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The Define Segments dialog contains a table to edit the individual segments of the sweep range. Sweep
segments must not overlap, however, two adjacent segments can have one common point; see Columns
in the Define Limit Line table.
Below the table, three groups of controls provide additional settings. Refer to the following sections below:
•
Inserting and Deleting Segments
•
Individual Settings
•
Point List, Segment Import and Export
Columns in the Define Limit Line table
The table contains an automatically assigned current number for each segment plus the following editable
or non-editable columns:
•
On provides check boxes to activate or deactivate each individual segment. Sweep points
belonging to inactive segments only are not measured and not listed in the Point List.
•
Start is the stimulus (x-axis) value of the first point of the segment. If the segment contains more
than one Point, then Start must be smaller than the Stop value. If a Start value equal to or larger
than the current Stop value is set, Stop is adjusted to the new Start value plus 1 Hz.
•
Stop is the stimulus (x-axis) value of the last point of the segment. If the segment contains more
than one Point, then Stop must be larger or equal than the Start value. If a Stop value equal to or
smaller than the current Start value is set, Start is adjusted to the new Stop value minus 1 Hz.
•
Points is the number of sweep points in the segment. A single segment can consist of only one
point, however, the entire sweep range must contain at least 2 distinct frequency points. If Points
is set to 1, then the Stop frequency is set equal to the Start frequency.
•
The remaining columns show the channel settings for each segment. They are displayed only if
they are selected in the Individual Segment Settings panel.
When a new segment is defined or when the stimulus range of a segment is modified, the analyzer
automatically checks whether it is compatible with the existing segments. The Start and Stop
values of the existing segments are modified so that there is no overlap between any of the
segments. If this is not possible (e.g. because of the limited frequency range of the analyzer), the
entry of the new Start or Stop value is denied.
Use the paste marker list for convenient entry of Start and Stop values.
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Remote
control:
The commands in the [SENSe<Chn>:]SEGMent... subsystem define all sweep
segment settings.
Inserting and Deleting Segments
Three buttons on the left side below the table in the Define Segments dialog extend or shorten the
segment list:
•
Insert New Segment
adds a new segment to the list. The new segment is inserted after the active segment. The
segment numbers (#) of all segments after the new segment are adapted.
To avoid overlapping segments, the new segment ranges from the Stop value of the previously
active segment to either the Start valueof the next segment or the maximum frequency of the
analyzer. The analyzer places no restriction on the number of segments in a sweep range.
•
Delete Segment removes the selected segment from the list.
•
Del All Segments clears the entire segment list so it is possible to define or load a new segmented
sweep range.
Remote control: [SENSe<Chn>:]SEGMent<Seg>:INSert
[SENSe<Chn>:]SEGMent<Seg>:DELete
[SENSe<Chn>:]SEGMent<Seg>:DELete:ALL
Individual Settings
The options in the Individual Settings panel can be used to vary the channel settings of every individual
segment in the list.
The first sweep segment is created with the channel settings defined for general sweep types. When any
further sweep segment created, it uses the channel settings of the previously active segment. Each
selected (checked) option adds a column to the segment list.
•
Name adds a column to assign a name to each segment. A segment name is a string that may
contain letters, numbers and special characters.
•
Power defines the internal source Power for each individual sweep segment.
•
Meas Bandwidth defines the Meas Bandwidth for each individual sweep segment.
•
Filter Type defines the Filter Type(selectivity) of the IF filter used for each sweep segment.
•
MeasDelay sets a delay time allowing the DUT to settle before the hardware settings of the
analyzer are changed and a new partial measurement is started. This setting is not available on
R&S ZVL13 analyzers.
•
Attenuator 1/2 select the attenuation factors for the received waves b1 and b2, respectively.
Remote control:
[SENSe<Chn>:]SEGMent<Seg>:POWer[:LEVel]
[SENSe<Chn>:]SEGMent<Seg>:BWIDth[RESolution]
[SENSe<Chn>:]SEGMent<Seg>:BWIDth[RESolution]:SELect
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[SENSe<Chn>:]SEGMent<Seg>:DEFine
[SENSe<Chn>:]SEGMent<Seg>:INSert
[SENSe<Chn>:]SEGMent<Seg>:SWEep:DWELl
[SENSe<Chn>:]SEGMent<Seg>:ATTenuation<Pt>
Point List, Segment Import and Export
The buttons on the right side below the table in the Define Segments dialog are used to retrieve the
position of the defined sweep points import and export limit line data.
