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After assigning a calibration or adapter kit to a user-defined connector type, you can still change its
name, offset model and reference impedance. Switching between sexed and sexless will delete all
kits assigned to the connector type.
Remote control:
[SENSe<Ch>:]CORRection:CONNection
[SENSe<Ch>:]CORRection:CONNection:DELete
Offset Model Dialog
Defines the mode of wave propagation in the lines of the standards associated with the connector type.
This dialog is opened from the Available Connector Types dialog (
button in the table).
The Parameters to be selected depend on the Line Type:
•
If the calibration kit standards contain lines with transverse electric propagation mode (TEM), then
the Relative Permittivity ]
r
of the dielectric can be defined. The default permittivity is the value for
air. TEM-type lines have not cutoff frequency.
•
If the calibration kit standards contain waveguides, then the lowest frequency where a wave
propagation is possible (Cutoff Frequency f
c
)can be defined. The default cutoff frequency if 0 Hz
(propagation at all frequencies). No relative permittivity is needed for waveguides.
The impedance for waveguides is frequency-dependent. If a waveguide line type is selected, various
dialogs (e.g. Add Standard...) will indicate varies instead of a definite impedance value.
Impact of offset model parameters
The offset model parameters are used for the calculation of the S-parameters for the calibration standards
associated with the connector type, provided that they are derived from a circuit model (Add/Modify
Standard dialog).
•
For TEM-type lines, the relative permittivity ]
r
is needed for the conversion of and ZVR-type Loss
(in units of dB/sqrt(GHz)) into an Agilent-type Offset Loss (in units of GV/s) and vice versa (see
Offset andLoad parameters). The Electrical Length and Delay values in the Modify Offset dialog
are directly entered and therefore independent of ]
r
.
•
For waveguides, the low frequency cutoff frequency f
c
is important because no wave propagation
is possible at frequencies below f
c
.If a standard is measured in order to acquire calibration data,
the analyzer checks the low frequency cutoff. If the start frequency of the sweep range is below f
c
,then the calibration wizard generates and error message.
The offset model parameters are not used except in the context of calibration. The offset
parameterdefinitions (seeMechanical Length) are based on independent ]
r
values.
Remote control:
[SENSe<Ch>:]CORRection:CONNection
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Add or View / Modify Standard
Defines, displays or modifies the properties of the calibration standards in a particular calibration kit. This
dialog is opened from the Add or View / Modify Calibration Kit dialog (Add Standard... or View / Modify
Standard... buttons). Depending on the title, some control elements may not be active.
For an overview of calibration standards and their properties refer to section Calibration standard
types below.
In its upper part the Add Standard or View / Modify Standard dialog contains several controls to do the
following:
•
Select a standard Type and its Gender (for polarized/not sexless connector types and if the port
assignment is not restricted) and assign a Label.
•
Restrict Port Assignment
•
Select S-Params From
Qualify whether the standard is described by a Circuit Model from which the analyzer can
calculate the S-parameters or by a table of measured or simulated S-parameters stored in a
Touchstone file. Pressing the Read Data from File... button opens a file selection dialog where the
appropriate file type (*.s1p for one-port standards and *.s2p for two-port standards) is
automatically selected.
The Sliding Match and Attenuation are special standard types which must be described by a
circuit model. The controls in the S-Params From panel are disabled.
For two-port standards described by a *.s2p file, the implicit ports 1 and 2 (given by the order of S-
parameters Re(S11) Im(S11) Re(S21) Im(S21) Re(S12) Im(S12) Re(S22) Im(S22) in the
file) are assigned to the test ports that the analyzer actually calibrates as follows: Port 1 is always
assigned to the lower-numbered calibrated test port, port 2 to the other (higher-numbered)
calibrated test port.
Assigning a label to standards is optional. However, the label is displayed in many dialogs and can
provide useful information about the standard, e.g. its serial number.
If Circuit Model is selected in the S-params From panel, then the controls in the central panel of the dialog
are enabled. The circuit diagram is adjusted to the selected standard type. The following parameters can
be set:
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•
Frequency range (Min. Freq. to Max. Freq) for which the circuit model is valid. During calibration,
the analyzer checks whether the sweep range is contained in the validity range of all measured
standards and possibly generates a warning (see Measure Standards dialog).
•
Offset and Load parameters of the circuit model.
