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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION

servers.

Below are a few citations from white papers that scientically predict the

problems that would be created with video on the Internet, especially Video-

on-Demand (VOD) services.

\It is estimated that in the United States by 2015, movie downloads and P2P

le sharing could be 100 exabytes. Video calling and virtual windows could

generate 400 exabytes. This roughly shows that in a period of 9 years the load

on the Internet is expanding to about 50 times, and of course infrastructure

would have to meet this growing demands, to avoid a crisis."[51]

Cisco systems have made their independent predictions in their white pa-

per ‘Entering the Zettabyte Era’[9]

 \Global Internet video trac surpassed global peer-to-peer

(P2P) trac in 2010, and by 2012 Internet video will ac-

count for over 50 percent of consumer Internet trac." As

anticipated, as of 2010 P2P trac is no longer the largest Internet traf-

c type, for the rst time in 10 years. Internet video was 40 percent of

consumer Internet in 2010 and will reach 50 percent by year-end 2012.

 \It would take over 5 years to watch the amount of video

that will cross global IP networks every second in 2015."

Every second, 1 million minutes of video content will cross the network

in 2015.

 \Video-on-demand trac will triple by 2015." The amount of

VOD trac in 2015 will be equivalent to 3 billion DVDs per month.

In view of the above predictions it is clear that if media streaming services

continue to be delivered in the traditional way, the coming data ood will

require increasingly huge investments in infrastructure to keep up with the

demand. However as this is something we anticipate, we could denitely

prepare for it. A closer look at VOD streaming service, allows us to make

the following observations,

 It is a popular service via the browser.

 It is currently served over the client/server architecture, which makes

it a very costly service from the server perspective.

 Distributing the load on a P2P topology would help reduce the cost on

the server side.

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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION

Having identied a solution, in the next chapter we look into existing works

that have tried to address this problem, and then conclude on how our solu-

tion would be dierent when implemented.

This thesis focuses on the feasibility of implementing a P2P based media

streaming solution native to the browser using the available HTML5 APIs.

We attempt to aid the community behind the standardization, by imple-

menting and analyzing each module using only HTML5 related technologies.

1.3 Structure of the thesis

The rest of the thesis is organized as follows. Chapter 2 gives an overview

of the related research and development in the eld of P2P media stream-

ing. Chapter 3 introduces HTML5 and then brie y talks about the various

HTML5 APIs that are used in the implementation of our a P2P based media

streaming solution. Chapter 4 gives a detailed description of the ‘Web Real-

Time Communication’ (WebRTC) specication, and introduces the various

working groups and APIs it covers. Chapter 5 describes the design of thevar-

ious modulesof our video streamingapplication, wethen introduce thedesign

of a video conferencing web application for the purpose of measuring the var-

ious experimental browser implementations of the new HTML5 APIs. Chap-

ter 6 describes the HTML5 and JavaScript implementations of the various

modules, and also evaluates their performance on the web browser. Chapter

7discusses our ndings and views of P2P with HTML5 from our experience

of the implementation and evaluation. Finally in Chapter 8 we conclude the

thesis and talk about the future work involved. The HTML5 and JavaScript

source code of our implementations can be found in Appendix A.

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Chapter 2

Related Work

In this chapter we look at previous work on media streaming solutions and

solutions that have tried video streaming with P2P.

2.1 Video streaming

It is almost impossible today to nd an Internet user who has not heard of

the video sharing website YouTube

. YouTube popularized the concept of

sharing user generated videos, which could be viewed by anyone with an In-

ternet connection (before YouTube it was usually website owners who would

provide the content). This impact of this concept is enormous. It oers a

chance for anyone to become a celebrity overnight, almost literally. Eyewit-

ness videos transform ordinary people into reporters, amateur movie makers

have a platform where they can reach millions, and more importantly mil-

lions logon daily to be view these videos and be entertained. Even political

parties have started using these sites in their campaigns[55]. The prolifer-

ation of aordable cameras, camera phones and availability of inexpensive

tools for video editing and publishing also contribute to the success of the

YouTube phenomenon.

Today YouTube is one of the most popular sites on the Internet. In fact

as per the Alexa

trac rankings, it is the third most viewed site globally.

