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the big-picture view of how it works. The example demonstrates a number of core

JavaScript language features, and also demonstrates important client-side JavaScript

techniques:

• How to find elements in a document.

• How to get user input from form input elements.

• How to set the HTML content of document elements.

• How to store data in the browser.

• How to make scripted HTTP requests.

• How to draw graphics with the

element.

Example 1-1. A loan calculator in JavaScript

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>JavaScript Loan Calculator</title>

.output { font-weight: bold; } /* Calculated values in bold */

#payment { text-decoration: underline; } /* For element with id="payment" */

#graph { border: solid black 1px; } /* Chart has a simple border */

th, td { vertical-align: top; } /* Don't center table cells */

</style>

</head>

<body>

<!--

This is an HTML table with <input> elements that allow the user to enter data

and <span> elements in which the program can display its results.

These elements have ids like "interest" and "years". These ids are used

in the JavaScript code that follows the table. Note that some of the input

elements define "onchange" or "onclick" event handlers. These specify strings

of JavaScript code to be executed when the user enters data or clicks.

-->

<table>

<tr><th>Enter Loan Data:</th>

<th>Loan Balance, Cumulative Equity, and Interest Payments</th></tr>

<tr><td>Amount of the loan ($):</td>

<tr><td>Annual interest (%):</td>

<tr><td>Repayment period (years):</td>

<tr><td>Zipcode (to find lenders):</td>

<tr><th>Approximate Payments:</th>

<td><button onclick="calculate();">Calculate</button></td></tr>

<tr><td>Monthly payment:</td>

<tr><td>Total payment:</td>

1.2 Client-Side JavaScript | 13

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<tr><td>Total interest:</td>

<tr><th>Sponsors:</th><td colspan=2>

Apply for your loan with one of these fine lenders:

</table>

"use strict"; // Use ECMAScript 5 strict mode in browsers that support it

* This script defines the calculate() function called by the event handlers

* in HTML above. The function reads values from <input> elements, calculates

* loan payment information, displays the results in <span> elements. It also

* saves the user's data, displays links to lenders, and draws a chart.

function calculate() {

// Look up the input and output elements in the document

var amount = document.getElementById("amount");

var apr = document.getElementById("apr");

var years = document.getElementById("years");

var zipcode = document.getElementById("zipcode");

var payment = document.getElementById("payment");

var total = document.getElementById("total");

var totalinterest = document.getElementById("totalinterest");

// Get the user's input from the input elements. Assume it is all valid.

// Convert interest from a percentage to a decimal, and convert from

// an annual rate to a monthly rate. Convert payment period in years

// to the number of monthly payments.

var principal = parseFloat(amount.value);

var interest = parseFloat(apr.value) / 100 / 12;

var payments = parseFloat(years.value) * 12;

// Now compute the monthly payment figure.

var x = Math.pow(1 + interest, payments); // Math.pow() computes powers

var monthly = (principal*x*interest)/(x-1);

// If the result is a finite number, the user's input was good and

// we have meaningful results to display

if (isFinite(monthly)) {

// Fill in the output fields, rounding to 2 decimal places

payment.innerHTML = monthly.toFixed(2);

total.innerHTML = (monthly * payments).toFixed(2);

totalinterest.innerHTML = ((monthly*payments)-principal).toFixed(2);

// Save the user's input so we can restore it the next time they visit

save(amount.value, apr.value, years.value, zipcode.value);

// Advertise: find and display local lenders, but ignore network errors

try { // Catch any errors that occur within these curly braces

getLenders(amount.value, apr.value, years.value, zipcode.value);

}

14 | Chapter 1: Introduction to JavaScript

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catch(e) { /* And ignore those errors */ }

// Finally, chart loan balance, and interest and equity payments

chart(principal, interest, monthly, payments);

}

else {

// Result was Not-a-Number or infinite, which means the input was

// incomplete or invalid. Clear any previously displayed output.

