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Distribution Components

The distribution system is a web server or a web caching system that delivers the media ﬁles and

index ﬁles to the client over HTTP. No custom server modules are required to deliver the content,

and typically very little conﬁguration is needed on the web server.

Recommended conﬁguration is typically limited to specifying MIME-type associations for

.M3U8

ﬁles and

.ts

ﬁles.

File extension MIME type

.M3U8

application/x-mpegURL

.ts

video/MP2T

Table 1. Recommended MIME-type conﬁguration

Tuning time-to-live (TTL) values for

.M3U8

ﬁles may also be necessary to achieve desired caching

behavior for downstream web caches, as these ﬁles are frequently overwritten, and the latest version

should be downloaded for each request.

Client Component

The client software begins by fetching the index ﬁle, based on a URL identifying the stream. The

index ﬁle in turn speciﬁes the location of the available media ﬁles, decryption keys, and any alternate

streams available. For the selected stream, the client downloads each available media ﬁle in sequence.

Each ﬁle contains a consecutive segment of the stream. Once it has a sufﬁcient amount of data

downloaded, the client begins presenting the reassembled stream to the user.

The client is responsible for fetching any decryption keys, authenticating or presenting a user

interface to allow authentication, and decrypting media ﬁles as needed.

This process continues until the client encounters the

#EXT-X-ENDLIST

tag in the index ﬁle. If

#EXT-X-ENDLIST

tag is encountered, the index ﬁle is part of an ongoing broadcast. The client

loads a new version of the index ﬁle periodically. The client looks for new media ﬁles and encryption

keys in the updated index and adds these URLs to its queue.

A Review of HTTP Live Streaming!

Andrew Fecheyr-Lippens

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Using HTTP Live Streaming

Session Types

The HTTP Live Streaming protocol supports live broadcast sessions and video on demand

(VOD) sessions.

For live sessions, as new media ﬁles are created and made available the index ﬁle is updated. The

updated index ﬁle includes the new media ﬁles; older ﬁles are typically removed. The updated index

ﬁle presents a moving window into a continuous stream. Figure 4 shows a graphical representation of

what is called a “Sliding Window Playlist” in the IETF Draft

[3]

. Whenever a new segment is ready, the

index ﬁle is updated to include the newest segment and to remove the oldest one. This way the index

ﬁle always contains the x latest segments. Apple recommends that x be larger than 3 so that the client

can pause, resume and rewind for at least the duration of 3 segments (30 seconds by default).

Fig 4. Index ﬁle of a live session, updated for every new segment.

For VOD sessions, media ﬁles are available representing the entire duration of the presentation.

The index ﬁle is static and contains a complete list of all ﬁles created since the beginning of the

presentation. This kind of session allows the client full access to the entire program.

It is possible to create a live broadcast of an event that is instantly available for video on demand.

To convert a live broadcast to VOD, do not remove the old media ﬁles from the server or delete

their URLs from the index ﬁle, and add an

#EXT-X-ENDLIST

tag to the index when the broadcast

ends. This allows clients to join the broadcast late and still see the entire event. It also allows an event

to be archived for rebroadcast with no additional time or effort.

VOD can also be used to deliver “canned” media. It is typically more efﬁcient to deliver such

media as a single QuickTime movie or MPEG-4 ﬁle, but HTTP Live Streaming offers some

advantages, such as support for media encryption and dynamic switching between streams of different

data rates in response to changing connection speeds. (QuickTime also supports multiple-data-rate

k + 1

k + 2

k + 4

k + 5

k + 6

k + 3

Index ﬁle window

A Review of HTTP Live Streaming!

Andrew Fecheyr-Lippens

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movies using progressive download, but QuickTime movies do not support dynamically switching

between data rates in mid-movie.)

Content Protection

Media ﬁles containing stream segments may be individually encrypted. When encryption is

employed, references to the corresponding key ﬁles appear in the index ﬁle so that the client can

retrieve the keys for decryption.

When a key ﬁle is listed in the index ﬁle, the key ﬁle contains a cipher key that must be used to

decrypt subsequent media ﬁles listed in the index ﬁle. Currently HTTP Live Streaming supports

AES-128 encryption using 16-octet keys. The format of the key ﬁle is a packed array of these 16

octets in binary format.

The media stream segmenter available from Apple provides encryption and supports three

modes for conﬁguring encryption.

1. The ﬁrst mode allows you to specify a path to an existing key ﬁle on disk. In this mode the

segmenter inserts the URL of the existing key ﬁle in the index ﬁle. It encrypts all media ﬁles using

this key.

