129
41
Study 3
Strain N fruit flies were modified to produce Strain X
fruit flies. Strain X fruit flies lack Or83b (a protein
required to detect a wide range of odors); therefore, they
cannot detect many odors. The average life span was deter-
mined for virgin female Strain N and virgin female
Strain X fruit flies fed with various SY media (see
Table1).
Table and figures adapted from Sergiy Libert et al., “Regulation of
Drosophila Life Span by Olfaction and Food-Derived Odors.” ©2007
by the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
1. In which of Studies1 and2 did some of the fruit flies
live for more than 75days, and what diet were those
fruit flies fed?
A. Study 1; 05% SY medium
B. Study 1; 15% SY medium
C. Study 2; 05% SY medium
D. Study 2; 15% SY medium
2. During Studies1 and2, why did the size of the fruit fly
population in each tube decrease rather than increase?
F. The birthrate was 0, because the initial population
contained only males.
G. The birthrate was 0, because the initial population
contained only virgin females.
H. The death rate was 0, because the initial popula-
tion contained only males.
J. The death rate was 0, because the initial popula-
tion contained only virgin females.
3. Study1 differed from Study 2 in which of the follow-
ing ways?
A. Female fruit flies were tested in Study 1, whereas
male fruit flies were tested in Study2.
B. Male fruit flies were tested in Study 1, whereas
female fruit flies were tested in Study2.
C. The SY medium tested in Study 1 contained a
lower percent of sugar than did the SY medium
tested in Study2.
D. The SY medium tested in Study 1 contained a
higher percent of sugar than did the SY medium
tested in Study2.
4. Suppose that an additional trial in Study 3 had been
performed using a 12% SY medium (a diet with
12% sugar and 12% killed yeast). The average life
span of the Strain X fruit flies in this trial would most
likely have been:
F. less than 55.6 days.
G. between 55.6 days and 58.6 days.
H. between 58.6 days and 61.6 days.
J. greater than 61.6 days.
5. The researchers had predicted that decreasing a fruit
fly’s ability to detect odors would increase its life
span. Are the results of Study 3 consistent with this
prediction?
A. No; for each SYmedium tested, the average life
span of Strain X fruit flies was longer than the
average life span of StrainN fruit flies.
B. No; for each SYmedium tested, the average life
span of Strain N fruit flies was longer than the
average life span of StrainX fruit flies.
C. Yes; for each SYmedium tested, the average life
span of Strain X fruit flies was longer than the
average life span of StrainN fruit flies.
D. Yes; for each SYmedium tested, the average life
span of Strain N fruit flies was longer than the
average life span of StrainX fruit flies.
6. Suppose the researchers wanted to determine whether a
defect in the ability to detect odors would change the
life span of fruit flies fed 15% SY medium when live
yeast is added to the diet or when additional odors
from live yeast are added to the diet. Which of the fol-
lowing experiments should be performed?
F. Repeat Study1 except with StrainX fruit flies
G. Repeat Study1 except with StrainN fruit flies
H. Repeat Study2 except with StrainX fruit flies
J. Repeat Study2 except with StrainN fruit flies
7. The results for which 2 tubes should be compared to
determine how a reduced calorie diet affects life span
in the absence of live yeast and additional odors from
live yeast?
A. Tube 1 and Tube 4
B. Tube 1 and Tube 2
C. Tube 2 and Tube 5
D. Tube 5 and Tube 6
Table 1
Strain
SY medium
Average
life span
(days)
% sugar
% killed
yeast
Strain N
030,
030,
50.1
050,
050,
50.1
07.5
07.5
43.9
100,
100,
44.8
150,
150,
41.6
Strain X
030,
030,
61.6
050,
050,
62.5
07.5
07.5
58.9
100,
100,
58.6
150,
150,
55.6
GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.
ACT-1572CPRE
4
4
81
Passage II
In the fall, monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) in
eastern North America migrate to Mexico, where they
overwinter in high-altitude forests of oyamel fir (an ever-
green conifer). The butterflies store (accumulate) body
lipids to use as a source of energy at a later time. Consider
the following 3 hypotheses pertaining to when the butter-
flies store lipids and when the energy from the stored lipids
is used, with respect to migration and overwintering.