•
Show Point List
opens a list of all active sweep points and their channel settings.
Points in inactive sweep segments (i.e. segments that are not switched On in the segment table)
are not shown. The table provides a check of the settings made and can not be edited.
•
Import Segment List... calls up an Open File dialog to load a sweep segment list from a sweep
segment file. Sweep segment files are ASCII files with the default extension *.seglist and a special
file format.
•
Export Segment List... calls up a Save As... dialog to store the current sweep segments to a
sweep segment file. Sweep segment files are ASCII files with the default extension *.seglist and a
special file format.
To import a segment list file (*.seglist) you can also use the Windows Explorer and simply double-click
the file or drag and drop the file into the NWA application. You must enable the segmented sweep
separately.
Remote control:
MMEMory:LOAD:SEGMent <Ch_no>,"file_name"
MMEMory:STORe:SEGMent <Ch_no>,"file_name"
File Format for Sweep Segments
The analyzer uses a simple ASCII format to export sweep segment data. By default, the sweep segment
file extension is *.seglist. The file starts with two comment lines containing the version and a third line
reproducing the header of the segment list. The following lines contain the entries of all columns of the
segment list, including the Individual Segment Settings that may be actually hidden.
Example of a sweep segment file
The segmented sweep range:
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is described by the following sweep segment file:
The sweep segment file actually contains more columns listing all channel settings of the individual
sweep segments. The headings of the additional columns read:
Source Power [dBm]; IF Bandwidth [Hz]; enIF Selectivity; en IF Sideband; Meas Delay [
µ
s]; boSweep
Time Auto;
Number of Points
Sets the total number of measurement points per sweep. The minimum number of points is 2.
Together with the sweep range defined with the Center, Span settings, this parameter defines the grid of
sweep points. The sweep points are equidistantly distributed over the entire sweep range: The step width
between two consecutive sweep points is constant on a linear scale (sweep type Lin. Frequency) or on a
logarithmic scale (sweep type Log. Frequency).
In Segmented Frequency sweeps, the number of points can be set independently for each segment; see
Define Segments.
As an alternative to the Number of Points, the Stimulus Step Size can be set.
Measurement time and screen resolution
Alarge number of points improves the resolution of the trace but increases the measurement time.
The overall measurement time is composed of a hardware settling time at the beginning of the sweep plus
the sum of the measurement times at each individual sweep point. This implies that the measurement time
increases roughly linearly with the number of points.
After changing the channel settings or selecting another measured quantity, the analyzer needs some
time to initialize the new sweep. This preparation period increases with the number of points and
the number of partial measurements involved. It is visualized by a Preparing Sweep symbol in the
status bar:
All analyzer settings can still be changed during sweep initialization. If necessary, the analyzer
terminates the current initialization and starts a new preparation period.
Remote control:
[SENSe<Ch>:]SWEep:POINts
Frequency Step Size
Sets the distance between two consecutive frequency sweep points.
The step size is an alternative to the Number of Points setting:
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•
If the sweep range is defined by means of the Start and Stop variables, both the Stop value and
the Number of Points can vary as the Stimulus Step Size is changed. The Stop value is changed
as little as possible so that the condition Stimulus Step Size = (Stop – Start) / (Number of Points –
1) can be fulfilled. Changing the Start and Stop values modifies the Stimulus Step Size.
•
If the sweep range is defined by means of the Center and Span variables, both the Span value
and the Number of Points can vary as the Stimulus Step Size is changed. The Span is reduced as
little as possible so that the condition Stimulus Step Size = (Stop – Start) / (Number of Points – 1)
can be fulfilled. Changing the Span modifies the Stimulus Step Size.
This setting is valid for linear frequency sweeps only. It does not apply to logarithmic and segmented
sweeps. Increasing the Frequency Step Size generally increases the measurement time.
Remote control:
[SENSe<Ch>:]SWEep:STEP
Meas Delay
Sets a delay time before the start of each partial measurement. This setting is not available on R&S
ZVL13 network analyzers.
