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Glossary of Terms
A
Active channel: Channel belonging to the active trace. The active channel is
highlighted in the channel list below the diagram. The active channel is not
relevant in remote control where each channel can contain an active trace.
Active marker: Marker that can be changed using the settings of the Marker menu
(Delta Mode, Ref. Mkr -> Mkr, Mkr Format). The active marker is also used for
the Marker Functions. It appears in the diagram with an enlarged marker
symbol and font size and with a dot placed in front of the marker line in the info
field.
Active menu: The menu containing the last executed command. If the softkey bar is
displayed (Nwa Setup - Display Config - Softkey Labels on), then the active
menu is indicated on top of the softkey bar.
Active trace (manual control): Trace that is selected to apply the settings in the
Trace menu. The active trace is highlighted in the trace list of the active
diagram area. It can be different from the active trace in remote control.
Active trace (remote control): One trace of each channel that has been selected as
the active trace (CALCulate[Ch]:PARameter:SELect <Trace Name>). Many
commands (e.g. TRACE...) act on the active trace. It can be different from the
active trace in manual control.
C
Cal pool: The cal pool is a collection of correction data sets (cal groups) that the
analyzer stores in a common directory. Cal groups in the pool can beapplied to
different channels and setups.
Calibration: The process of removing systematic errors from the measurement
(system error correction). See also TOSM.
Calibration kit: Set of physical calibration standards for a particular connector family.
Calibration standard: Physical device that has a known or predictable magnitude and
phase response within a given frequency range. Calibration standards are
grouped into several types (open, through, match,...) corresponding to the
different input quantities for the analyzer's error models.
Channel: A channel contains hardware-related settings to specify how the network
analyzer collects data. Each channel is stored in an independent data set. The
channel settings complement the definitions of the Trace menu; they apply to
all traces assigned to the channel.
Compression point: The x-dB compression point of an S-parameter is the stimulus
signal level where the magnitude of the measured quantity has dropped by x
dB compared to its value at small stimulus signal levels (small-signal value).
Confirmation dialog box: Standard dialog box that pops up to display an error
message or a warning. The current action can be either continued (OK) or
cancelled (Cancel) on closing the dialog box.
Crosstalk: The occurrence of a signal at the receive port of the analyzer which did not
travel through the test setup and the DUT but leaks through other internal
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paths. Crosstalk causes an isolation error in the measurement which can be
corrected by means of a calibration.
CW frequency: Continuous Wave frequency; fixed stimulus frequency.
D
Data trace: Trace filled with measurement data and updated after each sweep
(dynamic trace).
Diagram area: Rectangular portion of the screen used to display traces. Diagram
areas are arranged in windows; they are independent of trace and channel
settings.
Directivity error: Measurement error caused by a coupler or bridge in the analyzer's
source port causing part of the generated signal to leak through the forward
path into the receive path instead of being transmitted towards the DUT. The
directivity error can be corrected by means of a full one port calibration or one
of the two-port calibration methods (except normalization).
Discrete marker: The stimulus value of a discrete marker always coincides with a
sweep point so that the marker does not show interpolated measurement
values.
E
Excursion: Difference between the response values at a local maximum (minimum) of
the trace and at the two closest local minima (maxima) to the left and to the
right.
F
Forward: A measurement on a two-port DUT is said to be in forward direction if the
source signal (stimulus) is applied to port 1 of the DUT.
I
Isolation error: Measurement error caused by a crosstalk between the source and
receive port of the analyzer.
L
Limit check: Comparison of the measurement results with the limit lines and display of
apass/fail indication.
Limit line: A limit line is a set of data to specify the allowed range for some or all
points of a trace. Typically, limit lines are used to check whether a DUT
conforms to the rated specifications (conformance testing).
Load match error: Measurement error caused by a mismatch of the analyzer's
receive (load) port causing part of the signal transmitted through the DUT to be
reflected off the receive port so that it is not measured there. The load match
error can be corrected by means of a two-port calibration (except
normalization).
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M
Marker: Tool for selecting points on the trace and for numerical readout of measured
data. A marker is displayed with a symbol (a triangle, a crossbar or a line) on
the trace; its coordinates are shown in the marker info field.
Mathematical trace: Trace that is calculated according to a mathematical expression.
The expression is a mathematical relation between a data and a memory trace
of the active setup.
Measurement point: Result of the measurement at a specified stimulus value
(frequency).
Measurement result: Set of all measurement points acquired in a measurement (e.g.
asweep). The measurement result is displayed in a diagram area and forms a
trace.
Memory trace: Trace that is associated to a data trace and stored in the memory.
Data traces and the associated memory traces share the same channel and
scale settings. Alternatively, memory traces can be imported from a file.