However hosting a site like this comes at a high cost. It was estimated that

YouTubespends roughly $1 million aday justfor server bandwidth in 2008[2].

This cost is only increasing daily, and is mainly due to the client/server ar-

chitecture that it runs on. P2P delivery of videos has been considered as

http://www.youtube.com

http://www.alexa.com

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CHAPTER 2. RELATED WORK

an alternative[57] to alleviate this problem. We discuss existing P2P im-

plementations that have tried to address this issue in the remainder of this

chapter.

2.2 Peer-to-Peer streaming technology

In the client/server architecture a le is hosted by a server for download. The

server has to serve every client download request by uploading the le within

the constraints of its available upload bandwidth. Thus the available upload

bandwidth is an upper limit in the design of the system, which becomes a

bottleneck as the number of client requests increase. P2P le sharing proto-

cols like BitTorrent are designed to overcome this problem.

Designing such a distributed system comes with a unique set of challenges,

which include the unreliability of client infrastructure, participation, ensur-

ing fairness to clients and the overhead of computation on the clients. But

if a system is designed to overcome these challenges, there are a lot of ben-

ets, such as quicker downloads and removal of bottlenecks on any central

infrastructure.

2.2.1 BitTorrent

BitTorrent is a P2P lesharing protocol that can be used toreducethe server

and network impact of distributing large les. It allows users to join a swarm

of hosts where download and upload of the le happens simultaneously. The

le is divided into small chunks known as pieces. A user who downloads a

piece then becomes a source for upload of that piece to the other users. Thus

the task of uploading the le is distributed among the clients who are also

downloading the le[11]. BitTorrent is one of the most successful implemen-

tations of a P2P le sharing service, and as the BitTorrent protocol forms

the underlying concept of our P2P Video streaming approach, it would help

to understand its design.

When a le is to be hosted the owner of the le rst goes through a publish-

ing process using the BitTorrent client (a standalone software application).

This process results in the creation of another small le which is called the

\torrent" le. The torrent le contains meta-data of the le being shared,

such as le length, name, hash for each piece and the tracker (the computer

that co-ordinates the le distribution) Uniform Resource Locators (URL).

The torrent le is usually then hosted on a regular web server for download.

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CHAPTER 2. RELATED WORK

Clients interested in downloading the le, download the respective torrent

le and open it with their BitTorrent client. The BitTorrent client contacts

the tracker to get a list of peers who have already downloaded the le com-

pletely or partially, and then connects to the various peers and requests the

pieces of the le. Since the le is downloaded from many sources it is impor-

tant to check the integrity of each downloading piece before merging it into

the main le, the hash information for each pieceis used for this this purpose.

BitTorrent redistributes the cost of upload to the downloaders, thus making

hosting a le with a potentially unlimited number of downloaders aordable.

It has been attempted by researchers before to nd practical techniques for

P2P le sharing before[8], however it was not previously deployed on a large

scale becauseof the logistical and robustness problems involved. Figuringout

which peers have what parts of the le and where the pieces should be sent

is dicult to do without incurring a huge overhead. In addition, peers rarely

connect for more than a few hours, and frequently for only a few minutes.

Finally, there is the general problem of fairness. These issues are addressed

by BitTorrent. A tracker addresses the problem of peers nding each other

by providing a random list of peers (who are downloading the le) to a newly

joined peer, and downloaders can make use of this to connect to each other.

Peers maximize their download rates using a variant of tit-for-tat. To coop-

erate peers upload and to not cooperate they ‘choke’ peers (‘choking’ is a

temporary refusal to upload). This also ensures fairness[10].

BitTorrent has also been found to be very eective in handling ashcrowds,

aphenomenon in which a single le suddenly gains in popularity[35].

2.2.1.1 Streaming

BitTorrent at the basic level is focused on P2P le sharing rather than VOD

streaming. It thus provide no guarantees about the order and timeliness of

pieces to be downloaded. In VOD streaming however it is crucial that the

pieces arrive in order and it time (before the media player has to display

it). Also for online viewing of video (VOD), browsers are usually the choice

of medium and requiring a separate software application or a plugin, which

users would need to install for this purpose, hinders the user experience. We

discuss these issues and some of the existing implementations of streaming

solutions in the next section.

