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serve any jail time, the decision was criticized for setting a dangerous precedent.
56
The hospital also
filed a parallel civil suit, despite widespread opposition from bloggers and civil society groups.
57
A
court ordered her to pay the hospital 204 million rupiah ($14,300) in damages in the civil suit,
58
though the Supreme Court reversed the ruling on appeal.
59
In 2012, the Supreme Court reviewed
the criminal case again, and found her innocent of all charges.
60
The opposition to Prita’s indictment did not prevent other, similar cases from going to trial. In
2012, Ira Simatupang, a doctor from a hospital in Tangerang, was charged over private emails to
friends that accused a colleague of sexual harassment; the colleague denied the charge.
61
She was
sentenced to five months’ probation without jail time in July 2012. In November, the high court
extended it to two years; she said she would appeal.
62
Several other criminal cases disproportionate to the offence have been filed under the ITE Law in
the past two years, including defamation charges filed by a member of parliament involving photos
of her on Twitter,
63
and an SMS defamation complaint between two politicians.
64
No indictments
were reported in these cases, which appeared to stall at the police level. Still, they increase self-
censorship, and have begun to spur public demand for the law to be amended. Unfortunately, while
an MCI spokesman promised to prioritize revising the online defamation provisions in 2013, they
had yet to materialize during the coverage period of this report.
65
In 2010, the government introduced a draft Computer Crimes Law into parliament.
66
Although
mostly addressing business transactions, it also stipulated restrictions on computer and internet
usage, and continued the trend of prescribing harsher penalties for offenses already criminalized
56
“Membaca Putusan Kasasi MA Dalam Kasus Prita” [Reading into Supreme Court Decision in Prita Case], Dunia Angara, July
22, 2011, http://anggara.org/2011/07/22/membaca‐putusan‐kasasi‐ma‐dalam‐kasus‐prita/.
57
Hertanto Soebijoto, “Kasus Prita: Lima LSM Ajukan ‘Amicus Curiae’” [Prita case: 5 NGOs submit Amicus Curiae], Kompas,
October 14, 2009, http://bit.ly/15BWpOA.
58
Cyprianus Anto Saptowalyono, “Humas PT Banten: Putusan Buat Prita Belum Berkekuatan Hukum Tetap” [Banten Corporate
Public Relations: Verdict for Prita Does Not Have Legal Power], Kompas, December 7, 2009,
http://m.kompas.com/news/read/data/2009.12.07.13135791.
59
Ina Parlina, “Supreme Court Overturns Acquittal of Housewife Prita,” Jakarta Post, July 9, 2011,
http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/07/09/supreme‐court‐overturns‐acquittal‐housewife‐prita.html.
60
“Ini Dia Kronologi Prita Mencari Keadilan,” Detik, September 18, 2013,
http://news.detik.com/read/2012/09/18/124551/2023887/10/ini‐dia‐kronologi‐prita‐mencari‐keadilan?nd771104bcj.
61
“Prosecutor Demands Six Months in Prison for Doctor Who Sent Offensive Emails,” Jakarta Globe, June 13, 2012,
http://bit.ly/16AfH7O.
62
Andi Saputra, “Tangis Dr. Ira, Curhat Perilaku Cabul Atasan via Email Malah Dipidana” [Dr Ira Sentenced for Obscene Email,
Weeps,” Detik, http://bit.ly/ZLLoRx.
63
Lia Harahap, “Kartika Siap Hadapi Laporan Anggota F‐Gerindra Noura Gara‐gara Twitter” [Kartika ready to report Gerindra
Faction Member Noura because of Twitter], Detik, May 13, 2011, http://bit.ly/18Ahben.
64
Aprisal Rahmatullah, “Yusuf Supendi Coba Jerat Presiden PKS Dengan Pasel ITE” [Yusuf Supendi use ITE law to report PKS
(Social Justice Party) President], Detik, March 29, 2011, http://news.detik.com/read/2011/03/29/180409/1604007/10/yusuf‐
supendi‐coba‐jerat‐presiden‐pks‐dengan‐pasal‐ite.
65
“Kemenkominfo Prioritaskan Revisi UU ITE Tahun Ini,” Kompas, January 13, 2013,
http://tekno.kompas.com/read/2013/01/16/11530420/Kemenkominfo.Prioritaskan.Revisi.UU.ITE.Tahun.Ini.