2. The second mode instructs the segmenter to generate a random key ﬁle, save it in a speciﬁed

location, and reference it in the index ﬁle. All media ﬁles are encrypted using this randomly

generated key.

3. The third mode instructs the segmenter to generate a random key ﬁle, save it in a speciﬁed

location, reference it in the index ﬁle, and then regenerate and reference a new key ﬁle every n

ﬁles. This mode is referred to as key rotation. Each group of n ﬁles is encrypted using a different

key.

All media ﬁles may be encrypted using the same key, or new keys may be required at intervals.

The theoretical limit is one key per media ﬁle, but because each media key adds a ﬁle request and

transfer to the overhead for presenting the following media segments, changing to a new key

periodically is less likely to impact system performance than changing keys for each segment.

Key ﬁles can be served using either HTTP or HTTPS. You may also choose to protect the delivery

of the key ﬁles using your own session-based authentication scheme.

A Review of HTTP Live Streaming!

Andrew Fecheyr-Lippens

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Caching and Delivery Protocols

HTTPS is commonly used to deliver key ﬁles. It may also be used to deliver the content ﬁles and

index ﬁles, but this is not recommended when scalability is important, since HTTPS requests often

bypass web server caches, causing all content requests to be routed through your server and

defeating the purpose of edge network distribution systems.

For this very reason, however, it is important to make sure that any content delivery network

you use understands that the

.M3U8

index ﬁles are not to be cached for longer than one media

segment duration.

Stream Alternatives

Index ﬁles may reference alternate streams of content. References can be used to support

delivery of multiple streams of the same content with varying quality levels for different bandwidths or

devices. The client software uses heuristics to determine appropriate times to switch between the

alternates. Currently, these heuristics are based on recent trends in measured network throughput.

The index ﬁle points to alternate streams of media by including a specially tagged list of other

index ﬁles, as illustrated in Figure 5.

Fig 5. Alternate streams

Note that the client may choose to change to an alternate stream at any time, such as when a

mobile device enters or leaves a WiFi hotspot.

.ts

Alt. A

Index

ﬁle

.ts

Alt. B

Index

ﬁle

.ts

Alt. C

Index

ﬁle

Index

ﬁle

A Review of HTTP Live Streaming!

Andrew Fecheyr-Lippens

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Failover Protection

If your playlist contains alternate streams, they can not only operate as bandwidth or device

alternates, but as failure fallbacks. Starting with iPhone OS 3.1, if the client is unable to reload the

index ﬁle for a stream (due to a 404 error, for example), the client attempts to switch to an alternate

stream.

In the event of an index load failure on one stream, the client chooses the highest bandwidth

alternate stream that the network connection supports. If there are multiple alternates at the same

bandwidth, the client chooses among them in the order listed in the playlist.

You can use this feature to provide redundant streams that will allow media to reach clients even

in the event of severe local failures, such as a server crashing or a content distributor node going

down.

To implement failover protection, create a stream, or multiple alternate bandwidth streams, and

generate a playlist ﬁle as you normally would. Then create a parallel stream, or set of streams, on a

separate server or content distribution service. Add the list of backup streams to the playlist ﬁle, so

that the backup stream at each bandwidth is listed after the primary stream. For example, if the

primary stream comes from server ALPHA, and the backup stream is on server BETA, your playlist ﬁle

might look something like this:

Note that the backup streams are intermixed with the primary streams in the playlist, with the

backup at each bandwidth listed after the primary for that bandwidth.

You are not limited to a single backup stream set. In the example above, ALPHA and BETA could

be followed by GAMMA, for instance. Similarly, you need not provide a complete parallel set of

streams. You could provide a single low-bandwidth stream on a backup server, for example.

#EXTM3U

#EXT-X-STREAM-INF:PROGRAM-ID=1, BANDWIDTH=200000

http://ALPHA.mycompany.com/lo/prog_index.m3u8

#EXT-X-STREAM-INF:PROGRAM-ID=1, BANDWIDTH=200000

http://BETA.mycompany.com/lo/prog_index.m3u8

#EXT-X-STREAM-INF:PROGRAM-ID=1, BANDWIDTH=500000

http://ALPHA.mycompany.com/md/prog_index.m3u8

#EXT-X-STREAM-INF:PROGRAM-ID=1, BANDWIDTH=500000

http://BETA.mycompany.com/md/prog_index.m3u8

A Review of HTTP Live Streaming!

