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Syntax

genpointinpoly(in, out, [position], [copyelds], [where]);

the input polygon data source

out

the output point data source

[position]

if CENTROID the points are generated at the centre of gravity of the

polygon (which may be outside of the polygon); if LABEL the point is

guaranteed to be inside the polygon but may not represent the centre of

gravity (default=LABEL; options: CENTROID, LABEL)

[copyelds] (TRUE/FALSE) if true the attribute elds from the input dataset are

copied to the output dataset (default=FALSE)

[where]

the selection statement that will be applied to the feature data source to

identify a subset of features to process (see full Help documentation for

further details)

Example

genpointinpoly(in="C:ndatanboundaries.shp", out="C:ndatanbndcentroid.shp",

position="CENTROID", copyelds=TRUE);

genpointinpoly(in="C:ndatanboundaries.shp", out="C:ndatanbndlabels.shp");

3.44 genrandompnts

Generate Random Points: Generates a sample of random points, with several optional

constraint parameters.

Description

This tool generates a sample of random points. The command options can be combined in

avariety of ways to produce dierent sampling outcomes. Although this tool is therefore

very exible, care must be taken to ensure that the parameters specied to not result in a

problem that has no solution.

The spatial sampling domain can be dened in several ways. If the ’poly’ option is used,

points are only generated where there are polygons (but this is not a stratied sampling

design - see the genstratrandompnts command for that option). If the ’raster’option is used,

points are generated within the bounds of the raster. By default, the tool will prohibit points

from occurring in NoData cells, although this behaviour can be overridden with the ’pnd’

option). Finally, the ’extent’ option can be used to dene a rectangle within which points

are generated. The extent can either be a feature data source (the extent of all the features

is used), or as a set of four values that dene the minimum x, maximum x, minimum y, and

maximum y of the envelope.

The number of points to generate is dened by the ’samples’ option. Points are generated

using a simple rejection method algorithm: potential points are generated within the rect-

angular boundary that denes the feature space, raster space, or extent based on a bivariate

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uniform random distribution. They are then accepted if they conform to the acceptance

criteria the user has dened.

The ’mindist’ option will ensure that all output points are this minimum distance apart.

This value should be specied in coordinate system units (e.g. meters for UTM). If this

value is too large then the problem may have no solution. For example. it is not possible

to generate 100 points in a square kilometer where the minimum distance between points is

500m.

The ’excl’ option can be used to prevent points from being generated within the polygons

of this dataset. For example, if you were to generate vegetation sampling points using a

reference landcover raster, you might use a polygon layer representing lakes as the exclusion

layer to prevent points from occurring in water. Again, there is a risk here of creating an

unsolvable problem: if the exclusion polygons cover all of the reference polygons or reference

raster then no random points can be generated.

The ’pnd’ option only applied when using a raster reference data source (i.e the ’raster’

option). It controls whether points can be generated within NoData cells. By default, this

is not allowed but you can override this behaviour by setting pnd=FALSE. Note that not all

raster formats support NoData values. The grid format does, as do geodatabase rasters. But

the GeoTIFF and Imagine formats do not. In these cases there are no NoData values, so the

pnd option has no eect. You can determine if your raster has a NoData value by looking at

the properties for that layer in ArcMap.

The ’probsurf’ option determines whether the raster layer is interpreted as a probability

density surface or not. The default is that rasters are not interpreted in this way. If you

set probsurf=TRUE, then the cell value is interpreted as the probability of a random point

being generated within that cell. The program will automatically rescale the raster values

to a probability (by dividing by the maximum value), thus your raster does not necessarily

have to be scaled in the range 0-1 prior to running the tool.