66
The Computer Crimes Law is abbreviated as TPT or the “Tipiti bill” after its Bahasa name, Tindak Pidana Teknologi Informasi.
Wendy Zeldin, “Indonesia: Cyber Crime Bill,” Library of Congress, January 13, 2010,
http://www.loc.gov/lawweb/servlet/lloc_news?disp3_l205401769_text.
377
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76
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under existing legislation.
67
Passage of the measure would potentially increase the number of laws
regulating criminal defamation to eight, with each calling for a different sentence.
A draft law on ICT convergence to replace the Telecommunications Law, the Broadcasting Law,
and possibly the ITE Law, is also under discussion. Critics have raised concerns that under the law,
websites and other ICT applications would be required to obtain a license from the MCI for a fee, a
process that could place restrictions on freedom of expression and the open source community, as
well as Wi-Fi hotspots.
68
As of May 2013, neither of the drafts had been enacted.
The police,
69
the Indonesian Corruption Commission,
70
and the national narcotics board Badan
Narkotika Nasional have legal authority to conduct surveillance in Indonesia,
71
while the anti-
pornography law requires cybercafe owners to monitor their customers. There is little oversight
and there are few checks in place to prevent abuse of monitoring powers used to combat terrorism,
the best known use of surveillance techniques. Surveillance concerns intensified in 2011 with the
passage in October of a new State Intelligence Law, though several problematic provisions were
removed prior to passage, partly thanks to civil society activism.
72
International and domestic
human rights groups said the law authorized the state intelligence body, Badan Intelijen Negara, to
intercept communications. Although a court order is required in most cases, concerns remain that
due to limits on judicial independence, permission will be granted too easily.
73
The law is one of at
least nine that allow surveillance or wiretapping, yet the only other law that explicitly requires
judicial oversight involves narcotics. Even then, the procedures are unclear. In October 2012, the
Indonesian Constitutional Court rejected a request for judicial review of the State Intelligence Law
by the Alliance for Independent Journalists, four other civil society groups, and thirteen
individuals.
74
In 2013, news reports said the MCI was investigating three ISPs after the University of Toronto-
based Citizen Lab detected FinSpy spyware from the FinFisher surveillance apparently being
operated by the providers or their customers.
75
67
Muhammad Aminudin, “Cyber Crime Menggurita, DPR Kebut UU Tindak Pidana TI” [Cybercrimes Imminent, Parliament
Speedup Cybercrime Law], Detik, March 3, 2012, http://inet.detik.com/read/2012/03/25/091604/1875607/399/cyber‐crime‐
menggurita‐dpr‐kebut‐uu‐tindak‐pidana‐ti.
68
Harry Sufehmi, Twitter post, October 8, 2010, 23:30, https://twitter.com/sufehmi.
69
“Law No. 16 of 2003 on the Stipulation of Government Regulation in Lieu of Law No. 1 of 2002 on the Eradication of Crimes of
Terrorism” (State Gazette No. 46 of 2003, Supplement to the State Gazette No. 4285), available at: http://bit.ly/18zYER7.
70
Ministry of State Secretariat of the Republic of Indonesia, “Law No. 30 of 2002 on the Anti‐Corruption Commission,”
http://www.setneg.go.id/components/com_perundangan/docviewer.php?id=300&filename=UU_no_30_th_2002.pdf.
71
Ministry of State Secretariat of the Republic of Indonesia, “Law No. 35 of 2009 on Narcotics,” http://bit.ly/19etZoD.
72
International Crisis Group, “Indonesia: Debate over a New Intelligence Bill,” Asia Briefing no. 124, July 12, 2011,
http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/asia/south‐east‐asia/indonesia/B124‐indonesia‐debate‐over‐a‐new‐intelligence‐
bill.aspx.
73
Human Rights Watch, “Indonesia: Repeal new Intelligence Law. Overbroad Provisions Facilitate Repression,” October 26,
2011, http://www.hrw.org/print/news/2011/10/26/indonesia‐repeal‐new‐intelligence‐law.
74
Arif Abrams, “MK Tolak Uji Materi UU Intelijen Negara” [The Court Rejected State Intelligence Law Judicial Review],
Kontan, October 10, 2012, http://nasional.kontan.co.id/news/mk‐tolak‐uji‐materi‐uu‐intelijen‐negara.
