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14.5 Hiding style data from user agents

Some style sheet languages support syntax intended to allow authors to hide the content of STYLE

elements from non-conforming user agents.

This example illustrates for CSS how to comment out the content of STYLE elements to ensure that older

non-conforming user agents will not render them as text.

<!--

H1 { color: red }

P { color: blue}

-->

</STYLE>

14.6 Linking to style sheets with HTTP headers

Web server managers may find it convenient to configure a server so that a style sheet will be applied to a

group of pages. The HTTP Link header described in [RFC2068] [p.328] , section 19.6.1.2, has the same

effect as a LINK element with the same attributes and values. Multiple Link headers correspond to

multiple LINK elements occurring in the same order. For instance,

Link: <http://www.acme.com/corporate.css>; REL=stylesheet

corresponds to:

It is possible to specify several alternate styles using multiple Link headers, and then use the rel

attribute to determine the default style.

In the following example, "compact" is applied by default since it omits the "alternate" keyword for the

rel attribute.

Link: <compact.css>; rel="stylesheet"; title="compact"

Link: <bigprint.css>; rel="alternate stylesheet"; title="big print"

This should also work when HTML documents are sent by email. Some email agents can alter the

ordering of [RFC822] [p.330] headers. To protect against this affecting the cascading order for style

sheets specified by Link headers, authors can use header concatenation to merge several instances of the

same header field. The quote marks are only needed when the attribute values include whitespace. Use

SGML entities to reference characters that are otherwise not permitted within HTTP or email headers, or

that are likely to be affected by transit through gateways.

LINK and META elements implied by HTTP headers are defined as occurring before any explicit LINK

and META elements in the document's HEAD.

181

14.5 Hiding style data from user agents

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14.6 Linking to style sheets with HTTP headers

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15 Alignment, font styles, and horizontal rules

Contents

183

1. Formatting

183

1. Background color

183

2. Alignment

185

3. Floating objects

185

Float an object

186

Float text around an object

187

2. Fonts

187

1. Font style elements: the TT, I, B, BIG, SMALL, STRIKE, S, and U elements

188

2. Font modifier elements: FONT and BASEFONT

190

3. Rules: the HR element

This section of the specification discusses some HTML elements and attributes that may be used for visual

formatting of elements. Many of them are deprecated [p.34] .

15.1 Formatting

15.1.1 Background color

Attribute definitions

bgcolor = color [p.45] [CI] [p.43]

Deprecated. [p.34] This attribute sets the background color for the document body or table cells.

This attribute sets the background color of the canvas for the document body (the BODY element) or for

tables (the TABLE, TR, TH, and TD elements). Additional attributes for specifying text color can be used

with the BODY element.

This attribute has been deprecated [p.34] in favor of style sheets for specifying background color

information.

15.1.2 Alignment

It is possible to align block elements (tables, images, objects, paragraphs, etc.) on the canvas with the

align attribute. Although this attribute may be set for many HTML elements, its range of possible

values sometimes differs from element to element. Here we only discuss the meaning of the align attribute

for text.

Attribute definitions

183

15 Alignment, font styles, and horizontal rules

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align = left|center|right|justify [CI] [p.43]

Deprecated. [p.34] This attribute specifies the horizontal alignment of its element with respect to the

surrounding context. Possible values:

left: text lines are rendered flush left.

center: text lines are centered.

right: text lines are rendered flush right.

justify: text lines are justified to both margins.

The default depends on the base text direction. For left to right text, the default is align=left, while

for right to left text, the default is align=right.

DEPRECATED EXAMPLE:

This example centers a heading on the canvas.

<H1 align="center"> How to Carve Wood </H1>

Using CSS, for example, you could achieve the same effect as follows:

<HEAD>

<TITLE>How to Carve Wood</TITLE>

H1 { text-align: center}

</STYLE>

<BODY>

<H1> How to Carve Wood </H1>

Note that this would center all H1 declarations. You could reduce the scope of the style by setting the

class attribute on the element:

<HEAD>

<TITLE>How to Carve Wood</TITLE>

H1.wood {text-align: center}

</STYLE>

<BODY>

<H1 class="wood"> How to Carve Wood </H1>

DEPRECATED EXAMPLE:

Similarly, to right align a paragraph on the canvas with HTML's align attribute you could have:

...Lots of paragraph text...

which, with CSS, would be:

<HEAD>

<TITLE>How to Carve Wood</TITLE>

P.mypar {text-align: right}

</STYLE>

<BODY>

...Lots of paragraph text...