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Syntax

genrandompnts([poly],[raster],[extent],sample,out,[mindist],[excl],[pnd],[probsurf],[where]);

[poly]

the input reference polygondata source (points are only generatedwithin

polygons)

[raster]

the input reference raster data source

[extent]

the input reference data source, or coordinates, that denes the extent

within which points are generated (without regard to the distribution of

features or raster values within that extent)

sample

the sample size

out

the output point data source

[mindist] if specied, points are prevented from occurring within this minimum

distance of each other (specied in coordinate system units of the refer-

ence layer); this option can be dangerous - see the help documentation

for details

[excl]

the polygon data source containing exclusion polygons: points are pre-

vented from being generated within these polygons; this option can be

dangerous - see the help documentation for details

[pnd]

(TRUE/FALSE) in the case of raster data sources, if TRUE points are

prevented from being placed in NoData cells (i.e. pnd=prevent NoData)

(default=TRUE)

[probsurf] (TRUE/FALSE and applies only to the raster argument) if TRUE the

raster is treated as a probability surface (see help documentation for

further details) (default=FALSE)

[where]

(only applies to the ’poly’ option) the lter/selection statement that will

be applied to the feature class to identify a subset of features to process

Example

genrandompnts(poly="C:ndatanelds.shp", sample=1000, out="C:ndatansamplepnts.shp");

genrandompnts(poly="C:ndatanelds.shp", sample=1000, out="C:ndatansamplepnts.shp",

mindist=50, excl="C:ndatanlakes.shp");

genrandompnts(raster="C:ndatanlandcov", sample=5000, out="C:ndatansamplepnts.shp");

genrandompnts(raster="C:ndatanrsf", sample=500, out="C:ndatansamplepnts.shp",

probsurf=TRUE);

genrandompnts(extent="C:ndatanroads.shp", sample=50000,

out="C:ndatansamplepnts.shp");

genrandompnts(extent=c(346000,450600,4956300,5204300), sample=100000,

out="C:ndatansamplepnts.shp");

3.45 genregionsampleplots

Generate Sample Plots: A feature-rich tool for generating sampling plots (and zones)

within a specied area.

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Description

This tool generates a sampling grid: a series of regularly sized and spaced square or rectan-

gular polygons. Unlike the simpler ’genvecgrid’ command, however, this command provides

options for generating both plots and zones (plots are the smallest sampling unit, and zones

are groups of plots), for characterizing the plots and zones based on a suitability raster, and

for taking into account barriers in the landscape. For instance, this tool can be used to

generate sampling plots that do not cross rivers.

The extent of the sampling grid can be specied by referencing a feature data source, or

by directly specifying the minimum and maximum x and y coordinates. An ideal choice of

reference layer would be a polygon dataset containing a study area boundary. Sampling plots

are only generated in areas covered by the features in this layer. Alternatively, if you specify

the extent of a rectangle then plots are generate throughout that area.

The primary output of this tool is a plot polygon layer. You may optionally also generate

zones (see the ’outzones’ and ’dimzones’ command options). Zones would be useful if you

wish to perform stratied random sampling in order to cluster sample plots in zones. For

instance, if the extent of the area you are sampling is very large then pure random sampling

of plots may create a distribution of sample plots that is impractical to visit in reality. A

more detailed discussion of sampling designs and the issues that motivate dierent designs

is included in the sampling chapter.

The dimensions of the plots (and zones) are specied in coordinate system units (e.g.

meters for the UTM projection). It is recommended that you do not use this tool with

unprojected data (geographic coordinate systems). The dimension of the zones should be

exactly divisible by the dimension of the plots. For instance, plots of 100m and zones of 1km

is suitable, but plots of 30m and zones of 1km is not.

The snap option forces the spatial position of the grid to be aligned with the underlying

coordinate system. For instance, specifying snap=1000 would force the vector grid lines to

be aligned with the exact 1km positions in a UTM grid. For most sampling purposes this is

not an important consideration.

The ’raster’ option refers to a suitability raster that classies the landscape into areas

that can be sampled (1) and those that cannot (0). For instance, if you are sampling forest

habitat in a landscape that is amixture of forest and openareas, then the raster would depict

all forested areas as 1, and all open areas as 0. This raster is used to calculate the proportion

and total area of suitable habitat in each plot (and zone),stored in two elds in the attribute

table.

This tool adjusts the plots and zones to re ect barriers in the landscapes, which can

be depicted as polygons and lines. For the polygons, the tool will remove all plots that

are completely contained by barrier polygons, and will clip plots that overlap the barrier

polygons. Barrier lines are used to split plots into components that do not cross the barrier

lines. You can specify barriers as polygons only, lines only, or both lines and polygons.