Ameasurement delay time increases the accuracy, in particular in measurements on DUTs with long
settling times (e.g. quartzes, SAW filters).
Remote control: [SENSe<Ch>:]SWEep:DWELl
Restart
Stops the current measurement and restarts a measurement sequence. In Single sweep mode a new
single sweep sequence is started.
Remote control:
INITiate<Ch>[:IMMediate]
Single (All Chans)
Toggles between single sweep and continuous sweep mode.
•
In continuous mode (Single (All Chans) not selected), the analyzer measures continuously,
repeating the current sweep.
•
In single sweep mode, the measurement is stopped after the number of sweeps selected in the
Define Restart dialog.
Press Single to activate the single sweep mode and start a single sweep sequence. To start further
sweep sequences press Restart.
Remote control:
INITiate<Ch>:CONTinuous ON | OFF
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Define Restart
Opens a dialog to configure the Single sweep mode.
•
Number of Sweeps selects the number of sweeps to be measured in single sweep mode: either
one (Single Sweep) or a group of consecutive sweeps.
•
Scope defines whether the active sweep mode (single or continuous) and the Number of Sweeps
are valid in the Active Channel only or for All Channels in the active setup. If All Channels is
selected, the number of sweeps in the single sweep sequence is equal to the selected Number of
Sweeps times the number of channels. The sequence starts with the first sweep in channel no. 1.
In remote control, it is possible to retrieve the results acquired in any of the sweeps within a single
sweep group; see Sweep History.
Remote control: [SENSe<Ch>:]SWEep:COUNt
INITiate<Ch>:IMMediate:SCOPe
Trigger
The Trigger submenu selects the source of the trigger signal and provides additional Trigger Settings.
Trigger system of the analyzer
The trigger system is used to synchronize the analyzer's actions with events that can be provided by an
external signal. Triggered measurements are an alternative to the default mode (Free Run, Continuous
Sweep), where the measurement is continuously repeated without fixed time reference.
Atrigger event may start an entire sweep or a single sweep point. Moreover, it is possible to define a
delay between trigger events and the measurement sequences.
The trigger settings are also valid for calibration sweeps (see Measure Standards dialog). This means
that, in external trigger mode, the external trigger signal must be available during the system error
correction, too. To start the calibration sweeps without delay, use the Free Run trigger type.
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•
Free Run is the default trigger mode. A new measurement is started immediately without waiting
for a trigger signal and without fixed time reference.
•
The External trigger signal is applied to the EXT TRIGGER / GATE IN connector on the rear
panel.
•
Trigger Settings opens a dialog to specify the operation that the analyzer carries out after
receiving a trigger event.
Free Run
In Free Run mode a new measurement is started immediately without waiting for a trigger event and
without fixed time reference. The Trigger Settings are not valid.
Free Run means that a measurement in Continuous Sweep mode is repeated as fast as possible.
Remote control:
TRIGger[:SEQuence]:SOURce IMMediate
External
In External trigger mode the measurement is triggered by an external TTL signal applied to the BNC
connector EXT TRIGGER / GATE IN on the rear panel. No additional setting for signal routing is required.
Selecting External... opens a dialog to select whether the rising or the falling edge of the external trigger
signal provides the trigger event.
The period of the external trigger signal should be adjusted to the triggered measurement sequence.
If the analyzer receives a trigger event while the last sequence is still running, the trigger event is
skipped and a message Trigger event missed is displayed.
Remote control:
TRIGger[:SEQuence]:SOURce EXTernal
TRIGger[:SEQuence]:SLOPe
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Trigger Settings
Trigger Settings opens a dialog to specify the operation that the analyzer carries out after receiving a
trigger event.
The dialog is divided into the following panels (for a detailed description refer to the following sections):
•
Triggered Measurement Sequence selects the measurement cycle to be triggered.
•
Trigger Delay specifies a delay time between the trigger event and the start of the measurement.
The Trigger Settings are not valid for Free Run measurements.
Triggered Measurement Sequence
Selects the measurement cycle to be triggered.
•
Sweep means that each trigger event starts an entire sweep, according to the current sweep
configuration.