Andrew Fecheyr-Lippens

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4.Critical Comparison

Now that the HTTP Live Streaming protocol by Apple has been explained we can examine how

it compares to two currently popular solutions: RTP/RTSP and Flash Media Streaming. For the tests I

used a video clip from the 2009 documentary "Objectiﬁed" about industrial design. The clip shows an

interview of Jonathan Ive and has the following characteristics:

Filename

Video Codec

Audio Codec

Dimensions

Duration

Filesize

jonathan_ive_design.mp4

H.264

AAC

480 × 270

0:05:50

24,6 MB

Table 2. Source video characteristics

I built a test website at http://streaming_test.andrewsblog.org that streams the same video using

the three different technologies. Apple’s HTTP Live Streaming has two entries: one created using

Apple’s tools and one created with an experimental open source toolchain. I did not buy a license for

Adobe’s Flash Media Streaming Server so the ﬂash version of the video is simply embedded from

YouTube. The source code of the test website is available online on github

Ease of Setup

I will brieﬂy describe the steps taken to setup the videos for streaming using HTTP Live Streaming

with Apple’s developer tools and an experimental open source toolchain as well as using RTP/RTSP

with the Darwin Streaming Server. Unfortunately the Adobe Flash Media Streaming Server could not

be tested as the server software is proprietary and costs $995.

A Review of HTTP Live Streaming!

Andrew Fecheyr-Lippens

http://github.com/andruby/StreamingMedia-Test

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HTTP Live Streaming - Apple tools

After installing Apple’s HTTP Live Streaming developer tools

we only needed one command to

convert the source video to a suitable format and segment it.

The ﬁrst parameter (-t | -target-duration) is the desired duration of each segment. I chose 10

seconds because that is the default. The second parameter (-f | -ﬁle-base) is the directory to store the

media and index ﬁles. The command took only 3 seconds on a 1.8Ghz Macbook as no transcoding

had to be done. Appendix 1 contains the index ﬁle generated by the tool.

The above command created the index ﬁle at path

t_10/prog_index.m3u8

and all 36

segments at path

t_10/fileSequenceX.ts

with X from 0 to 35. Embedding the stream into an

html ﬁle is incredibly easy with the HTML5

<video>

tag:

Because the segments and the index ﬁle are standard HTTP objects ready to be served by any

web server, there is nothing more to do if you already have one. Apache, nginx, IIS, lighttpd, etc all

work out of the box without the need for a special module or speciﬁc conﬁguration.

The setup was really easy, the tools provided by Apple are well documented and all in all it took

less than 4 minutes to put the stream online.

HTTP Live Streaming - Open Source tools

One downside of the tools Apple offers is that they only work on Apple’s platform. It might be

possible to port them to Linux/BSD but that hasn’t been done to date. One open source developer,

Carson McDonald

[4]

, has built an open source toolchain around FFMpeg, ruby and libavformat that

does everything and more than Apple’s tools. The project is available online on github

under the

GPLv2 license.

mediafilesegmenter -t 10 -f t_10/ jonathan_ive_design.mp4

Video tag not supported

</video>

A Review of HTTP Live Streaming!

Andrew Fecheyr-Lippens

https://connect.apple.com/cgi-bin/WebObjects/MemberSite.woa/wa/getSoftware?bundleID=20389

http://github.com/carsonmcdonald/HTTP-Live-Video-Stream-Segmenter-and-Distributor

I used this toolchain on a FreeBSD system to built a multirate stream with 3 quality levels at

bitrates of 128kbps, 386kbps and 512kbps. The conﬁguration ﬁle used for the toolchain is included in

Appendix 2 and the resulting index ﬁles in Appendix 3.

Using this toolchain took a little longer than Apple’s tool as it had to transcode the input video in

3 different bitrates. Nevertheless, setting up the video for streaming only took about 10 minutes. For

more information visit the developers project page

RTP/RTSP - Darwin Streaming Server

Installing the open source Darwin Streaming Server (DSS) on FreeBSD is staight forward with the

portinstall

pkg_add

command.

To conﬁgure the server I had to create a user with the

qtpasswd

command and add the user to

the admin group in

/usr/local/etc/streaming/qtgroups

. When the server is started a

Setup Assistant Wizard is available though a web interface on port 1220. The assistant suggested to

setup streaming on port 80 to stream through ﬁrewalls. However, this might interfere with any web

servers installed. I needed to bind the web server to one IP address and DSS to another.

The biggest issue however was that media ﬁles have to be “hinted” in order to be streamable by

DSS over RTSP. I had to install the toolkit from MPEG4IP project

in order to hint the source video.

Installing that package on FreeBSD took 20 minutes.

“Hinting” the

.mp4

ﬁle required these 2 commands:

Embedding the stream into our test website was harder, and doesn’t work with FireFox so a link

to open the stream with an external player was added.