Hypothesis 1
Monarch butterflies require energy from stored lipids
for migration and during the overwintering period. The
butterflies first store lipids before they begin their migra-
tion. During migration, as stored lipids are converted to
energy, lipid mass continuously decreases. When the but-
terflies reach the overwintering sites, ending their migra-
tion, they must store lipids again before beginning the
overwintering period.
Hypothesis 2
Monarch butterflies require energy from stored lipids
for migration but not during the overwintering period. The
butterflies store lipids before they begin their migration.
During migration, as stored lipids are converted to energy,
lipid mass continuously decreases. Because energy from
stored lipids is not required during the overwintering
period, the butterflies do not store lipids while at the over-
wintering sites.
Hypothesis 3
Monarch butterflies require energy from stored lipids
during the overwintering period but not for migration. The
butterflies do not store lipids before they begin their migra-
tion. Instead, lipids are stored during migration; therefore,
lipid mass continuously increases from the beginning of
migration until the end of migration. The butterflies arrive
at the overwintering sites with enough lipids to provide
themselves with energy during the overwintering period, so
they do not store lipids while at the overwintering sites.
8. Which hypothesis, if any, asserts that monarch butter-
flies store lipids during 2 distinct periods?
F. Hypothesis 1
G. Hypothesis 2
H. Hypothesis 3
J. None of the hypotheses
9. Which hypothesis, if any, asserts that monarch butter-
flies require energy from stored lipids neither for
migration nor during the overwintering period?
A. Hypothesis 1
B. Hypothesis 2
C. Hypothesis 3
D. None of the hypotheses
10. Based on Hypothesis3, which of the following figures
best depicts the change in the lipid mass of a monarch
butterfly from the beginning of migration to the end of
migration?
(Note: In each figure, Brepresents the beginning of
migration and Erepresents the end of migration.)
F.
G.
H.
J.
lipid mass
time
B
E
lipid mass
time
B
E
lipid mass
time
B
E
lipid mass
time
B
E
GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.
ACT-1572CPRE
4
4
42
45
43
11. Assume that changes in the body mass of a monarch
butterfly are caused only by changes in the mass of the
butterfly’s stored lipids. The statement “The percent of
a monarch butterfly’s body mass that is made up of
lipids is greater at the beginning of migration than at
the end of migration” is supported by which of the
hypotheses?
A. Hypothesis 1 only
B. Hypothesis 2 only
C. Hypotheses 1 and 2 only
D. Hypotheses 1, 2, and 3
12. To store lipids, monarch butterflies convert sugar from
nectar they have consumed into lipids. A supporter of
which hypothesis, if any, would be likely to claim that
to ensure the butterflies can store lipids for the over-
wintering period, nectar must be present at the butter-
flies’ overwintering sites?
F. Hypothesis 1
G. Hypothesis 2
H. Hypothesis 3
J. None of the hypotheses
13. Which of the following statements about lipids in
monarch butterflies is consistent with all 3hypotheses?
A. The butterflies’ lipid masses do not change during
the overwintering period.
B. The butterflies’ lipid masses change during
migration.
C. The butterflies use energy from stored lipids
during the overwintering period.
D. The butterflies use energy from stored lipids for
migration.
14. When the monarch butterflies use their stored lipids,
the lipids must be broken down to produce energy-rich
molecules that can be readily used by cells. Which of
the following molecules is produced as a direct result
of the breakdown of the lipids?
F. ATP
G. Starch
H. DNA
J. Amino acids
GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.
ACT-1572CPRE
4
4
57
Passage III
Greenhouse gases such as methane (CH
4
) warm
Earth’s climate. Figure 1 shows the concentration of CH
4
in Earth’s atmosphere and the solar radiation intensity at
Earth’s surface for tropical Europe and Asia over the past
250,000 years. As the figure shows, the CH
4
concentration
and the solar radiation intensity have increased and
decreased at the same times over most of this period.
Figure2 shows the same types of data for the same region
over the past 11,000 years. This figure is consistent with
the hypothesis that the greenhouse gases from human
activities may have begun warming Earth’s climate thou-
sands of years earlier than once thought.
GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.
