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2.5 Java Binding 31

2.5 Java Binding

Java supports a portable mechanism for attaching native language code to Java pro-

grams, the Java Native Interface (JNI). The JNI provides programming conventions for

calling native C or C++ routines from within Java code, and vice versa. Each C routine

has to be wrapped with the appropriate code in order to be available to the Java VM, and

the resulting library has to be generated as a shared or dynamic object in order to be

loaded into the Java VM.

PDFlib supplies JNI wrapper code for using the library from Java. This technique al-

lows us to attach PDFlib to Java by loading the shared library from the Java VM. The ac-

tual loading of the library is accomplished via a static member function in the pdflib

Java class. Therefore, the Java client doesn’t have to bother with the specifics of shared

library handling.

Taking into account PDFlib’s stability and maturity, attaching the native PDFlib li-

brary to the Java VM doesn’t impose any stability or security restrictions on your Java

application, while at the same time offering the performance benefits of a native imple-

mentation. Regarding portability remember that PDFlib is available for all platforms

where there is a Java VM!

Installing the PDFlib Java Edition. For the PDFlib binding to work, the Java VM must

have access to the PDFlib Java wrapper and the PDFlib Java package. PDFlib is organized

as a Java package with the following package name:

com.pdflib.pdflib

This package is available in the pdflib.jar file and contains a single class called pdflib. Us-

ing the source files provided in the PDFlib Lite distribution you can generate an abbrevi-

ated HTML version of the PDFlib Reference using the javadoc utility since the PDFlib

class contains the necessary javadoc comments. Comments and restrictions for using

PDFlib with specific Java environments may be found in text files in the distribution

set.

In order to supply this package to your application, you must add pdflib.jar to your

CLASSPATH environment variable, add the option -classpath pdflib.jar in your calls to the

Java compiler and runtime, or perform equivalent steps in your Java IDE. In the JDK you

can configure the Java VM to search for native libraries in a given directory by setting

the java.library.path property to the name of the directory, e.g.

java -Djava.library.path=. pdfclock

You can check the value of this property as follows:

System.out.println(System.getProperty("java.library.path"));

In addition, the following platform-dependent steps must be performed:

>Unix: the library libpdf_java.so (on Mac OS X: libpdf_java.jnilib) must be placed in one

of the default locations for shared libraries, or in an appropriately configured direc-

tory.

>Windows: the library pdf_java.dll must be placed in the Windows system directory, or

a directory which is listed in the PATH environment variable.

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Chapter 2: PDFlib Language Bindings

PDFlib servlets and Java application servers. PDFlib is perfectly suited for server-side

Java applications, especially servlets. The PDFlib distribution contains examples of

PDFlib Java servlets which demonstrate the basic use. When using PDFlib with a specific

servlet engine the following configuration issues must be observed:

>The directory where the servlet engine looks for native libraries varies among ven-

dors. Common candidate locations are system directories, directories specific to the

underlying Java VM, and local directories of the servlet engine. Please check the doc-

umentation supplied by the vendor of your servlet engine.

>Servlets are often loaded by a special class loader which may be restricted, or use a

dedicated classpath. For some servlet engines it is required to define a special engine

classpath to make sure that the PDFlib package will be found.

More detailed notes on using PDFlib with specific servlet engines and Java application

servers can be found in additional documentation in the PDFlib distribution.

Note Since the EJB (Enterprise Java Beans) specification disallows the use of native libraries, PDFlib

cannot be used within EJBs.

Error Handling in Java. The Java binding installs a special error handler which trans-

lates PDFlib errors to native Java exceptions. In case of an exception PDFlib will throw a

native Java exception of the following class:

PDFlibException

The Java exceptions can be dealt with by the usual try/catch technique:

try {

...some PDFlib instructions...

} catch (PDFlibException e) {

System.err.print("PDFlib exception occurred in hello sample:\n");

System.err.print("[" + e.get_errnum() + "] " + e.get_apiname() +

": " + e.get_errmsg() + "\n");

} catch (Exception e) {

System.err.println(e.getMessage());

} finally {

if (p != null) {

p.delete(); /* delete the PDFlib object */

}

Since PDFlib declares appropriate throws clauses, client code must either catch all possi-

ble PDFlib exceptions, or declare those itself.

Unicode and legacy encoding conversion. For the convenience of PDFlib users we list

some useful string conversion methods here. Please refer to the Java documentation for

more details. The following constructor creates a Unicode string from a byte array, us-

ing the platform’s default encoding:

String(byte[] bytes)

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2.5 Java Binding 33

The following constructor creates a Unicode string from a byte array, using the encod-

ing supplied in the enc parameter (e.g. SJIS, UTF8, UTF-16):

String(byte[] bytes, String enc)

The following method of the String class converts a Unicode string to a string according

to the encoding specified in the enc parameter:

byte[] getBytes(String enc)

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Chapter 2: PDFlib Language Bindings

2.6 .NET Binding

(This section is only included in the COM/.NET/REALbasic edition of the PDFlib tutorial.)

