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REEDOM ON THE

2013

LOSSARY

 FTTH: Short for fiber-to-the-home, FTTH indicates the installation of internet-capable fiber

optic cables directly into a subscriber’s home. Variations include fiber-to-the-curb (FTTC)

and fiber-to-the-building (FTTB).

 Firewall: A system designed to prevent unauthorized access to or from a private network;

implemented in either hardware or software. A firewall blocks any messages entering or leaving

the protected network if they do not meet specific criteria. Companies can use them to prevent

employees from accessing select websites, and several countries—notably China and Iran—

employ firewalls on a national level to prevent citizens from accessing content from abroad.

 Forum: An online discussion group in which participants with common interests can exchange

open messages.

 GSM: Short for global system for mobile communications, GSM is a narrowband mobile

standard widely used around the world.

 Hashtag: A word or phrase pre-fixed by the hash symbol, used to make social media

conversations searchable by topic. For example, Twitter users can follow the Freedom on the Net

2013 launch by searching for the hashtag #FOTN2013.

 Hosting service: A service provider that houses, or hosts, multiple websites on its server

computers in exchange for a fee.

 ICT: Information and communications technology, including computers and mobile devices.

 Instant Messaging: Real-time, text-based communication between individuals in what

amounts to a temporary private chat room.

 IP address: The numeric address of a computer on the internet. An IP address is used to

identify a computer and network in much the same way as a social security number is used to

identify a person.

 ISP: Internet service providers are companies that provide access to the internet for a fee,

supplying customers with a software package, a username, a password, and telephone numbers

to initiate a connection.

 IT: Information technology, the broad subject concerned with all aspects of managing and

processing information.

 Local Area Network (LAN): A computer network that spans a relatively small area. Most

LANs are confined to a single building or group of buildings. However, one LAN can be

connected to other LANs over any distance via telephone lines and radio waves.

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REEDOM ON THE

2013

LOSSARY

 Malware: Software designed to damage or disrupt a system, such as a virus. This includes

spyware, that may retrieve data about a computer user’s behavior without their knowledge.

 Microblog: A type of blog that allows users to publish short text updates that are

disseminated to a large number of followers. Twitter is an example of a microblogging site that

allows posts of up to 140 characters.

 Netizen: Citizen of the internet; a person actively involved in the online community.

 Packet sniffer: Computer software or hardware that can intercept and log traffic passing over

a network. Packet sniffers, often part of a firewall system, can be used to spy on users and

collect sensitive information such as passwords.

 Proxy server: A server or computer that sits between a user and a website to intercept

requests. Proxy servers have various uses. In Freedom on the Net 2013, they typically refer to a

tool used to circumvent blocks on accessing certain websites.

 Real name registration: A system by which users who want to post a comment online have

to supply their real name, ID card number, contact phone or address.

 Secure Sockets Layer (SSL): A method for transmitting private documents and data over the

internet using two-layer encryption for security. SSL is most often used in websites that handle

private or financial data, and is denoted by the use of “https” in the URL rather than the

standard “http.”

 SIM card: Short for subscriber identity module, SIM cards are used in phones on the GSM

network to store an individual’s phone number, authorize their connection, and encrypt their

data. SIM cards can be switched between phones.

 SMS/Text Messaging: Short message service or SMS messages are brief text messages of no

more than a few hundred characters, sent electronically between mobiles.

 Spyware: See Malware.

 Trolling: Maliciously disrupting conversations on a microblog, chat room, forum or BBS

with inflammatory or derogatory comments, is known as trolling, while the individual who

does so is identified as a troll. Lingering in chat rooms without participating, which may be a

sign of spying on other internet users, can also be described as trolling.

 URL: Short for uniform resource locator, a URL is the global address of a document or page on

the world wide web. The URL for Freedom House is http://www.freedomhouse.org/.

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REEDOM ON THE

2013

LOSSARY

 USB Modem: A portable USB or universal serial bus device that looks similar to a USB flash

drive (a data storage device) and can be plugged into any USB port on a computer to allow

broadband internet access.

 Value-added Network Service (VANS): A network provider hired to facilitate electronic

data interchange or provide other services such as data translation, encryption, or secure e-

mail.

 Virtual Private Network (VPN): VPNs offer a means to communicate privately through a

public network by creating an encrypted tunnel between two or more locations. This can be

used to circumvent national censorship, and corporations that operate in repressive internet

environments often purchase the right to use VPNs to connect to their home offices from the

government.

 VoIP: Voice over Internet Protocol is a category of hardware and software that enables users to

make telephone calls via the internet; these calls do not incur a surcharge beyond what the user

is paying for internet access.

 Wi-Fi: Wireless technology that provides an internet or network connection for properly

equipped computers, mobile phones, and other devices within a given area.