•
Point means that each trigger event starts the measurement at the next sweep point. This mode is
not available on R&S ZVL13 network analyzers.
The period of the trigger events should be adjusted to the triggered measurement sequence. If the
analyzer receives a trigger event while the last sequence is still running, the trigger event is
skipped and a message Trigger event missed is displayed.
Remote control:
TRIGger[:SEQuence]:LINK
Trigger Delay
Specifies a delay time between the trigger event and the start of the measurement.
The delay time entered must be zero or positive so that the trigger event precedes the start of the
measurement (post-trigger).
Remote control:
TRIGger[:SEQuence]:HOLDoff
Average Factor
Opens the numeric entry bar to define the number of consecutive sweeps to be averaged.
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An average over several sweeps reduces the influence of random effects in the measurement and
therefore minimizes the noise level. The effect increases with the average factor, however, obtaining an
averaged result requires several sweeps and therefore increases the measurement time.
The average factor is also valid for calibration sweeps: The calculation of system correction data is
based on the averaged trace.
Smoothing is an alternative method of compensating for random effects on the trace by averaging
adjacent measurement points. Compared to the sweep average, smoothing does not significantly increase
the measurement time but can eliminate narrow peaks and thus produce misleading results.
The sweep average is not frequency selective. To eliminate a spurious signal in the vicinity of the
measurement frequency, alternative techniques (e.g. a smaller filter bandwidth) must be used.
Calculation of sweep average
The average trace is obtained as follows:
Let c be the Average Factor and assume that n sweeps have been measured since the start of the
average cycle (start of the measurement or Restart Average). The following two situations are
distinguished:
•
n< c: At each sweep point, the average trace no. n is calculated from the average trace no. n – 1
and the current trace no. n according to the following recurrence:
The average trace represents the arithmetic mean value over all n sweeps.
•
n> c: At each sweep point, the average trace no. n is calculated from the average trace no. n – 1
and the current trace no. n according to:
The formulas hold for Average Factor n = 1 where the average trace becomes equal to the current trace.
Remote control:
[SENSe<Ch>:]AVERage[:STATe] ON | OFF
[SENSe<Ch>:]AVERage:COUNt
[SENSe<Ch>:]AVERage:CLEar
Channel Select
The Channel Select submenu provides functions to create and delete channels and select a channel as
the active channel.
(No direct access via front panel keys)
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•
Next Channel selects the next channel as the active channel (disabled if only one channel is
defined).
•
Select Channel opens a box to select an arbitrary channel of the active setup as the active
channel (disabled if only one channel is defined).
•
Add Chan + Trace creates a new channel and a new trace in the active diagram area.
•
Add Chan + Trace + Diag Area creates a new channel and a new trace in a new diagram area.
•
Delete Channel deletes the active channel.
•
Channel Manager opens a dialog to perform the previous actions systematically, rename
channels.
Active and inactive traces and channels
Awindow can display several diagram areas simultaneously, each with a variable number of traces. One
of these traces is active at each time. The active trace is highlighted in the trace list on top of the active
diagram area (Trc 4 in the figure below):
Amouse click onto a trace in the list selects the trace as the active trace. Alternatively, use the functions
of the Trace – Traces menu.
The active channel is the channel belonging to the active trace. The channels of all traces in a diagram
area are listed at the bottom of the diagram, together with the Stimulus values and the display colors of all
traces. The active channel is highlighted (Ch1 in the example below, with two associated traces).
Amouse click onto a trace in the trace list selects the channel associated to the trace as the active
channel. Channels with no traces are not indicated in the diagram areas but can be accessed via the
Channel Manager.
Next Channel
Selects the next channel in a list of defined channels as the active channel. This function is disabled if the
current setup contains only one channel.
If one or several traces are assigned to the next channel, one of these traces becomes the active trace.
The order of all channels belonging to a setup is given by the channels' creation time. By default, the
channels are named Ch1, Ch2, ... so that Ch<n> follows Ch<n – 1>. This order is always maintained,
even if channels are renamed, invisible (because no traces are assigned to them) or distributed over
several diagram areas.
Remote
control:
The numeric suffix <Ch> appended to the first-level mnemonic of a command selects a
channel as active channel.
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