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CHAPTER 2. RELATED WORK

2.2.2 VOD solutions

To address the limitations of the basic BitTorrent protocol with regard to

video streaming, several protocols have been introduced thatextend the basic

BitTorrent protocol. These solutions along with the implementations ofthese

protocols are discussed here. They can be classied as ‘Native applications’

and ‘Browser based solutions’.

2.2.2.1 Native applications

Tribler[36] is a BitTorrent based client application that has Video on De-

mand support. It is supported by the European Union 7th framework re-

search program

,with prior funding through research grants of the I-Share

project, STW project and P2P-Next.

Tribler usesan overlay network for contentsearching, which makes itindepen-

dent of external websites. The platform that Tribler uses was developed by

P2P-Next and enables P2P based delivery of VOD and live streaming[30][29].

The Give-to-Get VODalgorithm used herediscourages free-ridingby reward-

ing peers which forward data to others. The peers thatforward the most data

will be provided with a better quality of service by their neighbours.TheGive-

to-Get algorithm also includes a piece-picking policy in which sets of pieces

required for playback are divide into three subsets: high, medium and low

priority. This allows a graceful transition between downloading pieces re-

quired on the short-term and those required on the long term with a distinct

piece-picking policy within each priority set[28].

Spotify[24] is a streaming music service that uses P2P techniques. Data

is streamed from both servers and a P2P network. One of the distinguishing

features of theSpotify client is the low playback latency. It uses aproprietary

client and protocol. Audio streams are encoded using ‘Ogg Vorbis’ with a

default quality of q5, which has variable bitrate averaging roughly 160 kbps.

The protocol is unsuitable for live broadcasts. A client cannot upload a track

unless it has the whole track, this removes the overhead involved with com-

municating what parts of the track a client has. Clients use TCP between

pairs of hosts and keep a connection open to the Spotify server. Using TCP

simplies the protocol design and implementation as TCP is reliable and in-

cludes congestion control.

Spotify uses two mechanism to locate peers. The rst uses a tracker deployed

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CHAPTER 2. RELATED WORK

in the Spotify back-end, this is similar to a BitTorrent tracker in function-

ality, the second mechanism uses a query in the overlay network. When a

client asks for peers who have a track, the tracker replies with a maximum

of 10 peers who are currently online. As clients keep a TCP connection open

to a Spotify server, the tracker has a list of peers who are online at any given

moment. Clients also send search requests to the overlay network, similar to

the method used in Gnutella[41].

2.2.2.2 Browser based solutions

Most web browsers support the ability to add specic functionality via plug-

ins or add-ons. One such plugin that implements P2P video streaming in a

browser is the SwarmPlugin

. This is a plugin available for ‘Firefox’ and

‘Internet Explorer’ browsers, that is based on the VLC media player and the

Tribler software (a European Union funded project). The SwarmPlugin has

been put to use by the ‘Wikimedia Foundation’[4].

Here the concept of P2P sharing brings in an additional advantage of dis-

tributing the content, rather than havingitstored on acentral server, thereby

reducing the cost of back-end infrastructure. An overview of the system is

presented in the Figure 2.1.

Figure 2.1: Architecture overview [4]

http://trial.p2p-next.org/Beta

CHAPTER 2. RELATED WORK

The design of this P2P solution addresses two key shortcomings of the

earlier BitTorrent design with regards to VOD.

 Low delay in getting the initial few pieces.

 Placing the implementation within the browser.

Since the browser is the main target for VOD streaming, creating a plugin

to implement this functionality is a step in the right direction. This plu-

gin has been developed (initially only for the Mozilla browser) based on the

P2P-Next[32] platform. The video player used is the HTML5 <video> tag,

which uses the native implementation of video player within the browser.

Although using a plugin is much more simpler than asking users to install a

native application, the drawback of this is that the plugin needs to be imple-

mented for every browser separately, and as a fallback the video would have

to be streamed over HTTP in the traditional way. Eectively this means

that users would need to install the plugin only to participate in the P2P

functionality. A more desirable approach would be have this functionality

implemented within the browser so that it is available by default.