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2.7 Perl Binding 35

2.7 Perl Binding

Perl

supports a mechanism for extending the language interpreter via native C librar-

ies. The PDFlib wrapper for Perl consists of a C wrapper file and a Perl package module.

The C module is used to build a shared library which the Perl interpreter loads at run-

time, with some help from the package file. Perl scripts refer to the shared library mod-

ule via a use statement.

Installing the PDFlib Perl Edition. The Perl extension mechanism loads shared libraries

at runtime through the DynaLoader module. The Perl executable must have been com-

piled with support for shared libraries (this is true for the majority of Perl configura-

tions).

For the PDFlib binding to work, the Perl interpreter must access the PDFlib Perl wrap-

per and the module file pdflib_pl.pm. In addition to the platform-specific methods de-

scribed below you can add a directory to Perl’s @INC module search path using the -I

command line option:

perl -I/path/to/pdflib hello.pl

Unix. Perl will search both pdflib_pl.so (on Mac OS X: pdflib_pl.dylib) and pdflib_pl.pm in

the current directory, or the directory printed by the following Perl command:

perl -e 'use Config; print $Config{sitearchexp};'

Perl will also search the subdirectory auto/pdflib_pl. Typical output of the above com-

mand looks like

/usr/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.8/i686-linux

Windows. PDFlib supports the ActiveState port of Perl 5 to Windows, also known as

ActivePerl.

Both pdflib_pl.dll and pdflib_pl.pm will be searched in the current directory,

or the directory printed by the following Perl command:

perl -e "use Config; print $Config{sitearchexp};"

Typical output of the above command looks like

C:\Program Files\Perl5.8\site\lib

Error Handling in Perl. The Perl binding installs a special error handler which trans-

lates PDFlib errors to native Perl exceptions. The Perl exceptions can be dealt with by ap-

plying the appropriate language constructs, i.e., by bracketing critical sections:

eval {

...some PDFlib instructions...

};

die "Exception caught" if $@;

1. See www.perl.com

2. See www.activestate.com

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Chapter 2: PDFlib Language Bindings

More than one way of String handling. Depending on the requirements of your appli-

cation you can work with UTF-8, UTF-16, or legacy encodings. The following code snip-

pets demonstrate all three variants. All examples create the same Japanese output, but

accept the string input in different formats.

The first example works with Unicode UTF-8 and uses the Unicode::String module

which is part of most modern Perl distributions, and available on CPAN). Since Perl

works with UTF-8 internally no explicit UTF-8 conversion is required:

use Unicode::String qw(utf8 utf16 uhex);

...

PDF_set_parameter($p, "textformat", "utf8");

$font = PDF_load_font($p, "Arial Unicode MS", "unicode", "");

PDF_setfont($p, $font, 24.0);

PDF_set_text_pos($p, 50, 700);

PDF_show($p, uhex("U+65E5 U+672C U+8A9E"));

The second example works with Unicode UTF-16 and little-endian byte order:

PDF_set_parameter($p, "textformat", "utf16le");

$font = PDF_load_font($p, "Arial Unicode MS", "unicode", "");

PDF_setfont($p, $font, 24.0);

PDF_set_text_pos($p, 50, 700);

PDF_show($p, "\xE5\x65\x2C\x67\x9E\x8A");

The third example works with Shift-JIS. Except on Windows systems it requires access to

the 90ms-RKSJ-H CMap for string conversion:

PDF_set_parameter($p, "SearchPath", "../../../resource/cmap");

$font = PDF_load_font($p, "Arial Unicode MS", "cp932", "");

PDF_setfont($p, $font, 24.0);

PDF_set_text_pos($p, 50, 700);

PDF_show($p, "\x93\xFA\x96\x7B\x8C\xEA");

Unicode and legacy encoding conversion. For the convenience of PDFlib users we list

some useful string conversion methods here. Please refer to the Perl documentation for

more details. The following constructor creates a Unicode string from a byte array:

$logos="\x{039b}\x{03bf}\x{03b3}\x{03bf}\x{03c3}\x{0020}" ;

The following constructor creates a Unicode string from the Unicode character name:

$delta = "\N{GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA}";

The Encode module supports many encodings and has interfaces for converting be-

tween those encodings:

use Encode 'decode';

$data = decode("iso-8859-3", $data);

# convert from legacy to UTF-8

2.8 PHP Binding 37

2.8 PHP Binding

Installing the PDFlib PHP Edition. Detailed information about the various flavors and

options for using PDFlib with PHP

, including the question of whether or not to use a

loadable PDFlib module for PHP, can be found in the PDFlib-in-PHP-HowTo.pdf document

which is contained in the distribution packages and also available on the PDFlib Web

site.

You must configure PHP so that it knows about the external PDFlib library. You have

two choices:

>Add one of the following lines in php.ini:

extension=libpdf_php.so

; for Unix

extension=libpdf_php.dll

; for Windows

PHP will search the library in the directory specified in the extension_dir variable in

php.ini on Unix, and additionally in the standard system directories on Windows.