ACT-1572CPRE
4
4
Figure 1
solar radiation intensity
2(watts/m)
concentration of CH4 in
Earth’s atmosphere (ppb*)
540
520
500
480
460
440
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
thousands of years ago
250
200
150
100
50
0
(present)
solar radiation
CH
4
concentration
Key
*ppb = parts per billion
n
44
139
45
Figure 2
Figures adapted from William Ruddiman, Plows, Plagues & Petro-
leum. ©2005 by Princeton University Press.
15. According to Figure 2, the solar radiation intensity
8,000years ago was closest to which of the following?
A. 490watts/m
2
B. 495watts/m
2
C. 500watts/m
2
D. 505watts/m
2
16. According to Figure 2, if the trend in the CH
4
concen-
tration had continued to match the trend in the solar
radiation intensity, the CH
4
concentration at present
would most likely be:
F. less than 550ppb.
G. between 550ppb and 600ppb.
H. between 600ppb and 650ppb.
J. greater than 650ppb.
17. Suppose that whenever the CH
4
concentration
increases, a corresponding, immediate increase in
average global temperature occurs, and that whenever
the CH
4
concentration decreases, a corresponding,
immediate decrease in average global temperature
occurs. Based on Figure 2, which of the following
graphs best represents a plot of average global temper-
ature over the past 11,000years?
18. Based on Figure1, the average solar radiation intensity
over the past 250,000years was closest to which of the
following?
F. 400watts/m
2
G. 440watts/m
2
H. 480watts/m
2
J. 520watts/m
2
19. Onesolar radiation cycle is the time between a maxi-
mum in the solar radiation intensity and the next maxi-
mum in the solar radiation intensity. According to
Figure 1, the average length of a solar radiation cycle
during the past 250,000years was:
A. less than 15,000years.
B. between 15,000years and 35,000years.
C. between 35,000years and 55,000years.
D. greater than 55,000years.
20. Which of the following statements best describes the
primary effect of CH
4
on Earth’s climate?
F. CH
4
gives off visible light to space, cooling
Earth’s climate.
G. CH
4
gives off ultraviolet radiation to space, warm-
ing Earth’s climate.
H. CH
4
absorbs heat as it enters Earth’s atmosphere
from space, cooling Earth’s climate.
J. CH
4
absorbs heat that comes up from Earth’s sur-
face, warming Earth’s climate.
solar radiation intensity (watts/m
2)
)
concentration of CH4
in Earth’s atmosphere (ppb)
thousands of years ago
solar radiation
CH
4
concentration
Key
505
500
495
490
485
480
475
10
5
0
(present)
750
700
650
600
550
500
450
average global
temperature
11
thousands of
years ago
0
average global
temperature
11
thousands of
years ago
0
average global
temperature
11
thousands of
years ago
0
average global
temperature
11
thousands of
years ago
0
A.
B.
C.
D.
GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.
ACT-1572CPRE
4
4
94
Passage IV
In 2 experiments, a student pulled each of 3 blocks in
a straight line across a flat, horizontal surface.
In Experiment 1, the student measured the pulling
force (the force required to move each block at a constant
speed) and plotted the pulling force, in newtons (N), versus
block mass, in kilograms (kg). The results are shown in
Figure1.
Figure 1
In Experiment 2, the student measured the speed
versus time of a 2.00 kg block, a 2.50 kg block, and a
3.00 kg block as each block was pulled across the surface
with a constant 30 N force. The results are shown in
Figure2.
Figure 2
21. If a block was pulled toward the east, the frictional
force exerted on the block by the surface was directed
toward the:
A. north.
B. south.
C. east.
D. west.
22. Based on Figure 2, what is the order of the 3 blocks,
from the block that required the shortest time to reach
15 m/sec to the block that required the longest time to
reach 15m/sec?
F. 2.00kg block, 2.50kg block, 3.00kg block
G. 2.00kg block, 3.00kg block, 2.50kg block
H. 3.00kg block, 2.00kg block, 2.50kg block
J. 3.00kg block, 2.50kg block, 2.00kg block
23. Based on Figure 2, what was the approximate value of
the acceleration of the 3.00kg block?