The impedance for waveguides is frequency-dependent. If a waveguide line type is selected in the
Offset Model dialog, the circuit model indicates varies instead of a definite impedance value.
Remote control:
[SENSe<Ch>:]CORRection:CKIT:<std_type>
[SENSe<Ch>:]CORRection:CKIT:<conn_type>:<std_type>
MMEMory:LOAD:CKIT:SDATa
Restrict Port Assignment
Opens a dialog to define whether the standard can be connected to any port of the analyzer or to just one
port (for one-port standards) or a pair of ports (for two-port standards).
The port assignment is displayed in the Add or View / Modify Calibration Kit dialogs.
Port assignment and gender
The standards are handled differently, depending on their port assignment:
•
If the port assignment is not restricted, the gender belongs to the definition of polarized standards.
When the connector type and calibration kit is selected in the calibration wizard, the analyzer
checks whether the kit contains the necessary standard types and whether the standards have
the right gender.
•
Standards with restricted port assignment are assumed to have the right gender (the one required
for this port). In the View Modify Standard dialog, the Gender: input field is disabled. In the
calibration wizard, the analyzer checks whether the kit contains the necessary standard types for
the required ports. Instead of the gender, the port assignment is stored in the calibration kit file.
This approach simplifies the definition of standards and helps to avoid inconsistencies.
Remote control: [SENSe<Ch>:]CORRection:CKIT:<std_type>
Modify Offset
Specifies the offset parameters for the transmission lines of a particular calibration standard. This dialog is
opened from the Add or View / Modify Standard... dialog (Modify Offset... button).
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The offset parameters depend on whether or not the circuit model is defined in Agilent Mode (see
Add/Modify Calibration Kit dialog):
•
If Agilent Mode is active, then the standard is characterized by its Delay (in s), its characteristic
impedance Z
0
(in V) and its Offset Loss (in GV/s).
•
If Agilent Mode is switched off, then the standard is characterized by the ZVR-compatible
parameters Electrical Length (in m or foot (ft), depending on the Distance Unit selected in the
System Configuration dialog), its Char. Impedance (in V) and its Loss (in dB/sqrt(GHz)). The loss
is zero and not editable as long as the electrical length is zero.
Both parameter sets are closely related. The Electrical Length is proportional to the Delay; Z
0
corresponds
to the Char. Impedance. Moreover the analyzer converts an Agilent-type Offset Loss into a ZVR-type Loss
and vice versa using the Relative Permittivity N
r
for the connector type defined in the Offset Model... dialog.
Offset parameters
The offset parameters have the following physical meaning:
•
The Delay is the propagation time of a wave traveling through the standard. The Electrical Length
is equal to the Delay times the speed of light in the vacuum and is a measure for the length of
transmission line between the standard and the actual calibration plane. For a waveguide with
permittivity N
r
and mechanical length L
mech
the following relations hold:
The default delay is 0 s, the default step width is 1 ns, corresponding to a step width of 299.792 mm
for the electrical length. The relations hold for one-port and 2-port standards.
•
Z
0
is the Characteristic Impedance of thestandard. If the standard is terminated with Z
0
,then its
input impedance is also equal to Z
0
.Z
0
is not necessarily equal to the reference impedance of the
system (depending on the Connector Type) or the terminal impedance of the standard. The
characteristic impedance of the standard is only used in the context of calibration.
The default characteristic impedance is equal to the reference impedance of the system.
•
The Loss is the energy loss along the transmission line due to the skin effect. For resistive lines
and at RF frequencies the loss is approximately proportional to the square root of the frequency.
In Agilent mode the Offset Loss is expressed in units of V/s at a frequency of 1 GHz. The following
formula holds:
To determine an offset loss value experimentally, measure the delay in seconds and the loss in dB
at 1 GHz and use the formula above.
The default Loss or Offset Loss is zero.
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The impedance for waveguides is frequency-dependent. If a waveguide line type is selected in the
Offset Model dialog, the Char. Impedance field is disabled and indicates "varies" instead of a
definite impedance value. Moreover no Loss or Offset Loss can be set.
Offset parameters and standard types
Offset parameters are used to describe all types of standards except the Sliding Match and the
Attenuation.