After the geometry of the plots has been modied by these barriers, an area threshold

(expressed as a proportion of the plot area) is used to identify plot fragments that will be

merged with adjacent plots. Any fragments greater than this threshold are considered to be

close enough to a full plot size that they can be retained without merging in the plot dataset.

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Each of the smaller fragments is merged with the neighbouring plot with which it shares the

longest boundary, provided this does not involve crossing a barrier.

Thenalbarrier-relatedparameter is a tolerance thatdenes thedistance from the edge of

the plotthat barrier polygons or lines can be ignored. This parameter is needed because, with

certain data formats, there can be very small movements of vertices following the splitting

procedure (as a result of coordinate precision). Usually this is only a few centimetres and

is negligible, but does create a problem when resolving merges of adjacent plot polygons.

The default tolerance is 1, and the units for this tolerance are the coordinate system units

(e.g. meters for UTM). If you use a barrier line dataset that contains overshoots, then you

may need to increase this tolerance to allow the merging algorithm to resolve acceptable

merges. It is particularly important when using a barrier line dataset that 1) lines that are

supposed to cross do actually cross (e.g. roads at a T junction), and 2) that overshoots at

such crossings are not too long. The former issue results in plots that fail to be split by a

barrier line, while the latter issue can result in a failure of the algorithm to deal with plot

fragments.

Syntax

genregionsampleplots(extent, out, dim, [outzones], [dimzones], [snap], [raster], [barrierpoly],

[barrierline], [minarea], [tol]);

extent

the reference layer that denes the extent of the vector grid, or a set of

four values that dene the extent (min x, max x, min y, max y)

out

the output polygon data source for the plots

dim

the dimensions of the plots in coordinate system units, e.g. 100 or

c(100,200); specifying one value results in square plots

[outzones]

the output polygon data source for the zones (if unspecied no zone

output is produced; if specied, dimzones must also be specied)

[dimzones]

the dimensions of the zones in coordinate system units (this value should

be an exact multiple of the plot dimensions), e.g. 1000 or c(1000,2000);

specifying one value results in square zones

[snap]

a value > 0; controls whether the vector grid is aligned with a major

coordinate system interval (supplying a value of 1000 will result in the

grid being aligned to the 1000-mark intervals of the coordinate system);

default=0 (no snap)

[raster]

asuitability (1/0) raster that is used to characterize plots (see help doc-

umentation for further details)

[barrierpoly] a polygon data source representing barriers that cannot be sampled (see

help documentation for further details)

[barrierline] a line data source representing barriers that cannot be crossed (see help

documentation for further details)

[minarea]

the threshold, expressed as a proportion of the plot area, that is used

to determine whether a plot fragment will be retained as a fragment, or

merged (default=0.8, see help documentation for further details)

[tol]

the tolerance that is used in the merging of plot fragments resulting from

barriers (see help documentation for further details)

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Example

genregionsampleplots(extent="C:ndatanregions.shp", out="C:ndatanplots.shp", dim=200,

outzones="C:ndatanzones.shp", dimzones=1000, raster="C:ndatansuit.tif");

genregionsampleplots(extent="C:ndatanregions.shp", out="C:ndatanplots.shp", dim=200,

outzones="C:ndatanzones.shp", dimzones=1000);

genregionsampleplots(extent="C:ndatanregions.shp", out="C:ndatanplots.shp", dim=200,

raster="C:ndatansuit.tif", barrierpoly="C:ndatanlakes.shp",

barrierline="C:ndatanrivers.shp", minarea=0.7, tol=5);

3.46 genregularpntsinpolys

Generate Regular Points In Polygons: Generates a regular grid of sample points within

apolygon given a specied spacing and rotation.

Description

This tool generates samples of regularly spaced points within polygons. The spacing in the

xand y directions, and the rotation angle for the orientation of the sampling grid, can be

adjusted for each polygon or can be set as constants for every polygon. The x and y distance

parameters (xdist, ydist) can, therefore, be set either to a single value, or can reference

elds in the input polygon data source that contain the appropriate spacing values for each

polygon. The x spacing refers to the axis perpendicular to the rotation angle, and the y

spacing refers to the axis parallel to the rotation angle. Thus, if there is no rotation (rot=0),

the x distance refers to the east-west axis.