P
Partial measurement: Measurement at a specified stimulus value maintaining definite
hardware settings. Depending on the measurement type, several partial
measurements may be needed to obtain a measurement point. A full n-port S-
parameter measurement requires n partial measurements with n different drive
ports.
Peak: Local maximum or local minimum (dip) on the trace. In the Trace - Marker-> -
Marker Search menu, it is possible to define a minimum excursion that both
types of peaks must have to be considered valid.
R
Reflection tracking error: Frequency-dependent variation of the ratio of the reflected
wave to the reference wave at a test port when an ideal reflection coefficient (=
1) is measured. The reflection tracking error can be corrected by means of a
reflection normalization or one of the more sophisticated calibration methods.
Reverse: A measurement on a two-port DUT is said to be in reverse direction if the
source signal (stimulus) is applied to port 2 of the DUT.
Ripple test: A special type of limit test where the maximum difference between the
largest and the smallest response value of the trace must not exceed the
specified limit. This test is suitable e.g. to check whether the passband ripple
of a filter is within acceptable limits, irrespective of the actual transmitted power
in the passband.
S
Setup: A setup comprises a set of diagram areas with all displayed information that
can be stored to a NWA setup file (*.nwa). Each setup is displayed in an
independent window.
Source match error: Measurement error caused by a mismatch of the analyzer's
source port causing part of the signal reflected of the DUT to be reflected
again of the source port so that it is not measured there. The source match
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error can be corrected by means of a full one-port calibration or a two-port
calibration (except normalization).
Stimulus value: Value of the sweep variable (frequency) where a measurement is
taken. Also termed sweep point.
Sweep: Series of consecutive measurements taken at a specified sequence of
stimulus values = series of consecutive measurement points.
Sweep point: Value of the sweep variable (stimulus value: frequency) where a
measurement is taken.
Sweep range: Continuous range of the sweep variable (frequency) containing the
sweep points where the analyzer takes measurements. In a Segmented
Frequency sweep the sweep range can be composed of several parameter
ranges or single points.
Sweep segment: Continuous frequency range or single frequency point where the
analyzer measures at specified instrument settings (generator power, IF
bandwidth etc.). In the Segmented Frequency sweep type the entire sweep
range can be composed of several sweep segments.
T
TOSM: A calibration type using four known standards (through, open, short, match),
also called SOLT or 12-term error correction model.
Trace: A trace is a set of data points that can be displayed together on the screen. The
trace settings specify the mathematical operations used to obtain traces from
the collected data. They complement the definitions of the Channel menu.
Each trace is assigned to a channel. The channel settings apply to all traces
assigned to the channel.
Trace point: Point on the screen which is an element of the displayed trace.
Transmission tracking error: Frequency-dependent variation of the ratio of the
transmitted wave to the reference wave at a test port when an ideal
transmission coefficient (= 1) is measured. The transmission tracking error can
be corrected by means of a transmission normalization or one of the more
sophisticated calibration methods.
W
Window: Rectangular portion of the screen showing all diagram areas of a particular
setup. Windows are limited by a blue frame with several icons. The analyzer
uses standard windows provided by the operating system.
40
1303.6509.xx
CE
E-3
EC Certificate of Conformity
Certificate No.: 2007-12
This is to certify that:
Equipment type
Stock No.
Designation
ZVL3
1303.6509.03
Vector Network Analyzer 9 kHz - 3 GHz
ZVL3-75
1303.6509.75
Vector Network Analyzer 9 kHz - 3 GHz
ZVL6
1303.6509.06
Vector Network Analyzer 9 kHz - 6 GHz
ZVL13
1303.6509.13
Vector Network Analyzer 9 kHz - 13,6 GHz
complies with the provisions of the Directive of the Council of the European Union on the
approximation of the laws of the Member States
- relating to electrical equipment for use within defined voltage limits
(2006/95/EC)
- relating to electromagnetic compatibility (2004/108/EC)
Conformity is proven by compliance with the following standards:
EN 61010-1: 2001
EN 55011: 2007 + A2: 2007
EN 61326-1: 2006
EN 61326-2-1: 2006
EN 61000-3-2: 2006
EN 61000-3-3: 1995 + A1: 2001 + A2: 2005
For the assessment of electromagnetic compatibility, the limits of radio interference for Class A
equipment as well as the immunity to interference for operation in industry have been used as
abasis.
ROHDE & SCHWARZ GmbH & Co. KG
Mühldorfstr. 15, D-81671 München
Munich, 2009-06-25
Central Quality Management MF-QZ / Radde
68
1171.0000.42-05.00
Page 1
Basic Safety Instructions
Always read through and comply with the following safety instructions!