184

15.1.2 Alignment

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DEPRECATED EXAMPLE:

To right align a series of paragraphs, group them with the DIV element:

<P>

...text in first paragraph...

<P>

...text in second paragraph...

<P>

...text in third paragraph...

</DIV>

With CSS, the text-align property is inherited from the parent element, you can therefore use:

<HEAD>

<TITLE>How to Carve Wood</TITLE>

DIV.mypars {text-align: right}

</STYLE>

<BODY>

<P>

...text in first paragraph...

<P>

...text in second paragraph...

<P>

...text in third paragraph...

</DIV>

To center the entire document with CSS:

<HEAD>

<TITLE>How to Carve Wood</TITLE>

BODY {text-align: center}

</STYLE>

<BODY>

...the body is centered...

</BODY>

The CENTER element is exactly equivalent to specifying the DIV element with the align attribute set to

"center". The CENTER element is deprecated [p.34] .

15.1.3 Floating objects

Images and objects may appear directly "in-line" or may be floated to one side of the page, temporarily

altering the margins of text that may flow on either side of the object.

Float an object

The align attribute for object, images, tables, frames, etc., causes the object to float to the left or right

margin. Floating objects generally begin a new line. This attribute takes the following values:

left: Floats the object to the current left margin. Subsequent text flows along the image's right

side.

right: Floats the object to the current right margin. Subsequent text flows along the image's left

side.

185

15.1.3 Floating objects

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DEPRECATED EXAMPLE:

The following example shows how to float an IMG element to the current left margin of the canvas.

Some alignment attributes also permit the "center" value, which does not cause floating, but centers the

object within the current margins. However, for P and DIV, the value "center" causes the contents of the

element to be centered.

Float text around an object

Another attribute, defined for the BR element, controls text flow around floating objects.

Attribute definitions

clear = none|left|right|all [CI] [p.43]

Deprecated. [p.34] Specifies where the next line should appear in a visual browser after the line

break caused by this element. This attribute takes into account floating objects (images, tables, etc.).

Possible values:

none: The next line will begin normally. This is the default value.

left: The next line will begin at nearest line below any floating objects on the left-hand

margin.

right: The next line will begin at nearest line below any floating objects on the right-hand

margin.

all: The next line will begin at nearest line below any floating objects on either margin.

Consider the following visual scenario, where text flows to the right of an image until a line is broken by a

BR:

********* -------

| | -------

| image | --<BR>

| |

*********

If the clear attribute is set to none, the line following BR will begin immediately below it at the right

margin of the image:

********* -------

| | -------

| image | --<BR>

| | ------

*********

DEPRECATED EXAMPLE:

If the clear attribute is set to left or all, next line will appear as follows:

186

15.1.3 Floating objects

********* -------

| | -------

| image | --<BR clear="left">

| |

*********

-----------------

Using style sheets, you could specify that all line breaks should behave this way for objects (images,

tables, etc.) floating against the left margin. With CSS, you could achieve this as follows:

BR { clear: left }

</STYLE>

To specify this behavior for a specific instance of the BR element, you could combine style information

and the id attribute:

<HEAD>

...

BR#mybr { clear: left }

</STYLE>

</HEAD>

<BODY>

<P>...

********* -------

| | -------

| table | --<BR id="mybr">

| |

*********

-----------------

...

</BODY>

15.2 Fonts

The following HTML elements specify font information. Although they are not all deprecated [p.34] , their

use is discouraged in favor of style sheets.

15.2.1 Font style elements: the TT, I, B, BIG, SMALL, STRIKE, S, and U

elements

<!ENTITY % fontstyle

"TT | I | B | BIG | SMALL">

<!ELEMENT (%fontstyle;|%phrase;) - - (%inline;)*>

<!ATTLIST (%fontstyle;|%phrase;)

%attrs; -- %coreattrs, %i18n, %events --

Start tag: required, End tag: required

187

15.2 Fonts

Attributes defined elsewhere

id, class (document-wide identifiers [p.65] )

lang (language information [p.71] ), dir (text direction [p.73] )

title (element title [p.57] )

style (inline style information [p.174] )

onclick, ondblclick, onmousedown, onmouseup, onmouseover, onmousemove,

onmouseout, onkeypress, onkeydown onkeyup (intrinsic events [p.240] )

Rendering of font style elements depends on the user agent. The following is an informative description

only.