Note that the rotation angle must be specied in radians, not degrees. To convert from

degrees to radians use the formula: radians = degrees * pi / 180, where pi = 3.141529654.

The ’excl’ option can be used to prevent points from being generated within the polygons

of this dataset. For example, if you were to generate vegetation sampling points you might

use a polygonlayer representing ponds as the exclusion layer toprevent points from occurring

in water.

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Syntax

genregularpntsinpolys(in, uideld, xdist, ydist, out, [rot], [excl], [random], [where]);

the input reference polygon data source (points are only generatedwithin

polygons)

uideld

the input polygon unique ID eld

xdist

the x-axis sampling distance: either a number representing the distance,

or the eld name of eld containing this value, e.g. 100 or "XDIST"

ydist

the y-axis sampling distance: either a number representing the distance,

or the eld name of eld containing this value, e.g. 100 or "YDIST"

out

the output point data source

[rot]

the rotation angle of the sampling axis: either a number representing

the angle in radians, or the eld name of eld containing this value (de-

fault=0)

[excl]

the polygon data source containing exclusion polygons: points are pre-

vented from being generated within these polygons; this option can be

dangerous - see the help documentation for details

[random] (TRUE/FALSE) randomize the alignment of the grid - if false, always

aligns the grid in reference to the upper left corner of the polygon enve-

lope (default=TRUE)

[where]

the lter/selection statement that will be applied to the polygon feature

class to identify a subset of features to process

Example

genregularpntsinpolys(in="C:ndatanstands.shp", uideld="StandID", xdist=100,

ydist=200, rot="Direction", out="C:ndatansamplepnts.shp");

genregularpntsinpolys(in="C:ndatanlakes.shp", uideld="LAKEID", xdist="SpacingX",

ydist="SpacingY", rot=0, out="C:ndatansamplepnts.shp", where="AREA>100000");

3.47 genshapes

Generate Shapes: Generates shapes (polygons) centred on a set of input points, currently

supportedshapes are: circles, diamonds,hexagons, squares,triangles (equilateral),rectangles

and ellipses.

Description

This tool generates shapes (polygons) centred on the input points specied by the user. The

currently supported shapes are: circles, diamonds, hexagons, squares, triangles (equilateral),

rectangles and ellipses. The dimensions for the shapes can either be specied as a constant

that is applied to all shapes, or as a eld name that contains variable dimensions. The shapes

are all created in a reference to the x axis, but you can specify a rotation parameters (again,

either as a constant or a eld name) to rotate the resulting shapes.

The input point always denes the centre of the shape. The dimension values expected

depend upon the shape. CIRCLES expect a single dimension value representing the radius.

DIAMONDS expect two parameters: one is the distance from the centre-point to the tips

of the diamond that lie on the x axis, the second dimension is the distance from the centre-

point to the tips of the diamond that lie on the y axis. HEXAGONS, SQUARES, and

TRIANGLES expect a single dimension value that represents the distance from the centre-

point to the middle of one of the edges. RECTANGLES expect two parameters: one is the

distance from the centre-point to the middle of the edges the lie along (but perpendicular

to) the x axis, the second dimension is the distance from the centre-point to the middle of

the edges the lie along (but perpendicular to) the y axis. ELLIPSES expect two dimensions:

one that is the distance from the centre-point to the edge of the ellipse along the x axis, and

the second is the distance from the centre-point to the edge of the ellipse along the y axis.

Note that the rotation angle should be specied in degrees, not radians.