 WiMAX: Scalable wireless technology that works over much longer distances than Wi-Fi,

providing an alternative for both fixed and mobile internet access. WiMAX stands for

worldwide interoperability for microwave access.

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REEDOM ON THE

2013

ETHODOLOGY

HECKLIST OF

UESTIONS

ETHODOLOGY

This fourth edition of Freedom on the Net provides analytical reports and numerical ratings for 60

countries worldwide. The countries were chosen to provide a representative sample with regards

to geographical diversity and economic development, as well as varying levels of political and media

freedom. The ratings and reports included in this study particularly focus on developments that

took place between May 1, 2012 and April 30, 2013.

The Freedom on the Net index aims to measure each country’s level of internet and digital media

freedom based on a set of methodology questions described below (see “Checklist of Questions”).

Given increasing technological convergence, the index also measures access and openness of other

digital means of transmitting information, particularly mobile phones and text messaging services.

Freedom House does not maintain a culture-bound view of freedom. The project methodology is

grounded in basic standards of free expression, derived in large measure from Article 19 of the

Universal Declaration of Human Rights:

“Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold

opinions without interference and to seek, receive, and impart information and ideas through any

media regardless of frontiers.”

This standard applies to all countries and territories, irrespective of geographical location, ethnic or

religious composition, or level of economic development.

The project particularly focuses on the transmission and exchange of news and other politically

relevant communications, as well as the protection of users’ rights to privacy and freedom from

both legal and extralegal repercussions arising from their online activities. At the same time, the

index acknowledges that in some instances freedom of expression and access to information may be

legitimately restricted. The standard for such restrictions applied in this index is that they be

implemented only in narrowly defined circumstances and in line with international human rights

standards, the rule of law, and the principles of necessity and proportionality. As much as possible,

censorship and surveillance policies and procedures should be transparent and include avenues for

appeal available to those affected.

HAT

EASURE

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REEDOM ON THE

2013

ETHODOLOGY

HECKLIST OF

UESTIONS

The index does not rate governments or government performance per se, but rather the real-world

rights and freedoms enjoyed by individuals within each country. While digital media freedom may

be primarily affected by state actions, pressures and attacks by nonstate actors, including the

criminal underworld, are also considered. Thus, the index ratings generally reflect the interplay of

a variety of actors, both governmental and nongovernmental, including private corporations.

The index aims to capture the entire “enabling environment” for internet freedom within each

country through a set of 21 methodology questions, divided into three subcategories, which are

intended to highlight the vast array of relevant issues. Each individual question is scored on a

varying range of points. Assigning numerical points allows for comparative analysis among the

countries surveyed and facilitates an examination of trends over time. Countries are given a total

score from 0 (best) to 100 (worst) as well as a score for each sub-category. Countries scoring

between 0 to 30 points overall are regarded as having a “Free” internet and digital media

environment; 31 to 60, “Partly Free”; and 61 to 100, “Not Free”. An accompanying country report

provides narrative detail on the points covered by the methodology questions.

The methodology examines the level of internet freedom through a set of 21 questions and nearly

100 accompanying subpoints, organized into three groupings:

 Obstacles to Access—including infrastructural and economic barriers to access;

governmental efforts to block specific applications or technologies; legal and ownership

control over internet and mobile phone access providers.

 Limits on Content—including filtering and blocking of websites; other forms of censorship

and self-censorship; manipulation of content; the diversity of online news media; and usage

of digital media for social and political activism.

 Violations of User Rights—including legal protections and restrictions on online activity;

surveillance and limits on privacy; and repercussions for online activity, such as legal

prosecution, imprisonment, physical attacks, or other forms of harassment.

The purpose of the subpoints is to guide analysts regarding factors they should consider while

evaluating and assigning the score for each methodology question. After researchers submitted their

draft scores, Freedom House convened five regional review meetings and numerous international

conference calls, attended by Freedom House staff and over 70 local experts, scholars, and civil

society representatives from the countries under study. During the meetings, participants

reviewed, critiqued, and adjusted the draft scores—based on the set coding guidelines—through

careful consideration of events, laws, and practices relevant to each item. After completing the

regional and country consultations, Freedom House staff did a final review of all scores to ensure

their comparative reliability and integrity.

CORING

ROCESS

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REEDOM ON THE

2013

ETHODOLOGY

HECKLIST OF

UESTIONS

HECKLIST OF

UESTIONS

To what extent do infrastructural limitations restrict access to the internet

and other ICTs? (0-6 points)



Does poor infrastructure (electricity, telecommunications, etc) limit citizens’ ability to receive internet

in their homes and businesses?



To what extent is there widespread public access to the internet through internet cafes, libraries, schools

and other venues?



To what extent is there internet and mobile phone access, including via 3G networks or satellite?



Is there a significant difference between internet and mobile-phone penetration and access in rural

versus urban areas or across other geographical divisions?