75
Enricko Lukman, “Indonesian Top Internet Service Providers Accused of Spying on Users,” March 18, 2013,
http://www.techinasia.com/indonesian‐top‐internet‐service‐providers‐accused‐spying‐users/.
378
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Mobile phone users are technically required to register their numbers with the government by text
message when they buy a phone, though this obligation is often ignored. Some telecommunication
companies are known to have complied with law enforcement agencies’ requests for data. In 2011,
amidst concerns that the RIM’s Blackberry encrypted communication network would hinder anti-
terrorism and anti-corruption efforts, the company reportedly cooperated with the authorities in
isolated incidents,
76
and agreed to establish a local server. When they developed this in Singapore
instead of Indonesia, the government threatened to introduce a regulation requiring
telecommunications companies to build data centers in-country. This has yet to materialize, and
RIM has resisted the pressure,
77
although some recent news reports said it was losing its market
dominance.
78
There have been no reports of extralegal attacks, intimidation, or torture of bloggers or other
internet users. However, it is common for police—and sometimes Islamic fundamentalist
groups—to conduct searches of cybercafes without prior notice, since the venues are perceived as
promoting immoral conduct.
79
Most of the searches are conducted without warrants and are rarely
followed by court proceedings, leading observers to believe police carry out some raids to extract
bribes from the owners.
Politically motivated cyberattacks against civil society groups have not been reported in Indonesia.
However, several government websites have been targeted in the past.
76
Arientha Primanita and Faisal Maliki Baskoro, “Pressure on BlackBerry Maker to Build Servers in Indonesia,” Jakarta Globe,
December 14, 2011, http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/business/pressure‐on‐blackberry‐maker‐to‐build‐servers‐in‐
indonesia/484588.
77
“RIM: Buat Apa Bangun Server Blackberry di Indonesia” [RIM: Create a Server for BlackBerry in Indonesia?], Detik, February
21, 2012, http://inet.detik.com/read/2012/02/21/151942/1847914/317/rim‐buat‐apa‐bangun‐server‐blackberry‐di‐indonesia.
78
“BlackBerry Searching High and Low in India, Indonesia,” Reuters, February 4, 2013,
http://in.reuters.com/article/2013/02/04/blackberry‐india‐asia‐idINDEE91300220130204.
79
“Shariah Police Arrest Five in Banda Aceh Punk Raid,” Jakarta Globe, September 5, 2012,
http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/archive/shariah‐police‐arrest‐five‐in‐banda‐aceh‐punk‐raid/.
“Police Bust High School Students for Cutting Class in Favor of Facebook,” Jakarta Globe, March 3, 2010,
http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/police‐bust‐high‐school‐students‐for‐cutting‐class‐in‐favor‐of‐facebook/361673.
379
130
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I
RAN
In a bid to increase domestic speeds and decrease international data costs, authorities
throttled encrypted traffic from outside connections and set out to transfer Iranian
content to domestically-hosted servers (see O
BSTACLES TO
A
CCESS
).
Blogs and news sites which support President Ahmadinejad were blocked as part of a
larger conflict between conservative factions due to the June 2013 presidential election
(see L
IMITS ON
C
ONTENT
).
The government has moved to more sophisticated instruments for blocking text
messages, filtering content, and preventing the use of circumvention tools in
anticipation of the election (see L
IMITS ON
C
ONTENT
).
Sattar Beheshti, a prominent blogger and critic of Ahmadinejad, was killed while in
police custody (see V
IOLATIONS OF
U
SER
R
IGHTS
).
2012
2013
I
NTERNET
F
REEDOM
S
TATUS
N
OT
F
REE
N
OT
F
REE
Obstacles to Access (0-25)
21
22
Limits on Content (0-35)
32
32
Violations of User Rights (0-40)
37
37
Total (0-100)
90
91
*0=most free, 100=least free
e
P
OPULATION
:
78.9 million
I
NTERNET
P
ENETRATION
2012:
26 percent
S
OCIAL
M
EDIA
/ICT
A
PPS
B
LOCKED
:
Yes
P
OLITICAL
/S
OCIAL
C
ONTENT
B
LOCKED
:
Yes
B
LOGGERS
/ICT
U
SERS
A
RRESTED
:
Yes
P
RESS
F
REEDOM
2013
S
TATUS
:
Not Free
K
EY
D
EVELOPMENTS
:
M
AY
2012
–
A
PRIL
2013
380
62
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This report covers events between May 1, 2012 and April 30, 2013. On June 14, 2013, Iranians
took to the polls to elect a new president for the first time since the deeply-flawed presidential elections
of 2009, which led to large-scale protests and a violent crackdown on supporters of the opposition
“Green Movement.” With an eye on preventing a repeat of 2009, authorities waged an aggressive
campaign of filtering websites, blogs, and even text messages that expressed support of certain political
candidates. In the week leading up to the vote, the disruption of services reached its peak. Encrypted
traffic was throttled to 1 to 5 percent of normal speeds and the authorities used a “white list” to block
all international connections that were not pre-approved. Because of this, most online tools that allow
users to circumvention censorship and communicate anonymously were blocked or dysfunctional. A
large number of Iranian activists and journalists were targeted by sophisticated malware attacks or
smear campaigns on social media.