TT: Renders as teletype or monospaced text.

I: Renders as italic text style.

B: Renders as bold text style.

BIG: Renders text in a "large" font.

SMALL: Renders text in a "small" font.

STRIKE and S: Deprecated. [p.34] Render strike-through style text.

U: Deprecated. [p.34] Renders underlined text.

The following sentence shows several types of text:

<P><b>bold</b>,

<i>italic</i>, <b><i>bold italic</i></b>, <tt>teletype text</tt>, and

<big>big</big> and <small>small</small> text.

These words might be rendered as follows:

It is possible to achieve a much richer variety of font effects using style sheets. To specify blue, italic text

in a paragraph with CSS:

<HEAD>

P.mypar {font-style: italic; color: blue}

</STYLE>

</HEAD>

...Lots of blue italic text...

Font style elements must be properly nested. Rendering of nested font style elements depends on the user

agent.

15.2.2 Font modifier elements: FONT and BASEFONT

FONT and BASEFONT are deprecated [p.34] .

188

15.2.2 Font modifier elements: FONT and BASEFONT

See the Transitional DTD [p.271] for the formal definition.

Attribute definitions

size = cdata [p.44] [CN] [p.43]

Deprecated. [p.34] This attribute sets the size of the font. Possible values:

An integer between 1 and 7. This sets the font to some fixed size, whose rendering depends on

the user agent. Not all user agents may render all seven sizes.

A relative increase in font size. The value "+1" means one size larger. The value "-3" means

three sizes smaller. All sizes belong to the scale of 1 to 7.

color = color [p.45] [CI] [p.43]

Deprecated. [p.34] This attribute sets the text color.

face = cdata [p.44] [CI] [p.43]

Deprecated. [p.34] This attribute defines a comma-separated list of font names the user agent should

search for in order of preference.

Attributes defined elsewhere

id, class (document-wide identifiers [p.65] )

lang (language information [p.71] ), dir (text direction [p.73] )

title (element title [p.57] )

style (inline style information [p.174] )

The FONT element changes the font size and color for text in its contents.

The BASEFONT element sets the base font size (using the size attribute). Font size changes achieved

with FONT are relative to the base font size set by BASEFONT. If BASEFONT is not used, the default base

font size is 3.

DEPRECATED EXAMPLE:

The following example will show the difference between the seven font sizes available with FONT:

This might be rendered as:

The following shows an example of the effect of relative font sizes using a base font size of 3:

189

15.2.2 Font modifier elements: FONT and BASEFONT

The base font size does not apply to headings, except where these are modified using the FONT element

with a relative font size change.

15.3 Rules: the HR element

<!ELEMENT HR - O EMPTY -- horizontal rule -->

<!ATTLIST HR

%coreattrs; -- id, class, style, title --

%events;

Start tag: required, End tag: forbidden

Attribute definitions

align = left|center|right [CI] [p.43]

Deprecated. [p.34] This attribute specifies the horizontal alignment of the rule with respect to the

surrounding context. Possible values:

left: the rule is rendered flush left.

center: the rule is centered.

right: the rule is rendered flush right.

The default is align=center.

noshade [CI] [p.43]

Deprecated. [p.34] When set, this boolean attribute requests that the user agent render the rule in a

solid color rather than as the traditional two-color "groove".

size = pixels [p.46] [CI] [p.43]

Deprecated. [p.34] This attribute specifies the height of the rule. The default value for this attribute

depends on the user agent.

width = length [p.46] [CI] [p.43]

Deprecated. [p.34] This attribute specifies the width of the rule. The default width is 100%, i.e., the

rule extends across the entire canvas.

Attributes defined elsewhere

id, class (document-wide identifiers [p.65] )

lang (language information [p.71] ), dir (text direction [p.73] )

title (element title [p.57] )

style (inline style information [p.174] )

onclick, ondblclick, onmousedown, onmouseup, onmouseover, onmousemove,

onmouseout, onkeypress, onkeydown, onkeyup (intrinsic events [p.240] )

align (alignment [p.183] )

190

15.3 Rules: the HR element

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