Time to setup the video stream: ~1 hour

mp4creator -hint=1 jonathan_ive_design.mp4

mp4creator -hint=2 jonathan_ive_design.mp4

A Review of HTTP Live Streaming!

Andrew Fecheyr-Lippens

http://www.ioncannon.net/projects/http-live-video-stream-segmenter-and-distributor

http://www.mpeg4ip.net

Compatibility

One of the compatibility issues that originally impeded the growth of RTSP was the fact that it

runs on a port number (554) which is often blocked by consumer ﬁrewalls. Most RTSP servers offer

the functionality to tunnel RTSP communication over the same port as HTTP (port 80). We setup

DSS to use this function to minimize ﬁrewall issues. For the same reason, the communication protocol

of the Flash Media Streaming Server, RTMP, is encapsulated within HTTP requests.

HTTP Live Streaming natively runs on the HTTP port and thus has no ﬁrewall issues. This is one

of the main motives why Apple developed the protocol for it’s mobile internet devices.

We opened the test website ( http://streaming_test.andrewsblog.org ) with several different

browsers on 3 separate platforms and tested if each of the technologies worked. The results are

displayed in Table 3.

HTTP Live Streaming

RTP/RTSP

Flash Media

Safari 4.0.4, MacOS 10.6.2

FireFox 3.5.7, MacOS 10.6.2

Chrome 4.0.249, MacOS 10.6.2

FireFox 3.5, Vista SP1

IExplorer 8, Vista SP1

iPhone 3.1.2

yes

external player

yes

external player

yes

external player

yes

external player

yes

redirected*

*YouTube automatically sends an alternative HTTP Live Stream to iPhone users.

Table 3. Compatibility test

It is clear that the winner of this test is Flash Media, as it could be played in every situation.

Important to note here is that YouTube chooses to offer HTTP Live Streams for iPhone visitors.

Because of this, the HTTP Live Streaming technology suddenly gained a huge installed base, as all the

video’s on YouTube are also available through this streaming technology.

However, HTTP Live Streaming still suffers from lacking adoption on the desktop. Hopefully this

will change when it becomes an ofﬁcial IETF standard in the near future. Until broad support for

Apple’s new technology is a fact, the “fall-through” mechanism of HTML5 can be used: If the video tag

A Review of HTTP Live Streaming!

Andrew Fecheyr-Lippens

is not recognized, the browser will attempt to render the next child tag. This is extremely useful,

allowing a runtime like Flash to handle playback on browsers that do not yet support HTML 5 video

playback. The video tag can also fall-through across multiple sources, in the event that a browser does

not support a particular ﬁle format or compression. The HTML 5 speciﬁcation deﬁnes the syntax for

the video tag, but it is up to the browser which media formats to support. The code for this example

is available on page 9 of Akamai’s HD for iPhone Encoding Best Practices

[10]

Features

HTTP Live Streaming offers alternate streams with different bitrates. The client automatically

switches to the optimal bitrate based on network conditions for a smooth quality playback

experience. For streaming media to mobile devices with different types of network connections this is

a killer feature. It is sometimes referred to as “Adaptive Bitrate”. During the testing of the OS

toolchain stream the switching of bitrates was clear in the video quality and was recorded in the web

server access logs. I encourage you to checkout an excerpt of that logﬁle in Appendix 4. The Akamai

recommended bitrates used for encoding are included in Appendix 5 as a reference.

Some RTSP streaming servers offer a similar “bit rate adaption” for 3GPP ﬁles

. The newest

version of Adobe’s Flash Media Streaming Server (3.5) might offer an equivalent solution called

“Dynamic Streaming”

Video encryption and authentication over HTTPS are two other features of HTTP Live Streaming

of great value to content providers who want to protect their source of income. Authentication can

also be built into RTSP and Flash servers. The newest version of Adobe’s Flash Media Streaming

Server offers encrypted H.264 streaming and encrypted Real Time Messaging Protocol (RTMPE).

All three protocols offer VCR like functionality, such as play/pause and timeshifting seek. While

testing we found that the RTSP Stream from DSS was the most responsive to seeking. The HTTP Live

Stream suffered from a noticable delay because a full 10 second segment needs to be downloaded

before playback can resume. This delay can be signiﬁcantly reduced by using shorter segments. The

speciﬁcation draft allows segment durations with a minimum of 1 second. The tradeoff here is a higher

overhead, as more segments need to be requested. Seeking though YouTube video’s causes variable

delays, which are sometimes better than the HTTP Live Stream and sometimes worse.

A Review of HTTP Live Streaming!

Andrew Fecheyr-Lippens

http://www.apple.com/quicktime/streamingserver/

http://www.adobe.com/products/ﬂashmediastreaming/features/

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