To what extent are broadband services widely available in addition to dial-up?

Is access to the internet and other ICTs prohibitively expensive or beyond

the reach of certain segments of the population? (0-3 points)



In countries where the state sets the price of internet access, is it prohibitively high?



Do financial constraints, such as high costs of telephone/internet services or excessive taxes imposed on

such services, make internet access prohibitively expensive for large segments of the population?



Do low literacy rates (linguistic and “computer literacy”) limit citizens’ ability to use the internet?



Is there a significant difference between internet penetration and access across ethnic or socio-economic

societal divisions?



To what extent are online software, news, and other information available in the main local languages

spoken in the country?

 Each country is ranked on a scale of 0 to 100, with 0 being the best and 100 being the worst.

 A combined score of 0-30=Free, 31-60=Partly Free, 61-100=Not Free.

 Under each question, a lower number of points is allotted for a more free

situation, while a higher number of points is allotted for a less free

environment.

 Unless otherwise indicated, the sub-questions listed are meant to provide guidance as to

what issues should be addressed under each methodology question, though not all will apply

to every country.

BSTACLES TO

CCESS

(0-25

POINTS

)

870

REEDOM ON THE

2013

ETHODOLOGY

HECKLIST OF

UESTIONS

Does the government impose restrictions on ICT connectivity and access to

particular social media and communication apps permanently or during

specific events? (0-6 points)



Does the government place limits on the amount of bandwidth that access providers can supply?



Does the government use control over internet infrastructure (routers, switches, etc.) to limit

connectivity, permanently or during specific events?



Does the government centralize telecommunications infrastructure in a manner that could facilitate

control of content and surveillance?



Does the government block protocols and tools that allow for instant, person-to-person communication

(VOIP, instant messaging, text messaging, etc.), particularly those based outside the country (i.e.

YouTube, Facebook, Skype, etc.)?



Does the government block protocols, social media, and/or communication apps that allow for

information sharing or building online communities (video-sharing, social-networking sites, comment

features, blogging platforms, etc.) permanently or during specific events?



Is there blocking of certain tools that enable circumvention of online filters and censors?

Are there legal, regulatory, or economic obstacles that prevent the

existence of diverse business entities providing access to digital

technologies? (0-6 points)

Note: Each of the following access providers are scored separately:

1a.

Internet service providers (ISPs) and other backbone internet providers

(0-2 points)

1b.

Cybercafes and other businesses entities that allow public internet access

(0-2 points)

1c.

Mobile phone companies (0-2 points)



Is there a legal or de facto monopoly over access providers or do users have a choice of access provider,

including ones privately owned?



Is it legally possible to establish a private access provider or does the state place extensive legal or

regulatory controls over the establishment of providers?



Are registration requirements (e.g. bureaucratic “red tape”) for establishing an access provider unduly

onerous or are they approved/rejected on partisan or prejudicial grounds?



Does the state place prohibitively high fees on the establishment and operation of access providers?

To what extent do national regulatory bodies overseeing digital technology

operate in a free, fair, and independent manner? (0-4 points)



Are there explicit legal guarantees protecting the independence and autonomy of any regulatory body

overseeing internet and other ICTs (exclusively or as part of a broader mandate) from political or

commercial interference?



Is the process for appointing members of regulatory bodies transparent and representative of different

stakeholders’ interests?

871

REEDOM ON THE

2013

ETHODOLOGY

HECKLIST OF

UESTIONS



Are decisions taken by the regulatory body, particularly those relating to ICTs, seen to be fair and

apolitical and to take meaningful notice of comments from stakeholders in society?



Are efforts by access providers and other internet-related organizations to establish self-regulatory

mechanisms permitted and encouraged?



Does the allocation of digital resources, such as domain names or IP addresses, on a national level by a

government-controlled body create an obstacle to access or are they allocated in a discriminatory

manner?

To what extent does the state or other actors block or filter internet and

other ICT content, particularly on political and social issues? (0-6 points)



Is there significant blocking or filtering of internet sites, web pages, blogs, or data centers, particularly

those related to political and social topics?



Is there significant filtering of text messages or other content transmitted via mobile phones?



Do state authorities block or filter information and views from inside the country—particularly

concerning human rights abuses, government corruption, and poor standards of living—from reaching

the outside world through interception of e-mail or text messages, etc?



Are methods such as deep-packet inspection used for the purposes of preventing users from accessing

certain content or for altering the content of communications en route to the recipient, particularly

with regards to political and social topics?

To what extent does the state employ legal, administrative, or other means

to force deletion of particular content, including requiring private access

providers to do so? (0-4 points)



To what extent are non-technical measures—judicial or extra-legal—used to order the deletion of

content from the internet, either prior to or after its publication?