Syntax

genshapes(in, shape, dim, out, [rot], [where]);

input points dening the center of the shapes to generate

shape

the shape to generate (options: CIRCLE, DIAMOND, HEXAGON,

SQUARE, TRIANGLE, RECTANGLE, ELLIPSE)

dim

the shape dimension constant(s) that are applied to all shapes, or the

name of the eld(s) in the point attribute table containing the numerical

shape dimension values (see full help documentation for details on what

these values refer to)

out

the output polygon data source

[rot]

the rotation angle constant (degrees) that is applied to all shapes, or

the name of the eld in the point attribute table containing the rotation

angle (degrees) (default=0)

[where] the selection statement that will be applied to the feature data source to

identify a subset of features to process (see full Help documentation for

further details)

Example

genshapes(in="C:ndatanspnts.shp", shape=1, dim=120, out="myoutput.shp");

genshapes(in="C:ndatanmygdb!mypnts, shape=6, dim=c(120, 40), rot=45,

out="myoutput.shp");

genshapes(in="C:ndatanspnts.shp", shape=1, dim="MYFLD1", rot=180,

out="myoutput.shp");

genshapes(in="C:ndatanreferencelayer.shp", shape=6, dim=c("MYFLD1", "MYFLD2"),

out="myoutput.shp");

3.48 genstratrandompnts

Generate Stratied Random Points: Generates a sample of stratied random points

(where strata are polygons), with various optional constraint parameters.

Description

This tool generates a sample of stratied random points where the strata are polygons.

The command options can be combined in a variety of ways to produce dierent sampling

outcomes. Although this tool is therefore very exible, care must be taken to ensure that

the parameters specied to not result in a problem that has no solution.

For each polygon in a polygon data source this tool will generate a sample of random

points. The number of points generated can be a constant or variable between polygons. In

the latter case the number of points to generate per polygon must be stored in a eld in the

polygon attribute table.

Points are generated using a simple rejection method algorithm: potential points are

generated within the rectangular boundary that denes each polygon based on a bivariate

uniform random distribution. They are then accepted if they conform to the acceptance

criteria the user has dened.

The ’mindist’ option will ensure that all output points are this minimum distance apart.

This value should be specied in coordinate system units (e.g. meters for UTM). If this

value is too large then the problem may have no solution. For example. it is not possible

to generate 100 points in a square kilometer where the minimum distance between points is

500m.

The ’excl’ option can be used to prevent points from being generated within the polygons

of this dataset. For example, if you were to generate forest sampling points using a stand

polygon layer, you might use a second polygon layer representing a 100m buer of roads as

the exclusion layer to prevent points from occurring too close to roads. Again, there is a

risk here of creating an unsolvable problem: if the exclusion polygons cover all of the input

polygons then no random points can be generated.

Syntax

genstratrandompnts(in, uideld, sample, out, [mindist], [excl], [where]);

the input polygon data source

uideld

the name of the unique polygon ID eld

sample

the sample size: either a number representing the sample size per strata,

or the eld name of eld containing the sample size per polygon, e.g. 100

or "NSAMPLES"

out

the output point data source

[mindist] if specied, points are prevented from occurring within this minimum

distance of each other (specied in coordinate system units of the refer-

ence layer); this option can be dangerous - see the help documentation

for details

[excl]

the polygon data source containing exclusion polygons: points are pre-

vented from being generated within these polygons; this option can be

dangerous - see the help documentation for details

[where]

the selection statement that will be applied to the feature data source to

identify a subset of features to process (see full Help documentation for

further details)

Example

genstratrandompnts(in="C:ndatanelds.shp", sample=1000, uideld="FLDID",

out="C:ndatansamplepnts.shp");

genstratrandompnts(in="C:ndatanplots.shp", sample=1000, uideld="PLOTID",

out="C:ndatansamplepnts.shp", mindist=50, excl="C:ndatanlakes.shp");

3.49 genvecgrid

Generate Vector Grid: Generates a vector grid (a series of regularly sized and spaced

square/rectangular polygons).

Description

This toolgenerates a ’vector grid’: a series of regularly sized and spacedsquare or rectangular

polygons, lines or points. The extent of the vector grid can be specied by referencing

a feature data source (from which the extent of the dataset is extracted), or by directly

specifying the minimum and maximum x and y coordinates. The user also species the

dimensions of the vector cells (which can be square or rectangular). The tool then lls the

extent with cells of this size.

Note that if the output geometry is polygons and the vector cell size does not result in

an exact ll of a row or column then the tool will always extend slightly beyond the dened

extent to ensure all space is lled, rather than leave some space within the extent unlled.

Thus the extent of the output dataset may not match the extent you specied, but all space

within the specied extent is lled.

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