•
The Sliding Match is a one-port standard with variable load parameters (sliding load) and
unspecified length. The reference impedance is fixed and equal to the characteristic impedance of
the connector type. No load and offset parameters need to be set.
•
The Attenuation is a two-port standard which is fully matched in both directions (the reflection
factor at both ports is zero). No load and offset parameters need to be set.
Remote control:
[SENSe<Ch>:]CORRection:CKIT:<conn_type>:<std_type>
Modify Load
Specifies the load parameters for a particular calibration standard describing its terminal impedance. This
dialog is opened from the Add or View / Modify Standard... dialog (Modify Load... button).
The circuit model for the load consists of capacitance C which is connected in parallel to an inductance L
and a resistance R, both connected in series.
•
Ris the constant resistive contribution. It is possible to select a special value (Open for
©so
that the inductance coefficients are irrelevant, Short for 0 V, Match for the reference impedance of
the current connector type) or set any resistance R.
•
The fringing capacitance C and the residual inductance L are both assumed to be frequency-
dependent and approximated by the first four terms of the Taylor series around f = 0 Hz.
Load parameters and standard types
Load parameters are used to describe all types of standards except a Through, a Sliding Match, aLineand
an Attenuation.
•
The Through standard is a through-connection between two ports with minimum loss which is
taken into account by the Offset Parameters.
•
The Sliding Match is a one-port standard with variable load parameters (sliding load), so there is
no fixed load model.
•
The Line standard is a line of variable length with minimum loss which is taken into account by the
Offset Parameters.
•
The Attenuation is a two-port standard which is fully matched in both directions (the reflection
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factor at both ports is zero). No load and offset parameters need to be set.
Remote control:
[SENSe<Ch>:]CORRection:CKIT:<conn_type>:<std_type>
Calibration Standard Types
The following table gives an overview of the different standards and their offset and load models:
Standard
Type
Characteristics
Ideal Standard
Offset
Model
Load
Model
Open
Open circuit (one-port)
V
Short
Short circuit (one-port)
0 V
Offset short
Short circuit with added electrical length offset, for
waveguide calibration (one-port)
0V
Match
Matched broadband termination (one-port)
Z
0
(reference impedance
of the connector type)
Sliding
match
One-port standard consisting of an air line with a
movable, low-reflection load element (sliding load). .
–
–
–
Reflect
Unknown mismatched standard (one-port)
V
Through
Through-connection with minimum loss (two-port)
–
–
Line1, Line 2
Line(s) for TRL calibration with minimum loss (two-
port)
–
–
Attenuation
Fully matched standard in both directions (two-port;
the reflection factor at both ports is zero).
–
–
–
Symm.
network
Unknown mismatched reflection-symmetric standard
(two-port)
–
Remote control: For an overview of standard parameters see also
[SENSe<Ch>:]CORRection:CKIT:<conn_type>:<std_type>
Sweep
The Sweep submenu defines the scope of measurement in the current channel. This includes the sweep
type with various parameters, the periodicity of the measurement, and the sweep average.
Sweeps
Asweep is a series of consecutive measurements taken over a specified sequence of stimulus values. It
represents the basic measurement cycle of the analyzer.
The analyzer can perform sweeps at constant power but variable frequency (frequency sweeps); see
Sweep Type.
The sweeps are further specified by the number of measurement points, the total measurement time and
the trigger mode. A measurement may consist of a single sweep or a series of sweeps repeated
continuously.
On the other hand, depending on the measurement task and the measured quantity, the measurement at
each point can consist of several partial measurements with definite hardware settings.
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The Sweep menu provides the following settings:
•
Sweep Type defines the position of sweep points (frequency values) in the sweep range.
•
Number of Points sets the total number of measurement points over the sweep range.
•
Frequency Step Size sets the distance between two consecutive frequency sweep points.
•
Meas Delay delays the start of each sweep.
•
Trigger selects the trigger mode for the measurement.
•
Restart aborts the current measurement and restarts a new sweep sequence.
•
If Single (All Chans) is selected the measurement is terminated after a single sweep or a group of
single sweeps defined in the Define Restart dialog.
•
Define Restart opens a dialog to specify which channels are affected and how many sweeps are
repeated.
•
Average On activates or de-activates the sweep average. With average on the measurement
results are averaged over a selected number of consecutive sweeps (Average Factor).
•
Average Factor defines the number of consecutive sweeps to be averaged.