Hassan Rouhani, a cleric and political opponent of President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, was commonly
seen as the most moderate or pragmatic candidate in the race. This also applied to issues of internet
freedom, on which he stated that some Iranian authorities were “living in the 19
th
century while
today’s world is the information world.”
1
Rouhani was elected president after only the first round with
just over 50 percent of votes and took office on August 3, 2013.
The internet was first introduced in Iran during the 1990s to support technological and scientific
progress in an economy that had been badly damaged by eight years of war with Iraq. Until 2000,
the private sector was the main driver of internet development. This changed under the
government of the reformist President Mohammad Khatami (1997–2005), when the authorities
invested heavily in expanding the internet infrastructure, but also began to clamp down on free
expression online. Meanwhile, Supreme Leader Ali Hosseini Khamenei first asserted control over
the internet through a May 2001 decree that centralized service providers’ connections to the
international internet. Internet filtering, which began toward the end of the Khatami presidency in
2005, has become more severe since the disputed presidential election in June 2009.
Alongside the expansion of existing controls, in July 2011 the Iranian authorities began referring to
the creation of a “National Information Network” (NIN), ostensibly to create a “safe internet.”
2
Though confirmed details of the plan remain sketchy, objectives include the mandatory registration
of internet protocol (IP) addresses, the moving of government-approved websites to servers based
inside the country, and the launching of Iranian equivalents of major online services like e-mail,
social-networking sites, and search engines. These measures will restrict online anonymity, increase
monitoring capabilities, and allow Iranian authorities to control access to particular international
1
Iranian Internet Infrastructure and Policy Report, April – June 2013, June 2013, Small Media, available at
http://smallmedia.org.uk/InfoFlowReportAPRIL.pdf.http://smallmedia.org.uk/IIIPJune.pdf.
2
“Iran to launch national data network,” Press TV, August 10, 2011, http://www.presstv.ir/detail/193306.html;.
I
NTRODUCTION
E
DITOR
’
S
N
OTE ON
R
ECENT
D
EVELOPMENTS
381
57
F
REEDOM ON THE
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communication flows during periods of political unrest without the need to shut down all domestic
services.
Despite all of these limitations, the internet remains the only viable means for Iranian citizens and
dissenters to obtain news and organize themselves. Traditional media outlets are tightly controlled
by the authorities, and satellite broadcasting from outside Iran is subjected to heavy jamming.
Paralleling the rise in censorship, the use of virtual private networks (VPNs), proxies, and other
circumvention tools has also grown dramatically since 2009. Nonetheless, authorities blocked these
tools in March 2013, forcing users to switch to a different set of well-known tools, which were
then blocked two months later. These actions were taken as a set of broader measures to increase
security and cut down on dissent in the run up to the June 2013 presidential election. While sites
related to discriminated religions, liberal opposition movements, human rights, and international
news outlets remain blocked, the past year saw an increase in filtering of websites and blogs
supportive of President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, whose relationship with the Supreme Leader has
soured. Currency-exchange sites were also blocked as the government sought to control the
devaluation of the Iranian rial. Finally, numerous activists and ordinary Iranians remained in prison,
while many more were detained over the past year. The brutality of the security forces is well-
known, and this year the death of blogger Sattar Beheshti caused outrage after it was exposed over
social media.
Current statistics on the number of internet users in Iran are inconsistent and highly disputed,
though most observers agree that usage continues to grow. On the one hand, data from the
Statistical Center of Iran, a government body, suggests that over 21 percent of the country’s 20.3
million households were connected to the internet in 2011. These statistics also put the number of
total internet users at 11 million or a penetration rate of almost 15 percent.