To what degree does the government or other powerful political actors pressure or coerce online news

outlets to exclude certain information from their reporting?



Are access providers and content hosts legally responsible for the information transmitted via the

technology they supply or required to censor the content accessed or transmitted by their users?



Are access providers or content hosts prosecuted for opinions expressed by third parties via the technology

they supply?

To what extent are restrictions on internet and ICT content transparent,

proportional to the stated aims, and accompanied by an independent

appeals process? (0-4 points)



Are there national laws, independent oversight bodies, and other democratically accountable procedures

in place to ensure that decisions to restrict access to certain content are proportional to their stated aim?

IMITS ON

ONTENT

(0-35

POINTS

)

872

REEDOM ON THE

2013

ETHODOLOGY

HECKLIST OF

UESTIONS



Are state authorities transparent about what content is blocked or deleted (both at the level of public

policy and at the moment the censorship occurs)?



Do state authorities block more types of content than they publicly declare?



Do independent avenues of appeal exist for those who find content they produced to have been subjected

to censorship?

Do online journalists, commentators, and ordinary users practice self-

censorship? (0-4 points)



Is there widespread self-censorship by online journalists, commentators, and ordinary users in state-run

online media, privately run websites, or social media applications?



Are there unspoken “rules” that prevent an online journalist or user from expressing certain opinions in

ICT communication?



Is there avoidance of subjects that can clearly lead to harm to the author or result in almost certain

censorship?

To what extent is the content of online sources of information determined

or manipulated by the government or a particular partisan interest? (0-4

points)



To what degree do the government or other powerful actors pressure or coerce online news outlets to

follow a particular editorial direction in their reporting?



Do authorities issue official guidelines or directives on coverage to online media outlets, blogs, etc.,

including instructions to marginalize or amplify certain comments or topics for discussion?



Do government officials or other actors bribe or use close economic ties with online journalists, bloggers,

website owners, or service providers in order to influence the online content they produce or host?



Does the government employ, or encourage content providers to employ, individuals to post pro-

government remarks in online bulletin boards and chat rooms?



Do online versions of state-run or partisan traditional media outlets dominate the online news

landscape?

Are there economic constraints that negatively impact users’ ability to

publish content online or online media outlets’ ability to remain financially

sustainable? (0-3 points)



Are favorable connections with government officials necessary for online media outlets or service

providers (e.g. search engines, e-mail applications, blog hosting platforms, etc.) to be economically

viable?



Are service providers who refuse to follow state-imposed directives to restrict content subject to sanctions

that negatively impact their financial viability?



Does the state limit the ability of online media to accept advertising or investment, particularly from

foreign sources, or does it limit advertisers from conducting business with disfavored online media or

service providers?

873

REEDOM ON THE

2013

ETHODOLOGY

HECKLIST OF

UESTIONS



To what extent do ISPs manage network traffic and bandwidth availability to users in a manner that is

transparent, evenly applied, and does not discriminate against users or producers of content based on

the content/source of the communication itself (i.e. respect “net neutrality” with regard to content)?



To what extent do users have access to free or low-costs blogging services, webhosts, etc. to allow them

to make use of the internet to express their own views?

To what extent are sources of information that are robust and reflect a

diversity of viewpoints readily available to citizens, despite government

efforts to limit access to certain content? (0-4 points)



Are people able to access a range of local and international news sources via the internet or text

messages, despite efforts to restrict the flow of information?



Does the public have ready access to media outlets or websites that express independent, balanced views?



Does the public have ready access to sources of information that represent a range of political and social

viewpoints?



To what extent do online media outlets and blogs represent diverse interests within society, for example

through websites run by community organizations or religious, ethnic and other minorities?



To what extent do users employ proxy servers and other methods to circumvent state censorship efforts?

To what extent have individuals successfully used the internet and other

ICTs as tools for mobilization, particularly regarding political and social

issues? (0-6 points)



To what extent does the online community cover political developments and provide scrutiny of

government policies, official corruption, or the behavior of other powerful societal actors?



To what extent are online communication tools (e.g. Twitter) or social networking sites (e.g. Facebook,

Orkut) used as a means to organize politically, including for “real-life” activities?



Are mobile phones and other ICTs used as a medium of news dissemination and political organization,

including on otherwise banned topics?

To what extent does the constitution or other laws contain provisions

designed to protect freedom of expression, including on the internet, and

are they enforced? (0-6 points)



Does the constitution contain language that provides for freedom of speech and of the press generally?



Are there laws or legal decisions that specifically protect online modes of expression?



Are online journalists and bloggers accorded the same rights and protections given to print and

broadcast journalists?



Is the judiciary independent and do the Supreme Court, Attorney General, and other representatives of

the higher judiciary support free expression?

IOLATIONS OF

SER

IGHTS

(0-40

POINTS

)

874

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