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5 Drag the side handles to extend the cropping bounds while preserving the perspective.
Important: Do not move the center point of the cropping marquee. Photoshop needs to
know the original center point of the image in order to perform perspective correction.
6 Do one of the following:
•
Press Enter (Windows) or Return (Mac OS); click the Commit button in the options
bar; or double-click inside the cropping marquee.
•
To cancel the cropping operation, press Esc or click the Cancel button in the
options bar.
If Photoshop displays an error, it is probably due to improper placement of the corner
handles or center point. Click Cancel to go back and adjust the cropping marquee;
click Don’t Crop to cancel the cropping operation. An error may also occur if you’re
working with a previously cropped image.
Transforming objects in two dimensions
You can scale, rotate, skew, distort, and apply perspective to entire layers, selected parts of
layers, masks, paths, shapes, selection borders, and channels.
Note: Pixels are added or deleted during transformations. To calculate the color values of
these pixels, Photoshop and ImageReady use the interpolation method selected in the
General section of the Preferences dialog box. This option directly affects the speed and
quality of the transformation. Bicubic interpolation, the default, is slowest but yields the
best results. (See “
C
ho
osing an int
erp
olation metho
d
”
on page
66
.)
Specifying what to transform
You can apply transformations to a selection, an entire layer, multiple layers, or a layer
mask. In Photoshop, you can also apply transformations to a path, a vector shape, a vector
mask, a selection border, or an alpha channel.
Note: You cannot apply transformations to16 bit-per-channel images. You can, however,
apply full canvas transformations to 16-bit images using the options in the Image menu.
(See “
R
otating and fl
ipping entir
e images
”
on page
177
.)
To specify what to transform:
Do one of the following:
•
To transform an entire layer, make the layer active, and make sure nothing is selected.
Important: You cannot transform the background layer. However, you can convert a
background layer to a regular layer. (See “
A
dding la
y
ers and la
y
er sets
”
on page
286
.)
•
To transform part of a layer, select the layer, and then select part of the image on that
layer.
•
To transform multiple layers, link the layers together in the Layers palette. (See “
Link
ing
la
y
ers
”
on page
289
.)
•
To transform a layer mask or a vector mask, unlink the mask, and select the mask
thumbnail in the Layers palette. (See “
M
ask
ing la
y
ers
”
on page
314
.)
•
(Photoshop) To transform a path or vector shape, use the path selection tool to select
the entire path or the direct selection tool to select part of the path. If you select one
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or more points on a path, only those path segments connected to the points are trans-
formed. (See “
S
elec
ting pa
ths (P
hot
oshop)
”
on page
211
.)
•
(Photoshop) To transform a selection border, make or load a selection. Then choose
Select > Transform Selection.
•
(Photoshop) To transform an alpha channel, select the channel in the Channels palette.
(See “
S
t
or
ing masks in alpha channels
”
on page
280
.)
Setting the reference point
All transformations are performed around a fixed point called the reference point. By
default, this point is at the center of the item you are transforming. However, you can
change the reference point or move the center point to a different location.
To set the reference point for a transformation:
1 Select a transformation command, as described in the following topics. A bounding box
appears in the image.
2 In the options bar, click a square on the reference point locator . Each square repre-
sents a point on the bounding box. For example, to set the reference point to the top left
corner of the bounding box, click the top left square on the reference point locator.
To move the center point for the transformation:
1 Select a transformation command, as described in the following topics. A bounding box
appears in the image.
2 Drag the center point. The center point can be outside the item you want to transform.
Applying transformations
The commands under the Transform submenu let you apply the following transforma-
tions to an item:
•
Scaling enlarges or reduces an item relative to its reference point. You can scale
horizontally, vertically, or both horizontally and vertically.
•
Rotating turns an item around a reference point. By default, this point is at the center of
the object; however, you can move it to another location.
•
Skewing lets you slant an item vertically and horizontally.
•
Distorting lets you stretch an item in all directions.
•
Applying perspective lets you apply one-point perspective to an item.
In Photoshop, you can perform several commands in succession before applying the
cumulative transformation. For example, you can choose Scale, drag a handle to scale, and
then choose Distort, drag a handle to distort, and press Enter or Return to apply both
transformations. In ImageReady, you can perform multiple types of transformations at the
same time using the Transform > Numeric command.