With HTML5, browsers are making a concerted eort to be more standard-

ized, and are attempting to move away from plugins, and towards building

web applications that could be as powerful as native applications. If the

functionality that was previously oered by a plugin becomes part of the

functionality available in the browser itself, it is no longer considered a plu-

gin. For example, Microsoft has decided to move to a plugin-free browser

with the release of their ‘Windows 8’ operating system, and since Adobe

Flash is a heavily used plugin they have decided to incorporate the imple-

mentation of Adobe Flash into the browser code base. In order to get cross

browser support for native functionality, it is important to have a standard

in place and this is the role of HTML5.

To conclude, it is quite clear now that one solution to reduce the network

trac load on VOD streaming servers would be to employ a P2P approach

to distribute the network trac among the nodes. However currently there

exist no solutions thatsupport this functionality fully within the web browser

(which is the main medium used for viewing videos online) independent of

third-party plugins (which as mentioned before require user intervention to

install). In this thesis we attempt to design and implement an alternative

solution inside a web browser using only currently available HTML5 APIs to

achieve video streaming with P2P functionality.

Chapter 3

HTML5

In this chapter we look at the latest version of the ‘HyperText Markup Lan-

guage’ (HTML) which is known as HTML5. This is the fth revision of the

HTML standard and is currently under development. HTML5 is intended to

subsume the following three specications,

 HTML 4.01 (HTML4)[19]

 eXtensible HTML 1.1 (XHTML1)[56]

 DOM Level 2 HTML (DOM2HTML)[16]

HTML5 also standardizes many of the features that have been used by web

developers for years, but have not been formally documented by a standards

committee. For instance the ‘window’ object which has been implemented

by all web browsers has not been formally documented before the advent of

HTML5.

HTML5 like its predecessors is platform independent as it is implemented

within the web browser. The term HTML5 has been misunderstood, as it

has sometimes been referred to as a platform and sometimes as a standard

that is being designed and drafted. It is important to note that HTML5 is

acollection of individual features, certain of these features are still in very

early stages of being drafted. Therefore statements such as ‘HTML5 sup-

ported browsers’ are misleading, as most modern browsers support only a

portion of these individual HTML5 features currently. As per the World

Wide Web Consortium (W3C), in contrast to earlier HTML specication de-

velopment models, the HTML5 specication will not be considered nished

before there are at least two complete implementations of the specication.

The goal of this change is to ensure that the specication is implementable,

and usable by authors once it is nished.

CHAPTER 3. HTML5

HTML documents consists of elements and text, elements are usually repre-

sented as tags. HTML user agents namely web browsers, parse these doc-

uments to form the ‘Document Object Model’ (DOM). This is the internal

data structure that represents a HTML document. The public interface of

aDOM is specied in its ‘application programming interface’ (API). These

DOM APIs can be used to inspect or modify the Web page dynamically

within the browser by another programming language such as JavaScript.

Unlike earlier specications, the APIs and DOM are fundamental parts of

the HTML5 specication. In addition to many new syntactical features such

as a number of new tags, HTML5 also introduces several new APIs for de-

velopment of complex web applications.

3.1 Evolution

HTML was initially considered to be an application of ‘Standard Gener-

alized Markup Language’ (SGML) and was formally dened as such by the

‘Internet EngineeringTask Force’ (IETF). The IETF is an open standards or-

ganization that develops and promotes Internet standards. The IETF closed

its ‘HTML Working Group’ in 1996 after which the HTML specications

have been maintained (with inputs from commercial software vendors) by

the ‘World Wide Web Consortium’ (W3C), which is the main standards or-

ganization for the World Wide Web.

In 2004, a majority of the W3C members voted against continuing work

on HTML and decided to abandon it in favor of XML based technologies.

In response to this a community of people interested in evolving HTML

and related technologies, formed the ‘Web Hypertext Application Technol-

ogy Working Group’ (WHATWG), which continued on the task of evolving

HTML to what we now know as ‘HTML5’. Later on in 2006, the W3C indi-

cated interest in joining the HTML5 evolution and in 2007 started to work

together with the WHATWG. The HTML5 specication was adopted as the

starting point of the work of the new ‘HTML Working Group’ of the W3C.

Although the specication by and large is still being drafted and would take

afew more years to complete (‘Last Call’ was in May 2011 and 2014 is the

current target for ‘Recommendation’), quite a few of the sections are stable.

User agent browservendors have started implementingmost ofthese sections,

and some of the vendors have even implemented certain sections which are

not stable and still being drafted, for the purpose of providing feedback to

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