3
On the other hand,
Iran’s Center for Managing National Development of Internet (MATMA), a government-affiliated
organization, claimed that 60 percent of Iranians are connected to the internet, though the
methodology of the study includes the use of cybercafes. Iran's Media News reports that around 13
percent of Iranian internet users have access to high-speed internet, while 84 percent still rely on
dial-up connections.
4
In contrast, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) estimated the number of internet
users in Iran at 26 percent for 2012.
5
Citing the Iranian Information Technology Organization as its
source, the ITU also claimed that there are only four fixed-broadband subscriptions per every 100
3
“21.4 of Iranian families have access to the Internet”, Wimax News, accessed June 24, 2013,
http://wimaxnews.ir/NSite/FullStory/News/?Id=3190.
4
Radio Zamaneh, “Most internet users still use dial‐up in Iran,” Payvand Iran News, March 24, 2012,
http://www.payvand.com/news/12/mar/1222.html.
5
“Percentage of individuals using the Internet,” International Telecommunications Union, accessed April 25, 2013,
http://www.itu.int/en/ITU‐D/Statistics/Pages/stat/default.aspx.
O
BSTACLES TO
A
CCESS
382
87
F
REEDOM ON THE
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inhabitants.
6
Less than four percent of Iranians have access to a high-speed internet connection of at
least 1.5 Mbps.
7
In terms of user demographics, men are 58 percent more likely to use the internet
than women, and 94 percent of fixed-internet subscriptions are located in urban areas.
8
Internet speeds are incredibly slow in Iran, which ranked 164 out of 170 countries in a recent
study.
9
Furthermore, Iranians have the most expensive internet service in the world when price is
calculated relative to speed, quality, and download capacities.
10
In December 2012, the
Communication Regulatory Authority approved an increase of broadband internet tariffs by about
50 percent, resulting in a cost increase for end users by about 10 to 15 percent. According to the
CRA, the change in price is due to fluctuations in foreign exchange rates which have increased the
cost of international data traffic.
11
A directive by the CRA asking all ISPs to separate internet traffic from intranet traffic, in line with
the continued implementation of the National Information Network (NIN), has resulted in a
significant increase in speeds when accessing sites hosted inside Iran.
12
It has been said that the full
implementation of the NIN plan will result in a tenfold increase in the country’s bandwidth.
13
However, the speed of access to sites hosted outside Iran remains very low and the connection is
one of the most unstable in the world.
14
A number of major ISPs suffer an average of 10 to 20
percent of packet loss. Renesys, a global network monitoring service, also reported substantial and
frequent disruptions to the connectivity of specific ISPs in Iran.
15
(For more on the National
Information Network, please see “Limits on Content.”)
Iran’s mobile telephone sector continues to grow as well. According to the ITU, Iran had a mobile
phone penetration rate of 76.9 percent, up from 41.7 in 2007.
16
Iran is also considered the largest
potential market for mobile phones in the Middle East and is reportedly investing heavily in its
mobile infrastructure.
17
RighTel, the third largest mobile service provider of Iran, increased its
coverage for 3G and now has 17 cities under partial 3G mobile coverage. However, Iran’s security-
6
“Fixed (wired)‐broadband subscriptions,” International Telecommunications Union, accessed April 25, 2013,
http://www.itu.int/en/ITU‐D/Statistics/Pages/stat/default.aspx.
7
“Less than 1 percent of Iranians have high‐speed internet,” Trend, September 3, 2012,
http://en.trend.az/regions/iran/2061143.html.
8
“21.4 of families have access to the Internet”, Wimax News, accessed June 26, 2103
http://wimaxnews.ir/NSite/FullStory/News/?Id=3190.
9
Radio Zamaneh, “Most internet users still use dial‐up in Iran,” Payvand Iran News, March 24, 2012,
http://www.payvand.com/news/12/mar/1222.html.
10
Radio Zamaneh, “Most internet users still use dial‐up in Iran,” Payvand Iran News.
11
“The effects of sudden increase of cost accessing Internet,”, ISNA, accessed 26 June, 2013, see http://bit.ly/ZdJ7o1.
12
"The separation of Internet and Intranet traffic has been initiated", IT Iran, accessed 26 June, 2013
http://itiran.com/?type=news&id=17699.