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To scale, rotate, skew, distort, or apply perspective:
1 Select what you want to transform. (See “
S
p
ecifying wha
t t
o tr
ansf
or
m
”
on page
181
.)
2 Choose Edit > Transform > Scale, Rotate, Skew, Distort, or Perspective.
Note: (Photoshop) If you are transforming a shape or entire path, the Transform menu
becomes the Transform Path menu. If you are transforming multiple path segments
(but not the entire path), the Transform menu becomes the Transform Points menu.
3 In the options bar, click a square on the reference point locator . (See “
S
etting the
r
ef
er
enc
e p
oin
t
”
on page
182
.)
4 Do one or more of the following:
•
If you chose Scale, drag a handle on the bounding box. Press Shift as you drag a corner
handle to scale proportionately. When positioned over a handle, the pointer becomes
a double arrow.
•
If you chose Rotate, move the pointer outside of the bounding border (it becomes a
curved, two-sided arrow), and then drag. Press Shift to constrain the rotation to 15°
increments.
•
If you chose Skew, drag a side handle to slant the bounding box.
•
If you chose Distort, drag a corner handle to stretch the bounding box.
•
If you chose Perspective, drag a corner handle to apply perspective to the
bounding box.
•
For all types of transformations, enter a value in the options bar. For example, to rotate
an item, specify degrees in the rotation text box.
5 If desired, switch to a different type of transformation by selecting a command from the
Edit > Transform submenu.
When transforming a bitmap image (versus a shape or path), it becomes slightly less
sharp each time you commit a transformation; therefore, performing multiple
commands before applying the cumulative transformation is preferable to applying each
transformation separately.
6 When you’re satisfied with the results, do one of the following:
•
Press Enter (Windows) or Return (Mac OS); click the Commit button in the options
bar; or double-click inside the transformation marquee.
•
To cancel the transformation, press Esc or click the Cancel button in the options bar.
To flip or rotate precisely:
1 Select what you want to transform. (See “
S
p
ecifying wha
t t
o tr
ansf
or
m
”
on page
181
.)
2 Choose Edit > Transform and choose one of the following commands from the
submenu:
•
Rotate 180° to rotate by a half-turn.
•
Rotate 90° CW to rotate clockwise by a quarter-turn.
•
Rotate 90° CCW to rotate counterclockwise by a quarter-turn.
How to C#: Preview Document Content Using XDoc.Word Get Preview From File. You may get document preview image from an existing Word file in C#.net. You may get document preview image from stream object in C#.net.
how to cut pdf image; how to copy pdf image
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•
Flip Horizontal to flip horizontally, along the vertical axis.
•
Flip Vertical to flip vertically, along the horizontal axis.
Note: (Photoshop) If you are transforming a shape or entire path, the Transform
command becomes the Transform Path command. If you are transforming multiple path
segments (but not the entire path), the Transform command becomes the Transform
Points command.
To repeat a transformation:
Choose Edit > Transform > Again, Edit > Transform Path > Again, or Edit > Transform
Points > Again.
To duplicate an item when transforming it:
Hold down Alt (Windows) or Option (Mac OS) when selecting the Transform command.
To apply multiple types of transformations at the same time (ImageReady):
1 Select what you want to transform. (See “
S
p
ecifying wha
t t
o tr
ansf
or
m
”
on page
181
.)
2 Choose Edit > Transform > Numeric.
3 Do one or more of the following, and click OK:
•
Select Position and enter values for the new location in the X (horizontal position) and Y
(vertical position) text boxes. Select Relative to specify the new position in relation to
the current position.
•
Select Scale. Enter the dimensions in the W and H text boxes, or enter a scaling
percentage in the Scale text box. Select Constrain Proportions to maintain the aspect
ratio.
•
Select Skew and enter degrees in the H (horizontal skew) and V (vertical skew) text
boxes.
•
Select Rotate. Enter degrees of rotation in the Angle text box, or drag the in the circle to
the right of the text box.
Using the Free Transform command
The Free Transform command lets you apply transformations (rotate, scale, skew, distort,
and perspective) in one continuous operation. Instead of choosing different commands,
you simply hold down a key on your keyboard to switch between transformation types.
To freely transform:
1 Select what you want to transform. (See “
S
p
ecifying wha
t t
o tr
ansf
or
m
”
on page
181
.)