payment.innerHTML = ""; // Erase the content of these elements

total.innerHTML = ""

totalinterest.innerHTML = "";

chart(); // With no arguments, clears the chart

}

// Save the user's input as properties of the localStorage object. Those

// properties will still be there when the user visits in the future

// This storage feature will not work in some browsers (Firefox, e.g.) if you

// run the example from a local file:// URL. It does work over HTTP, however.

function save(amount, apr, years, zipcode) {

if (window.localStorage) { // Only do this if the browser supports it

localStorage.loan_amount = amount;

localStorage.loan_apr = apr;

localStorage.loan_years = years;

localStorage.loan_zipcode = zipcode;

}

// Automatically attempt to restore input fields when the document first loads.

window.onload = function() {

// If the browser supports localStorage and we have some stored data

if (window.localStorage && localStorage.loan_amount) {

document.getElementById("amount").value = localStorage.loan_amount;

document.getElementById("apr").value = localStorage.loan_apr;

document.getElementById("years").value = localStorage.loan_years;

document.getElementById("zipcode").value = localStorage.loan_zipcode;

}

};

// Pass the user's input to a server-side script which can (in theory) return

// a list of links to local lenders interested in making loans. This example

// does not actually include a working implementation of such a lender-finding

// service. But if the service existed, this function would work with it.

function getLenders(amount, apr, years, zipcode) {

// If the browser does not support the XMLHttpRequest object, do nothing

if (!window.XMLHttpRequest) return;

// Find the element to display the list of lenders in

var ad = document.getElementById("lenders");

if (!ad) return; // Quit if no spot for output

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// Encode the user's input as query parameters in a URL

var url = "getLenders.php" + // Service url plus

"?amt=" + encodeURIComponent(amount) + // user data in query string

"&apr=" + encodeURIComponent(apr) +

"&yrs=" + encodeURIComponent(years) +

"&zip=" + encodeURIComponent(zipcode);

// Fetch the contents of that URL using the XMLHttpRequest object

var req = new XMLHttpRequest(); // Begin a new request

req.open("GET", url); // An HTTP GET request for the url

req.send(null); // Send the request with no body

// Before returning, register an event handler function that will be called

// at some later time when the HTTP server's response arrives. This kind of

// asynchronous programming is very common in client-side JavaScript.

req.onreadystatechange = function() {

if (req.readyState == 4 && req.status == 200) {

// If we get here, we got a complete valid HTTP response

var response = req.responseText; // HTTP response as a string

var lenders = JSON.parse(response); // Parse it to a JS array

// Convert the array of lender objects to a string of HTML

var list = "";

for(var i = 0; i < lenders.length; i++) {

list += "<li><a href='" + lenders[i].url + "'>" +

lenders[i].name + "</a>";

}

// Display the HTML in the element from above.

ad.innerHTML = "<ul>" + list + "</ul>";

}

// Chart monthly loan balance, interest and equity in an HTML <canvas> element.

// If called with no arguments then just erase any previously drawn chart.

function chart(principal, interest, monthly, payments) {

var graph = document.getElementById("graph"); // Get the <canvas> tag

graph.width = graph.width; // Magic to clear and reset the canvas element

// If we're called with no arguments, or if this browser does not support

// graphics in a <canvas> element, then just return now.

if (arguments.length == 0 || !graph.getContext) return;

// Get the "context" object for the <canvas> that defines the drawing API

var g = graph.getContext("2d"); // All drawing is done with this object

var width = graph.width, height = graph.height; // Get canvas size

// These functions convert payment numbers and dollar amounts to pixels

function paymentToX(n) { return n * width/payments; }

function amountToY(a) { return height-(a * height/(monthly*payments*1.05));}

// Payments are a straight line from (0,0) to (payments, monthly*payments)

g.moveTo(paymentToX(0), amountToY(0)); // Start at lower left

g.lineTo(paymentToX(payments), // Draw to upper right

amountToY(monthly*payments));

