

reserved

COBOL

non-reserved

COLLATE

reserved

COLLATION

reserved (can be

function or type)

non-reserved

reserved

COLLATION_CATALOG

non-reserved

COLLATION_NAME

non-reserved

COLLATION_SCHEMA

non-reserved

COLLECT

reserved

COLUMN

reserved

COLUMNS

non-reserved

COLUMN_NAME

non-reserved

COMMAND_FUNCTION

non-reserved

COMMAND_FUNCTION_CODE

non-reserved

COMMENT

non-reserved

COMMENTS

non-reserved

COMMIT

non-reserved

reserved

COMMITTED

non-reserved

CONCURRENTLY

reserved (can be

function or type)

CONDITION

reserved

CONDITION_NUMBER

non-reserved

2004

Appendix C. SQL Key Words

Key Word

PostgreSQL

SQL:2011

SQL:2008

SQL-92

CONFIGURATION

non-reserved

CONNECT

reserved

CONNECTION

non-reserved

reserved

CONNECTION_NAME

non-reserved

CONSTRAINT

reserved

CONSTRAINTS

non-reserved

reserved

CONSTRAINT_CATALOG

non-reserved

CONSTRAINT_NAME

non-reserved

CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA

non-reserved

CONSTRUCTOR

non-reserved

CONTAINS

reserved

non-reserved

CONTENT

non-reserved

CONTINUE

non-reserved

reserved

CONTROL

non-reserved

CONVERSION

non-reserved

CONVERT

reserved

COPY

non-reserved

CORR

reserved

CORRESPONDING

reserved

COST

non-reserved

COUNT

reserved

COVAR_POP

reserved

COVAR_SAMP

reserved

CREATE

reserved

CROSS

reserved (can be

function or type)

reserved

CSV

non-reserved

CUBE

reserved

CUME_DIST

reserved

CURRENT

non-reserved

reserved

CURRENT_CATALOG

reserved

CURRENT_DATE

reserved

CURRENT_DEFAULT_TRANSFORM_GROUP

reserved

CURRENT_PATH

reserved

CURRENT_ROLE

reserved

CURRENT_ROW

reserved

2005

Appendix C. SQL Key Words

Key Word

PostgreSQL

SQL:2011

SQL:2008

SQL-92

CURRENT_SCHEMA

reserved (can be

function or type)

reserved

CURRENT_TIME

reserved

CURRENT_TIMESTAMP

reserved

CURRENT_TRANSFORM_GROUP_FOR_TYPE

reserved

CURRENT_USER

reserved

CURSOR

non-reserved

reserved

CURSOR_NAME

non-reserved

CYCLE

non-reserved

reserved

DATA

non-reserved

DATABASE

non-reserved

DATALINK

reserved

DATE

reserved

DATETIME_INTERVAL_CODE

non-reserved

DATETIME_INTERVAL_PRECISION

non-reserved

DAY

non-reserved

reserved

non-reserved

DEALLOCATE

non-reserved

reserved

DEC

non-reserved

(cannot be

function or type)

reserved

DECIMAL

non-reserved

(cannot be

function or type)

reserved

DECLARE

non-reserved

reserved

DEFAULT

reserved

DEFAULTS

non-reserved

DEFERRABLE

reserved

non-reserved

reserved

DEFERRED

non-reserved

reserved

DEFINED

non-reserved

DEFINER

non-reserved

DEGREE

non-reserved

DELETE

non-reserved

reserved

DELIMITER

non-reserved

DELIMITERS

non-reserved

DENSE_RANK

reserved

DEPTH

non-reserved

DEREF

reserved

DERIVED

non-reserved

2006

Appendix C. SQL Key Words

Key Word

PostgreSQL

SQL:2011

SQL:2008

SQL-92

DESC

reserved

non-reserved

reserved

DESCRIBE

reserved

DESCRIPTOR

non-reserved

reserved

DETERMINISTIC

reserved

DIAGNOSTICS

non-reserved

reserved

DICTIONARY

non-reserved

DISABLE

non-reserved

DISCARD

non-reserved

DISCONNECT

reserved

DISPATCH

non-reserved

DISTINCT

reserved

DLNEWCOPY

reserved

DLPREVIOUSCOPY

reserved

DLURLCOMPLETE

reserved

DLURLCOMPLETEONLY

reserved

DLURLCOMPLETEWRITE

reserved

DLURLPATH

reserved

DLURLPATHONLY

reserved

DLURLPATHWRITE

reserved

DLURLSCHEME

reserved

DLURLSERVER

reserved

DLVALUE

reserved

DOCUMENT

non-reserved

DOMAIN

non-reserved

reserved

DOUBLE

non-reserved

reserved

DROP

non-reserved

reserved

DYNAMIC

reserved

DYNAMIC_FUNCTION

non-reserved

DYNAMIC_FUNCTION_CODE

non-reserved

EACH

non-reserved

reserved

ELEMENT

reserved

ELSE

reserved

EMPTY

non-reserved

ENABLE

non-reserved

ENCODING

non-reserved

ENCRYPTED

non-reserved

2007

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