You can test which version of the PHP PDFlib binding you have installed with the fol-

lowing one-line PHP script:

<?phpinfo()?>

This will display a long info page about your current PHP configuration. On this page

check the section titled pdf. If this section contains PDFlib GmbH Binary Version (and

the PDFlib version number) you are using the supported new PDFlib wrapper. The

unsupported old wrapper will display PDFlib GmbH Version instead.

>Load PDFlib at runtime with one of the following lines at the start of your script:

dl("libpdf_php.so");

# for Unix

dl("libpdf_php.dll");

# for Windows

PHP 5 features. PDFlib takes advantage of the following new features in PHP 5:

>New object model: the PDFlib functions are encapsulated within a PDFlib object.

>Exceptions: PDFlib exceptions will be propagated as PHP 5 exceptions, and can be

caught with the usual try/catch technique. New-style exception handling can be

used with both the new object-oriented approach and the old API functions.

See below for more details on these PHP 5 features.

Modified error return for PDFlib functions in PHP. Since PHP uses the convention of re-

turning the value 0 (FALSE) when an error occurs within a function, all PDFlib functions

have been adjusted to return 0 instead of -1 in case of an error. This difference is noted

in the function descriptions in the PDFlib Reference. However, take care when reading

the code fragment examples in Section 3, »PDFlib Programming«, page 45, since these

use the usual PDFlib convention of returning -1 in case of an error.

File name handling in PHP. Unqualified file names (without any path component) and

relative file names for PDF, image, font and other disk files are handled differently in

Unix and Windows versions of PHP:

>PHP on Unix systems will find files without any path component in the directory

where the script is located.

1. See www.php.net

Chapter 2: PDFlib Language Bindings

>PHP on Windows will find files without any path component only in the directory

where the PHP DLL is located.

In order to provide platform-independent file name handling the use of PDFlib’s

SearchPath facility is strongly recommended (see Section 3.1.3, »Resource Configuration

and File Searching«, page 48).

Error handling in PHP 4. When a PDFlib exception occurs, a PHP exception is thrown.

Since PHP 4 does not support structured exception handling there is no way to catch ex-

ceptions and act appropriately. Do not disable PHP warnings when using PDFlib, or you

will run into serious trouble.

PDFlib warnings (nonfatal errors) are mapped to PHP warnings, which can be dis-

abled in php.ini. Alternatively, warnings can be disabled at runtime with a PDFlib func-

tion call like in any other language binding:

PDF_set_parameter($p, "warning", "false");

Exception handling in PHP 5. Since PHP 5 supports structured exception handling,

PDFlib exceptions will be propagated as PHP exceptions. PDFlib will throw an exception

of the class PDFlibException, which is derived from PHP’s standard Exception class. You

can use the standard try/catch technique to deal with PDFlib exceptions:

try {

...some PDFlib instructions...

} catch (PDFlibException $e) {

print "PDFlib exception occurred:\n";

print "[" . $e->get_errnum() . "] " . $e->get_apiname() . ": "

$e->get_errmsg() . "\n";

}

catch (Exception $e) {

print $e;

}

Note that you can use PHP 5-style exception handling regardless of whether you work

with the old function-based PDFlib interface, or the new object-oriented one.

Unicode and legacy encoding conversion. The iconv module can be used for string con-

versions. Please refer to the PHP documentation for more details.

2.9 Python Binding 39

2.9 Python Binding

Installing the PDFlib Python Edition. The Python

extension mechanism works by

loading shared libraries at runtime. For the PDFlib binding to work, the Python inter-

preter must have access to the PDFlib Python wrapper:

>Unix: the library pdflib_py.so (on Mac OS X: pdflib_py.dylib) will be searched in the di-

rectories listed in the PYTHONPATH environment variable.

>Windows: the library pdflib_py.dll will be searched in the directories listed in the

PYTHONPATH environment variable.

Error Handling in Python. The Python binding installs a special error handler which

translates PDFlib errors to native Python exceptions. The Python exceptions can be

dealt with by the usual try/catch technique:

try:

...some PDFlib instructions...

except PDFlibException:

print 'PDFlib Exception caught!'

Configuring the old-style Python binding without Unicode support. By default, the Py-

thon binding is Unicode-aware. For compatibility purposes we also supply a non-Uni-

code-aware version of the Python binding. Although this is not recommended for new

applications, you may want to use the old-style Python binding without Unicode sup-

port for older applications which do not properly deal with Unicode strings. In this situ-

ation you can configure the Python binding as follows:

>Rename pdflib_py.so to nupdflib_py.so

>Add the the following to your code:

from nupdflib_py import *

1. See www.python.org

Chapter 2: PDFlib Language Bindings

2.10 REALbasic Binding

(This section is only included in the COM/.NET/REALbasic edition of the PDFlib tutorial.)

1. See www.realbasic.com

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