16 | Chapter 1: Introduction to JavaScript

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g.lineTo(paymentToX(payments), amountToY(0)); // Down to lower right

g.closePath(); // And back to start

g.fillStyle = "#f88"; // Light red

g.fill(); // Fill the triangle

g.font = "bold 12px sans-serif"; // Define a font

g.fillText("Total Interest Payments", 20,20); // Draw text in legend

// Cumulative equity is non-linear and trickier to chart

var equity = 0;

g.beginPath(); // Begin a new shape

g.moveTo(paymentToX(0), amountToY(0)); // starting at lower-left

for(var p = 1; p <= payments; p++) {

// For each payment, figure out how much is interest

var thisMonthsInterest = (principal-equity)*interest;

equity += (monthly - thisMonthsInterest); // The rest goes to equity

g.lineTo(paymentToX(p),amountToY(equity)); // Line to this point

}

g.lineTo(paymentToX(payments), amountToY(0)); // Line back to X axis

g.closePath(); // And back to start point

g.fillStyle = "green"; // Now use green paint

g.fill(); // And fill area under curve

g.fillText("Total Equity", 20,35); // Label it in green

// Loop again, as above, but chart loan balance as a thick black line

var bal = principal;

g.beginPath();

g.moveTo(paymentToX(0),amountToY(bal));

for(var p = 1; p <= payments; p++) {

var thisMonthsInterest = bal*interest;

bal -= (monthly - thisMonthsInterest); // The rest goes to equity

g.lineTo(paymentToX(p),amountToY(bal)); // Draw line to this point

}

g.lineWidth = 3; // Use a thick line

g.stroke(); // Draw the balance curve

g.fillStyle = "black"; // Switch to black text

g.fillText("Loan Balance", 20,50); // Legend entry

// Now make yearly tick marks and year numbers on X axis

g.textAlign="center"; // Center text over ticks

var y = amountToY(0); // Y coordinate of X axis

for(var year=1; year*12 <= payments; year++) { // For each year

var x = paymentToX(year*12); // Compute tick position

g.fillRect(x-0.5,y-3,1,3); // Draw the tick

if (year == 1) g.fillText("Year", x, y-5); // Label the axis

if (year % 5 == 0 && year*12 !== payments) // Number every 5 years

g.fillText(String(year), x, y-5);

}

// Mark payment amounts along the right edge

g.textAlign = "right"; // Right-justify text

g.textBaseline = "middle"; // Center it vertically

var ticks = [monthly*payments, principal]; // The two points we'll mark

var rightEdge = paymentToX(payments); // X coordinate of Y axis

for(var i = 0; i < ticks.length; i++) { // For each of the 2 points

var y = amountToY(ticks[i]); // Compute Y position of tick

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g.fillRect(rightEdge-3, y-0.5, 3,1); // Draw the tick mark

g.fillText(String(ticks[i].toFixed(0)), // And label it.

rightEdge-5, y);

}

</script>

</body>

</html>

18 | Chapter 1: Introduction to JavaScript

PART I

Core JavaScript

This part of the book, Chapters 2 though 12, documents the core JavaScript language

and is meant to be a JavaScript language reference. After you read through it once to

learn the language, you may find yourself referring back to it to refresh your memory

about some of the trickier points of JavaScript.

Chapter 2, Lexical Structure

Chapter 3, Types, Values, and Variables

Chapter 4, Expressions and Operators

Chapter 5, Statements

Chapter 6, Objects

Chapter 7, Arrays

Chapter 8, Functions

Chapter 9, Classes and Modules

Chapter 10, Pattern Matching with Regular Expressions

Chapter 11, JavaScript Subsets and Extensions

Chapter 12, Server-Side JavaScript

CHAPTER 2

Lexical Structure

The lexical structure of a programming language is the set of elementary rules that

specifies how you write programs in that language. It is the lowest-level syntax of a

language; it specifies such things as what variable names look like, the delimiter char-

acters for comments, and how one program statement is separated from the next. This

short chapter documents the lexical structure of JavaScript.