All plants and locations of the Rohde & Schwarz group of companies make every effort to keep the safety
standards of our products up to date and to offer our customers the highest possible degree of safety. Our
products and the auxiliary equipment they require are designed, built and tested in accordance with the
safety standards that apply in each case. Compliance with these standards is continuously monitored by
our quality assurance system. The product described here has been designed, built and tested in
accordance with the attached EC Certificate of Conformity and has left the manufacturer’s plant in a
condition fully complying with safety standards. To maintain this condition and to ensure safe operation,
you must observe all instructions and warnings provided in this manual. If you have any questions
regarding these safety instructions, the Rohde & Schwarz group of companies will be happy to answer
them.
Furthermore, it is your responsibility to use the product in an appropriate manner. This product is designed
for use solely in industrial and laboratory environments or, if expressly permitted, also in the field and must
not be used in any way that may cause personal injury or property damage. You are responsible if the
product is used for any intention other than its designated purpose or in disregard of the manufacturer's
instructions. The manufacturer shall assume no responsibility for such use of the product.
The product is used for its designated purpose if it is used in accordance with its product documentation
and within its performance limits (see data sheet, documentation, the following safety instructions). Using
the product requires technical skills and a basic knowledge of English. It is therefore essential that only
skilled and specialized staff or thoroughly trained personnel with the required skills be allowed to use the
product. If personal safety gear is required for using Rohde & Schwarz products, this will be indicated at
the appropriate place in the product documentation. Keep the basic safety instructions and the product
documentation in a safe place and pass them on to the subsequent users.
Observing the safety instructions will help prevent personal injury or damage of any kind caused by
dangerous situations. Therefore, carefully read through and adhere to the following safety instructions
before and when using the product. It is also absolutely essential to observe the additional safety
instructions on personal safety, for example, that appear in relevant parts of the product documentation. In
these safety instructions, the word "product" refers to all merchandise sold and distributed by the Rohde &
Schwarz group of companies, including instruments, systems and all accessories.
Symbols and safety labels
Notice, general
danger location
Observe product
documentation
Caution
when
handling
heavy
equipment
Danger of
electric
shock
Warning!
Hot surface
PE terminal
Ground
Ground
terminal
Be careful when
handling
electrostatic
sensitive
devices
ON/OFF supply
voltage
Standby
indication
Direct current
(DC)
Alternating current
(AC)
Direct/alternating
current (DC/AC)
Device fully protected by
double (reinforced) insulation
41
Basic Safety Instructions
1171.0000.42-05.00
Page 2
Tags and their meaning
The following signal words are used in the product documentation in order to warn the reader about risks
and dangers.
indicates a hazardous situation which, if not avoided, will result in death or
serious injury.
indicates a hazardous situation which, if not avoided, could result in death or
serious injury.
indicates a hazardous situation which, if not avoided, could result in minor or
moderate injury.
indicates the possibility of incorrect operation which can result in damage to
the product.
In the product documentation, the word ATTENTION is used synonymously.
These tags are in accordance with the standard definition for civil applications in the European Economic
Area. Definitions that deviate from the standard definition may also exist in other economic areas or
military applications. It is therefore essential to make sure that the tags described here are always used
only in connection with the related product documentation and the related product. The use of tags in
connection with unrelated products or documentation can result in misinterpretation and in personal injury
or material damage.
Operating states and operating positions
The product may be operated only under the operating conditions and in the positions specified by the
manufacturer, without the product's ventilation being obstructed. If the manufacturer's specifications are
not observed, this can result in electric shock, fire and/or serious personal injury or death. Applicable local
or national safety regulations and rules for the prevention of accidents must be observed in all work
performed.
1. Unless otherwise specified, the following requirements apply to Rohde & Schwarz products:
predefined operating position is always with the housing floor facing down, IP protection 2X, pollution
severity 2, overvoltage category 2, use only indoors, max. operating altitude 2000 m above sea level,
max. transport altitude 4500 m above sea level. A tolerance of ±10 % shall apply to the nominal
voltage and ±5%to the nominal frequency.
2. Do not place the product on surfaces, vehicles, cabinets or tables that for reasons of weight or stability
are unsuitable for this purpose. Always follow the manufacturer's installation instructions when
installing the product and fastening it to objects or structures (e.g. walls and shelves). An installation
that is not carried out as described in the product documentation could result in personal injury or
death.
3. Do not place the product on heat-generating devices such as radiators or fan heaters. The ambient
temperature must not exceed the maximum temperature specified in the product documentation or in
the data sheet. Product overheating can cause electric shock, fire and/or serious personal injury or
death.
Documents you may be interested
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