2 Do one of the following:
•
Choose Edit > Free Transform.
Note: (Photoshop) If you are transforming a shape or entire path, the Transform
command becomes the Transform Path command. If you are transforming multiple path
segments (but not the entire path), the Transform command becomes the Transform
Points command.
•
If you are transforming a selection, pixel-based layer, or selection border, choose the
move tool . Then select Show Bounding Box in the options bar.
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•
If you are transforming a vector shape or path, select the path selection tool . Then
select Show Bounding Box in the options bar.
3 Do one or more of the following:
•
To scale by dragging, drag a handle. Press Shift as you drag a corner handle to scale
proportionately.
•
To scale numerically, enter percentages in the W and H text boxes in the options bar.
In Photoshop, click the link button to maintain the aspect ratio.
•
To rotate by dragging, move the pointer outside of the bounding border (it becomes a
curved, two-sided arrow ), and then drag. Press Shift to constrain the rotation to 15°
increments.
•
To rotate numerically, enter degrees in the rotation text box in the options bar.
•
To distort relative to the center point of the bounding border, press Alt (Windows) or
Option (Mac OS), and drag a handle .
•
To distort freely, press Ctrl (Windows) or Command (Mac OS), and drag a handle.
•
To skew, press Ctrl+Shift (Windows) or Command+Shift (Mac OS), and drag a side
handle. When positioned over a side handle, the pointer becomes a white arrowhead
with a small double arrow .
•
To skew numerically, enter degrees in the H (horizontal skew) and V (vertical skew) text
boxes in the options bar.
•
To apply perspective, press Ctrl+Alt+Shift (Windows) or Command+Option+Shift
(Mac OS), and drag a corner handle. When positioned over a corner handle, the pointer
becomes a gray arrowhead .
•
To change the reference point, click a square on the reference point locator in the
options bar. (See “
S
etting the r
ef
er
enc
e p
oin
t
”
on page
182
.)
•
To move an item, enter values for the new location of the reference in the X (horizontal
position) and Y (vertical position) text boxes in the options bar. In Photoshop, click the
Relative Positioning button to specify the new position in relation to the current
position.
To undo the last handle adjustment, choose Edit > Undo.
4 Do one of the following:
•
Press Enter (Windows) or Return (Mac OS); click the Commit button in the options
bar; or double-click inside the transformation marquee.
•
To cancel the transformation, press Esc or click the Cancel button in the options bar.
When transforming a bitmap image (versus a shape or path), it becomes slightly less
sharp each time you commit a transformation; therefore, performing multiple
commands before applying the cumulative transformation is preferable to applying each
transformation separately.
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Transforming objects in three dimensions
The 3D Transform filter lets you manipulate a flat, two-dimensional image as if it were a
solid, three-dimensional object. Take, for example, a perspective photograph of a cereal
box. You specify the corners of the box using a wire frame, and you can then manipulate
the box as if it were a three-dimensional object. You can reposition the box, turn or rotate
it, shrink or enlarge it, and change its field of view.
Transforming and manipulating objects
You can transform a two-dimensional object into a cube, sphere, or cylinder and manip-
ulate it using wire frames based on that shape. Cylinders can include anything from simple
objects, such as a can of soup, to shapes whose sides are lathed, such as a bottle or a lamp.
You can create and manipulate any grouping of cubes, spheres, and cylinders in the same
image. For example, you can create and rotate a box, two balls, and a bottle together in
the same image.
To add a wire frame:
1 Choose Filter > Render > 3D Transform.
2 Select one of these tools in the dialog box:
•
Cube to map the image (such as a file cabinet) to a cubic surface.
•
Sphere to map the image (such as a globe or ball) to a spherical surface.
•
Cylinder to map the image (such as a can or bottle) to a cylindrical surface.
3 Drag to create a cubic, cylindrical, or spherical wire frame over the image preview.
Note: The anchor points should line up with the corners of the box, or the top and bottom
of the sphere or cylinder you want to manipulate.
To move or reshape the wire frame:
1 Select the selection tool or direct selection tool in the 3D Transform dialog box.
2 Do either of the following:
•
Drag an edge of the wire frame to move the entire frame.
•
With the direct selection tool, drag an anchor point on the wire frame to move that
anchor point.