•
Restart Average starts a new average cycle, clearing all previous results and thus eliminating their
effect on the new cycle. The new cycle is started as fast as possible; an ongoing sweep is
terminated immediately.
Sweep Type
The Sweep Type submenu defines the frequency sweep type and the position of the sweep points across
the sweep range.
•
Lin Frequency is the default sweep type. The stimulus frequency is swept in equidistant steps
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over the continuous frequency range. In a Cartesian diagram, the x-axis is a linear frequency axis.
•
Log Frequency is analogous to Lin. Frequency, however, the frequency is swept in equidistant
steps on a logarithmic scale. In a Cartesian diagram, the x-axis is a logarithmic frequency axis.
•
Segmented Frequency is analogous to Lin. Frequency but uses a sweep range that can be
composed of several continuous frequency ranges or single frequency points defined via Define
Segments. A valid segment list must be defined before activating Segment Frequency.
Lin Frequency
In a Lin. Frequency sweep the stimulus frequency is swept in equidistant steps over the continuous
frequency range. The frequency range (sweep range) is defined with the Stimulus settings. The step width
between two consecutive sweep points is constant and given by <Span>/(n - 1) where n is the specified
Number of Points (n > 1). The internal generator power can be set, if so desired, in the Power Bandwidth
Average submenu.
ALin. Frequency sweep corresponds to the analysis of a signal over the frequency, as obtained e.g. by
means of a spectrum analyzer. This is the default sweep type. In a Cartesian diagram the measurement
result is displayed as a trace over a linear frequency scale (spectral representation). The following
example shows a Lin. Frequency sweep with a stimulus range between 4.5 GHz and 6 GHz, the forward
transmission parameter S12 as measured quantity, and a dB Mag scaled y-axis.
Remote control:
[SENSe<Ch>:]SWEep:TPYE LINear
[SENSe<Chn>:]FUNCtion[:ON] "XFRequency:..."
Log Frequency
In a Log. Frequency sweep the stimulus frequency is swept on a logarithmic scale over the continuous
frequency range. The frequency range (sweep range) is defined with the Stimulus settings. The sweep
points are calculated from the Span and the specified Number of Points (n > 1) with the condition that the
step width is constant on the logarithmic scale. The internal generator power can be set, if so desired, in
the Power Bandwidth Average submenu.
Log Frequency sweeps are suitable for the analysis of a DUT over a large frequency range, e.g. over
several octaves. In a Cartesian diagram the measurement result is displayed as a trace over a logarithmic
frequency scale. The following example shows a Log. Frequency sweep with a stimulus range between 50
MHz and 6 GHz, the forward transmission parameter S12 as measured quantity, and a dB Mag scaled y-
axis
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Remote control:
[SENSe<Ch>:]SWEep:TPYE LOGarithmic
[SENSe<Chn>:]FUNCtion[:ON] "XFRequency:..."
Segmented Frequency
In a Segmented Frequency sweep the sweep range can be composed of several continuous, non-
overlapping frequency sub-ranges or single frequency points. The sub-ranges are termed sweep
segments and defined in the Define Segments dialog. The segment list must contain at least 2 distinct
frequency points before a Segmented Frequency sweep can be started.
Instrument settings such as the internal generator power, the measurement (IF) bandwidth, the selectivity
of the measurement filter, the frequency band of the local oscillator, and the measurement time can be set
independently for the individual segments.
Due to this flexibility Segmented Frequency sweeps are suitable for any detailed analysis of a DUT at
specified frequencies. In a Cartesian diagram the measurement result is displayed as a trace over a linear
frequency scale ranging from the lowest to the highest frequency point of all segments. The following
example shows a Segmented Frequency sweep with 3 segments in the stimulus range between 50 MHz
and 6 GHz, the forward transmission parameter S12 as measured quantity, and a dB Mag scaled y-axis.
In the frequency ranges between the sweep segments the trace is displayed as a straight line.
The segmented sweep is not compatible with automatic calibration using a Calibration Unit.
Remote control: [SENSe<Ch>:]SWEep:TPYE SEGMent
[SENSe<Chn>:]FUNCtion[:ON] "XFRequency:..."
Define Segments
Opens a dialog to define all channel settings for a Segmented Frequency sweep and to import and export
segmented sweep settings.
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