A. 00.0m/sec
2
B. 05.0m/sec
2
C. 15.0m/sec
2
D. 20.0m/sec
2
24. Based on Figure 1, the results of Experiment 1 are best
modeled by which of the following equations?
F. Block speed(m/sec)= 0.2
×
time(sec)
G. Block speed(m/sec)= 5.0
×
time(sec)
H. Pulling force(N)= 0.2× block mass(kg)
J. Pulling force(N)= 5.0
×
block mass(kg)
0.00
10.00
5.00
20.00
25.00
15.00
0.00
block mass (kg)
1.00
1.50
2.50
3.50
0.50
2.00
3.00
4.5
0
4.00
pulling force (N)
0.00
10.00
5.00
35.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
15.00
0.00
time (sec)
1.00
2.00
3.00
2.50 kg
4.00
speed (m/sec)
3.00 kg
2.00 kg
GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.
ACT-1572CPRE
4
4
46
18
47
25. At each of the times plotted in Figure 2 (except
0.00sec), as block mass increased, block speed:
A. increased only.
B. decreased only.
C. varied, but with no general trend.
D. remained the same.
26. Based on Figure 1, an applied force of 30.00 N would
most likely have been required to maintain the constant
speed of a block having a mass of:
F. 4.00kg.
G. 5.00kg.
H. 6.00kg.
J. 7.00kg.
GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.
ACT-1572CPRE
4
4
158
Passage V
A typical acid-base indicator is a compound that will
be one color over a certain lower pH range but will be a
different color over a certain higher pH range. In the small
range between these pH ranges—the transition range—the
indicator’s color will be an intermediate of its other
2 colors.
Students studied 5 acid-base indicators using colorless
aqueous solutions of different pH and a well plate (a plate
containing a matrix of round depressions—wells—that can
hold small volumes of liquid).
Experiment1
The students added a pH = 0 solution to 5 wells in the
first column of the well plate, then added a pH = 1 solution
to the 5 wells in the next column, and so on, up to pH = 7.
Next, they added a drop of a given indicator (in solution) to
each of the wells in a row, and then repeated this process,
adding a different indicator to each row. The color of the
resulting solution in each well was then recorded in Table 1
(B = blue, G = green, O = orange, P = purple, R = red,
Y= yellow).
Experiment2
Experiment 1 was repeated with solutions that had a
pH of 8 or greater (see Table2).
Experiment3
Students were given 4 solutions (Solutions I−IV) of
unknown pH. The well plate was used to test samples of
each solution with 4 of the 5 indicators (see Table3).
Tables adapted from David R. Lide, ed., CRC Handbook of Chem-
istry and Physics, 78th ed. ©1997 by CRC Press LLC.
Table 3
Indicator
Color in Solution:
I
II III IV
Metanil yellow
Y
Y
Y
O
Resorcin blue
B
B
R
R
Curcumin
R
R
Y
Y
Indigo carmine
B
Y
B
B
Table 1
Indicator
Color in solution with a pH of:
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Metanil yellow
R
R
O
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Resorcin blue
R
R
R
R
R
P
P B
Curcumin
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Hessian bordeaux B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
Indigo carmine
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
Table 2
Indicator
Color in solution with a pH of:
8
9 10 11 12 13 14
Metanil yellow
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Resorcin blue
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
Curcumin
O
R
R
R
R
R
R
Hessian bordeaux B
R
R
R
R
R
R
Indigo carmine
B
B
B
B
G
Y
Y
GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.
ACT-1572CPRE
4
4
48
63
49
27. One way Experiment 2 differed from Experiment 3
was that in Experiment2:
A. the solutions to which indicators were added were
of known pH.
B. the solutions to which indicators were added were
of unknown pH.
C. metanil yellow was used.
D. metanil yellow was not used.
28. Based on the description of the well plate and how it
was used, the empty well plate would most likely have
been which of the following colors?
F. Black
G. Blue
H. Red
J. White
29. Based on the results of Experiments1 and2, which of
the following is a possible transition range for
curcumin?
A. pH = 3.9 to pH = 7.3
B. pH = 4.2 to pH = 6.6
C. pH = 7.4 to pH = 8.6
D. pH = 8.4 to pH = 9.5
30. A chemist has 2 solutions, one of pH = 1 and one of
pH = 6. Based on the results of Experiments1 and2,
could indigo carmine be used to distinguish between
these solutions?