Note: The wire frame turns red if you try to make a wire frame that would be impossible to
re-create in three dimensions.
3 If you are creating a complex cylinder, do any of the following:
•
To add an anchor point to a cylinder, select the add anchor point tool in the dialog
box, and click the right side of the wire frame. For example, you can add an anchor
point to more closely fit the cylindrical wire frame to a picture of a bottle.
•
To change an added anchor point from a smooth anchor point to a corner anchor point
and vice versa, select the convert anchor point tool , and click the point. A smooth
anchor point creates a gentle curve when you adjust it; a corner anchor point creates a
sharp corner.
•
To delete an added anchor point, select the delete anchor point tool , and click the
point.
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4 For Field of View, enter a value between 1 and 130. Alternatively, drag the slider to the
left to increase the apparent field of view, right to decrease it. This can make the wire
frame fit the image better. If you know the field of view angle used to photograph the
image, you can enter it here.
To delete a wire frame:
1 Select the selection tool in the 3D Transform dialog box.
2 Select the wire frame, and press Backspace (Windows) or Delete (Mac OS).
To manipulate the object in three dimensions:
Do any of the following in the 3D Transform dialog box:
•
To move the object, click the pan camera tool in the dialog box, and drag the object.
•
To rotate the object in any direction, click the trackball tool , and drag the object.
•
For Dolly Camera, enter a value between 0 and 99. Alternatively, drag the slider to the
left to magnify the transformed object, right to shrink it. This has the same effect as if
you were dollying, or moving, the camera further from or closer to the image.
•
For Field of View, enter a value between 1 and 130, or drag the slider to the left to
increase the apparent field of view, right to decrease it.
The 3D Transform dialog box previews only the active layer. As you manipulate an
object in three dimensions, you can align it with the contents of underlying layers.
To align an object with an underlying layer:
1 Duplicate the layer with which you want to align. (See “
W
or
k
ing with la
y
er
ed images
”
on page
287
.)
2 Within the existing stacking order, place this duplicate layer directly under the layer you
are transforming.
3 Merge the layer to be transformed with the duplicated layer.
4 With the Display Background option enabled in the 3D Transform options, manipulate
the object on the layer.
5 When the layer is aligned, disable the Display Background option, and click OK.
Modifying the preview image
Use the zoom and hand tools in the 3D Transform dialog box to change your preview of an
image. These actions do not modify the transformation itself, only your view of it.
To magnify or shrink the preview image:
1 Select the zoom tool in the 3D Transform dialog box.
2 Click the image to zoom in, or Alt-click (Windows) or Option-click (Mac OS) to zoom out.
To move the view of the preview image:
Select the hand tool in the 3D Transform dialog box, and drag the preview image. This
works only if you are zoomed in on the image.
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Setting 3D rendering options
You can set the resolution and anti-aliasing of rendered images and specify whether to
show the background from the original image in the 3D preview.
To set 3D rendering options:
1 Click Options in the 3D Transform dialog box.
2 Do any of the following:
•
For Resolution, choose the quality of the rendered image. The setting has little effect on
the image quality of cubes, but will produce smoother curved surfaces in cylinders and
spheres.
•
For Anti-aliasing, choose the level of anti-aliasing to apply to the rendered image.
•
Select Display Background to include the portions of the original image outside of the
wire frame in the preview and with the rendered image. Turn this option off to separate
the transformed object from the original background.
Cloning and repairing images
You can use the clone stamp tool, pattern stamp tool, healing brush tool, and patch tool to
clone pixels and repair images.
Using the clone stamp tool
The clone stamp tool takes a sample of an image, which you can then apply over another
image or part of the same image. Each stroke of the tool paints on more of the sample.
Example of altering an image with the cloning tool
To use the clone stamp tool:
1 Select the clone stamp tool , and do the following in the options bar:
•
Choose a brush and set brush options. (See “
W
or
k
ing with br
ushes
”
on page
228
.)
•
Specify a blending mode, opacity, and flow. (See “
S
etting options f
or pain
ting and
editing t
o
ols
”
on page
241
.)
•
Determine how you want to align the sampled pixels. If you select Aligned, you can
release the mouse button without losing the current sampling point. As a result, the
sampled pixels are applied continuously, no matter how many times you stop and
resume painting. If you deselect Aligned, the sampled pixels are applied from the initial
sampling point each time you stop and resume painting.