13
"Launch of National Information Network, First half of this year", IT Iran, accessed 26 June, 2013
http://itna.ir/vdcfmcd0.w6dy0agiiw.html.
14
“BGP Update Report”, SecLists.Org Security Mailing List Archive, accessed 26 June, 2013
http://seclists.org/nanog/2012/Nov/312.
15
Renesys Iran Internet Events Bulletin
http://www.renesys.com/eventsbulletin‐cgi‐bin/mt‐search.cgi?search=iran&IncludeBlogs=1&limit=20.
16
“Mobile cellular,” International Telecommunications Union, accessed April 25, 2013, http://www.itu.int/en/ITU‐
D/Statistics/Pages/stat/default.aspx.
17
“Surfing the web on am iPhone in Iran, Guardian, accessed June 24, 2013,
http://socialenterprise.guardian.co.uk/it/articles/media‐network‐partner‐zone‐publici/web‐iphone‐iran.
383
64
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REEDOM ON THE
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driven view of the internet has slowed the development of internet infrastructure in the country.
For example, a plan to make high-speed wireless internet available in public spaces in Tehran,
proposed by the ISP MobinNet, was blocked by the CRA after it failed to provide a license to the
company with no official explanation.
18
In April 2013, the Psychological Association of Qom
Hawza sent a letter to the parliament requesting that RighTel’s 3G service be blocked in order to
prevent “the breakdown of Iranian families” and “immorality among the youth.”
19
The use of mobile
wireless is often criticized for allowing video calls between members of the opposite gender.
In Iran, the limitations imposed on ICTs closely follow the country’s internal political dynamics.
For example, beginning around October 6, 2012, and timed with sporadic protests over economic
conditions, the Telecommunications Company of Iran temporarily blocked several types of foreign-
hosted media files. According to initial reports, this blocking targeted audio (.MP3), video (.MP4,
.AVI), and Adobe Flash/Shockwave content.
20
Over late 2012 and early 2013, authorities
periodically throttled the speeds of virtual private networks (VPNs) in order to dissuade Iranians
from their use. In anticipation of the June 2013 presidential elections, the authorities blocked all
circumvention tools in March 2013 (see “Limits on Content”) and engaged in extreme throttling of
encrypted traffic, with secure traffic running at between one to five percent of the speeds for
unsecured and domestic traffic. Authorities effectively ran a “white list” of permitted applications
and services, using deep packet inspection (DPI) to monitor content and distinguish between
unencrypted, encrypted, and abnormal traffic. International connections and traffic that did not fall
within an approved “white list” were throttled and terminated after 60 seconds. Domestic traffic,
which is monitored, did not fall under these restrictions.
21
In a bid to decrease costs and improve speeds, authorities have been looking to move Iranian
content to servers hosted within the country. This would allow the state-owned internet company
to avoid paying high international traffic costs, especially taxing during this time of currency
fluctuations brought on by economic sanctions. According to Iran’s Deputy Minister of ICT, the
government has already moved more than 90 percent of its websites to providers based inside the
country and is now pressuring privately-owned websites to follow suit.
22
Compliance has been
limited, however, primarily because hosting services offered by Iranian companies are significantly
more expensive than those of their overseas competitors due to economic sanctions on technology
imports.
Iran’s deputy minister for ICT has stated that more than 90 percent of the government’s websites
have been moved to domestic servers, and the authorities are pressuring privately-owned websites
to follow suit. However, since Iranian companies cannot offer the same low prices as many
18
“License to launch a public WiFi network was not issued”, Mehrnews, accessed June 24, 2013,
http://www.mehrnews.com/detail/News/1640766.
19
Iranian Internet Infrastructure and Policy Report, March – April 2013, April 2013, Small Media, available at
http://smallmedia.org.uk/InfoFlowReportAPRIL.pdf.
20
“Some audio and video formats have been blocked in Iran”, BBC Persian, accessed June 24, 2013,
http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/science/2012/10/121005_na_audio_and_video_format_blocked_in_iran.shtml.
21
Iranian Internet Infrastructure and Policy Report, March – April 2013, April 2013, Small Media, available at
http://smallmedia.org.uk/InfoFlowReportAPRIL.pdf.
22
“The ministry promises 20 Mbps internet again,” [translated] Mashregh News, July 23, 2011, see http://bit.ly/16tlGLu.
384
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