2.1 Character Set

JavaScript programs are written using the Unicode character set. Unicode is a superset

of ASCII and Latin-1 and supports virtually every written language currently used on

the planet. ECMAScript 3 requires JavaScript implementations to support Unicode

version 2.1 or later, and ECMAScript 5 requires implementations to support

Unicode 3 or later. See the sidebar in §3.2 for more about Unicode and JavaScript.

2.1.1 Case Sensitivity

JavaScript is a case-sensitive language. This means that language keywords, variables,

function names, and other identifiers must always be typed with a consistent capitali-

zation of letters. The

while

keyword, for example, must be typed “while,” not “While”

or “WHILE.” Similarly,

online

Online

OnLine

, and

ONLINE

are four distinct variable

names.

Note, however, that HTML is not case-sensitive (although XHTML is). Because of its

close association with client-side JavaScript, this difference can be confusing. Many

client-side JavaScript objects and properties have the same names as the HTML tags

and attributes they represent. While these tags and attribute names can be typed in any

case in HTML, in JavaScript they typically must be all lowercase. For example, the

HTML

onclick

event handler attribute is sometimes specified as

onClick

in HTML, but

it must be specified as

onclick

in JavaScript code (or in XHTML documents).

2.1.2 Whitespace, Line Breaks, and Format Control Characters

JavaScript ignores spaces that appear between tokens in programs. For the most part,

JavaScript also ignores line breaks (but see §2.5 for an exception). Because you can use

spaces and newlines freely in your programs, you can format and indent your programs

in a neat and consistent way that makes the code easy to read and understand.

In addition to the regular space character (

\u0020

), JavaScript also recognizes the fol-

lowing characters as whitespace: tab (

\u0009

), vertical tab (

\u000B

), form feed

(

\u000C

), nonbreaking space (

\u00A0

), byte order mark (

\uFEFF

), and any character in

Unicode category Zs. JavaScript recognizes the following characters as line terminators:

line feed (

\u000A

), carriage return (

\u000D

), line separator (

\u2028

), and paragraph sep-

arator (

\u2029

). A carriage return, line feed sequence is treated as a single line

terminator.

Unicode format control characters (category Cf), such as RIGHT-TO-LEFT MARK

(

\u200F

) and LEFT-TO-RIGHT MARK (

\u200E

), control the visual presentation of the

text they occur in. They are important for the proper display of some non-English

languages and are allowed in JavaScript comments, string literals, and regular expres-

sion literals, but not in the identifiers (e.g., variable names) of a JavaScript program.

As a special case, ZERO WIDTH JOINER (

\u200D

) and ZERO WIDTH NON-JOINER

(

\u200C

) are allowed in identifiers, but not as the first character. As noted above, the

byte order mark format control character (

\uFEFF

) is treated as a space character.

2.1.3 Unicode Escape Sequences

Some computer hardware and software can not display or input the full set of Unicode

characters. To support programmers using this older technology, JavaScript defines

special sequences of six ASCII characters to represent any 16-bit Unicode codepoint.

These Unicode escapes begin with the characters

and are followed by exactly four

hexadecimal digits (using uppercase or lowercase letters A–F). Unicode escapes may

appear in JavaScript string literals, regular expression literals, and in identifiers (but

not in language keywords). The Unicode escape for the character é, for example, is

\u00E9

, and the following two JavaScript strings are identical:

"café" === "caf\u00e9" // => true

Unicode escapes may also appear in comments, but since comments are ignored, they

are treated as ASCII characters in that context and not interpreted as Unicode.

2.1.4 Normalization

Unicode allows more than one way of encoding the same character. The string “é”, for

example, can be encoded as the single Unicode character

\u00E9

or as a regular ASCII

e followed by the acute accent combining mark

\u0301

. These two encodings may look

exactly the same when displayed by a text editor, but they have different binary en-

codings and are considered different by the computer. The Unicode standard defines

the preferred encoding for all characters and specifies a normalization procedure to

22 | Chapter 2: Lexical Structure

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