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•
Select Use All Layers to sample data from all visible layers; deselect Use All Layers to
sample only from the active layer.
2 Set the sampling point by positioning the pointer in any open image and Alt-clicking
(Windows) or Option-clicking (Mac OS).
Note: If you are sampling from one image and applying to another, both images must be
in the same color mode.
3 Drag in the image.
Using the pattern stamp tool
The pattern stamp tool lets you paint with a pattern. You can select a pattern from the
pattern libraries or create your own patterns.
To use the pattern stamp tool:
1 Select the pattern stamp tool , and do the following in the options bar:
•
Choose a brush and set brush options. (See “
W
or
k
ing with br
ushes
”
on page
228
.)
•
Specify a blending mode, opacity, and flow. (See “
S
etting options f
or pain
ting and
editing t
o
ols
”
on page
241
.)
•
Select a pattern from the Pattern pop-up palette. (See “
C
r
ea
ting and managing
pa
tt
er
ns
”
on page
252
.)
•
Determine how you want to align the sampled pixels. If you select Aligned, you can
release the mouse button without losing the current sampling point. As a result, the
sampled pixels are applied continuously, no matter how many times you stop and
resume painting. If you deselect Aligned, the sampled pixels are applied from the initial
sampling point each time you stop and resume painting.
•
Select Impressionist to apply the pattern with an impressionistic effect.
2 Drag in the image.
Using the healing brush tool (Photoshop)
The healing brush tool lets you correct imperfections, causing them to disappear into the
surrounding image. Like the cloning tools, you use the healing brush tool to paint with
sampled pixels from an image or pattern. However, the healing brush tool also matches
the texture, lighting, and shading of the sampled pixels to the source pixels. As a result,
the repaired pixels blend seamlessly into the rest of the image.
Sampled pixels and healed image
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To use the healing brush tool:
1 Select the healing brush tool .
2 Click the brush sample in the options bar and set brush options in the pop-up palette:
•
For more information on the Diameter, Hardness, Spacing, Angle, and Roundness
options, see “
C
ust
omizing br
ush tips (P
hot
oshop)
”
on page
230
.
•
If you’re using a pressure-sensitive digitizing tablet, choose an option from the Size
menu to vary the size of the healing brush over the course of a stroke. Choose Pen
Pressure to base the variation on the pen pressure. Choose Stylus Wheel to base the
variation on the position of the pen thumbwheel. Choose Off to not vary the size.
3 Choose a blending mode from the Mode pop-up menu in the options bar:
•
Choose Replace to preserve noise, film grain, and texture at the edges of the brush
stroke.
•
For more information on the Normal, Multiply, Screen, Darken, Lighten, Color, and
Luminosity modes, see “
S
elec
ting a blending mo
de
”
on page
241
.
4 Choose a source to use for repairing pixels in the options bar: Sampled to use pixels
from the current image, or Pattern to use pixels from a pattern. If you chose Pattern, select
a pattern from the Pattern pop-up palette. (See “
C
r
ea
ting and managing pa
tt
er
ns
”
on
page
252
.)
Note: The Pattern option is not available for 16-bit images.
5 Determine how you want to align the sampled pixels:
•
If you select Aligned in the options bar, you can release the mouse button without
losing the current sampling point. As a result, the sampled pixels are applied continu-
ously, no matter how many times you stop and resume painting.
•
If you deselect Aligned in the options bar, the sampled pixels are applied from the initial
sampling point each time you stop and resume painting.
6 For the healing brush tool in sampling mode, set the sampling point by positioning the
pointer in any open image and Alt-clicking (Windows) or Option-clicking (Mac OS).
Note: If you are sampling from one image and applying to another, both images must be
in the same color mode unless one of the images is in Grayscale mode.
7 Drag in the image.
The sampled pixels are melded with the existing pixels each time you release the mouse
button. Look in the status bar to view the status of the melding process.
If there is a strong contrast at the edges of the area you want to heal, make a selection
before you use the healing brush tool. The selection should be bigger than the area
you want to heal but precisely follow the boundary of contrasting pixels. When you paint
with the healing brush tool, the selection will prevent colors from bleeding in from the
outside.
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