F. No; indigo carmine is blue at both pH = 1 and
pH= 6.
G. No; indigo carmine is blue at pH = 1 and is yellow
at pH= 6.
H. Yes; indigo carmine is blue at both pH = 1 and
pH= 6.
J. Yes; indigo carmine is blue at pH = 1 and is yellow
at pH= 6.
31. The indicator propyl red has a transition range of
pH = 4.6 to pH = 6.8. If propyl red had been included
in Experiments1 and2, it would have produced results
most similar to those produced by which of the
5 indicators?
A. Metanil yellow
B. Resorcin blue
C. Curcumin
D. Indigo carmine
32. A student claimed that Solution III has a pH of 7.3.
Are the results of Experiments 1−3 consistent with this
claim?
F. No, because in Solution III metanil yellow was
yellow.
G. No, because in Solution III resorcin blue was red.
H. Yes, because in Solution III metanil yellow was
yellow.
J. Yes, because in Solution III resorcin blue was red.
33. Based on the results of Experiments 1−3, which of
SolutionsI−IV has the lowest pH?
A. Solution I
B. Solution II
C. Solution III
D. Solution IV
GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.
ACT-1572CPRE
4
4
127
Passage VI
Drilling mud (DM) is a suspension of clay particles in
water. When a well is drilled, DM is injected into the hole
to lubricate the drill. After this use, the DM is brought back
up to the surface and then disposed of by spraying it on
adjacent land areas.
A cover of DM on plants and soil can affect the
albedo (proportion of the total incoming solar radiation
that is reflected from a surface), which in turn can affect
the soil temperature. The effect of a cover of DM on the
albedo and the soil temperature of an unsloped, semiarid
grassland area was studied from July 1 to August 9 of a
particular year.
On June 30, 3 plots (Plots 1−3), each 10 m by 40 m,
were established in the grassland area. For all the plots, the
types of vegetation present were the same, as was the den-
sity of the vegetation cover. At the center of each plot, a
soil temperature sensor was buried in the soil at a depth of
2.5 cm. An instrument that measures incoming and
reflected solar radiation was suspended 60 cm above the
center of each plot.
An amount of DM equivalent to 40 cubic meters
per hectare (m
3
/ha) was then sprayed evenly on Plot 2.
(One hectare equals 10,000 m
2
.) An amount equivalent to
80 m
3
/ha was sprayed evenly on Plot 3. No DM was
sprayed on Plot1.
For each plot, the albedo was calculated for each
cloudless day during the study period using measurements
of incoming and reflected solar radiation taken at noon on
those days (see Figure1).
Figure 1
For each plot, the sensor recorded the soil temperature
every 5 sec over the study period. From these data, the
average soil temperature of each plot was determined for
each day (see Figure2).
Figure 2
Figures adapted from Francis Zvomuya et al., “Surface Albedo and
Soil Heat Flux Changes Following Drilling Mud Application to a
Semiarid, Mixed-Grass Prairie.” ©2008 by the Soil Science Society
of America.
34. Albedo was measured at noon because that time of day
is when solar radiation reaching the ground is:
F. 100% reflected.
G. 100% absorbed.
H. least intense.
J. most intense.
35. Why was the study designed so that the 3 plots had the
same types of vegetation present and the same density
of vegetation cover? These conditions ensured that any
variations in albedo and soil temperature would most
likely be attributable only to variations among the
plots in the:
A. amount of DM sprayed.
B. type of soil present.
C. plot area.
D. plot slope.
albedo
0.26
0.24
0.22
0.20
0.18
0.16
0.14
June
30
July
5
July
10
July
15
July
20
July
25
July
30
Aug.
4
Aug.
9
Key
Plot 1
Plot 2
Plot 3
daily average soil
temperature (°C)
28
26
24
22
20
18
June
30
July
5
July
10
July
15
July
20
July
25
July
30
Aug.
4
Aug.
9
Key
Plot 1
Plot 2
Plot 3
GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.
ACT-1572CPRE
4
4
50
Documents you may be interested
Documents you may be interested
