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Categoriesp114:

Flow contentp117

Palpable contentp118

Contexts in which this element can be usedp114:

Whereflow contentp117

is expected.

Content modelp114:

Flow contentp117

, but with noheaderp170

,footerp171

, ormainp204

element descendants.

Tag omission in text/htmlp114:

Neither tag is omissible.

Content attributesp114:

Global attributesp121

DOM interfacep114:

UsesHTMLElementp113

Thefooterp171

elementrepresentsp112

a footer for its nearest ancestorsectioning contentp117

orsectioning rootp175

element. A footer typically

contains information about its section such as who wrote it, links to related documents, copyright data, and the like.

When thefooterp171

element contains entire sections, theyrepresentp112

appendices, indexes, long colophons, verbose license agreements, and

other such content.

</dl>

</header>

Theheaderp170

element is notsectioning contentp117

; it doesn't introduce a new section.

Note

In this example, the page has a page heading given by theh1p167

element, and two subsections whose headings are given byh2p167

elements. The content after theheaderp170

element is still part of the last subsection started in theheaderp170

element, because the

headerp170

element doesn't take part in theoutlinep176

algorithm.

<body>

<h1>Little Green Guys With Guns</h1>

<nav>

<ul>

<li><a href="/games">Games</a>

<li><a href="/forum">Forum</a>

<li><a href="/download">Download</a>

</ul>

</nav>

<h2>Important News</h2>

<p>To play today's games you will need to update your client.</p>

<h2>Games</h2>

</header>

<p>You have three active games:</p>

...

Example

Contact information for the author or editor of a section belongs in anaddressp173

element, possibly itself inside afooterp171

. Bylines

and other information that could be suitable for both aheaderp170

or afooterp171

can be placed in either (or neither). The primary

purpose of these elements is merely to help the author write self-explanatory markup that is easy to maintain and style; they are not

intended to impose specific structures on authors.

Note

4.3.9 Thefooterelement

Spec bugs:12990

⋰

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Footers don't necessarily have to appear at theendof a section, though they usually do.

When the nearest ancestorsectioning contentp117

orsectioning rootp175

element isthe body elementp108

, then it applies to the whole page.

Thefooterp171

element is notsectioning contentp117

; it doesn't introduce a new section.

Note

Here is a page with two footers, one at the top and one at the bottom, with the same content:

<body>

<footer><a href="../">Back to index...</a></footer>

<h1>Lorem ipsum</h1>

<h2>The ipsum of all lorems</h2>

</hgroup>

<p>A dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod

tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim

veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex

ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in

voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla

pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in

culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.</p>

<footer><a href="../">Back to index...</a></footer>

</body>

Example

Here is an example which shows thefooterp171

element being used both for a site-wide footer and for a section footer.

<!DOCTYPE HTML>

<TITLE>The Ramblings of a Scientist</TITLE>

<BODY>

<H1>The Ramblings of a Scientist</H1>

<H1>Episode 15</H1>

<P><A HREF="/fm/015.ogv">Download video</A>.</P>

</VIDEO>

<P>Published <TIME DATETIME="2009-10-21T18:26-07:00">on 2009/10/21 at 6:26pm</TIME></P>

</FOOTER>

</ARTICLE>

<H1>My Favorite Trains</H1>

<P>I love my trains. My favorite train of all time is a Köf.</P>

<P>It is fun to see them pull some coal cars because they look so

dwarfed in comparison.</P>

<P>Published <TIME DATETIME="2009-09-15T14:54-07:00">on 2009/09/15 at 2:54pm</TIME></P>

</FOOTER>

</ARTICLE>

<NAV>

<P><A HREF="/credits.html">Credits</A> —

<A HREF="/tos.html">Terms of Service</A> —

<A HREF="/index.html">Blog Index</A></P>

</NAV>

</FOOTER>

</BODY>

</HTML>

Example

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Categoriesp114:

Flow contentp117

Palpable contentp118

Contexts in which this element can be usedp114:

Whereflow contentp117

is expected.

Content modelp114:

Flow contentp117

, but with noheading contentp117

descendants, nosectioning contentp117

descendants, and noheaderp170

,footerp171

oraddressp173

element descendants.

Tag omission in text/htmlp114:

Neither tag is omissible.

Content attributesp114:

Global attributesp121

DOM interfacep114:

UsesHTMLElementp113

Theaddressp173

elementrepresentsp112

the contact information for its nearestarticlep157

orbodyp156

element ancestor. If that isthe body

elementp108

, then the contact information applies to the document as a whole.

Some site designs have what is sometimes referred to as "fat footers" — footers that contain a lot of material, including images, links to

other articles, links to pages for sending feedback, special offers... in some ways, a whole "front page" in the footer.

This fragment shows the bottom of a page on a site with a "fat footer":

...

<nav>

<h1>Articles</h1>

<p><img src="images/somersaults.jpeg" alt=""> Go to the gym with

our somersaults class! Our teacher Jim takes you through the paces

in this two-part article. <a href="articles/somersaults/1">Part

1</a> · <a href="articles/somersaults/2">Part 2</a></p>

<p><img src="images/kindplus.jpeg"> Tired of walking on the edge of

a clif? Our guest writer Lara shows you how to bumble

your way through the bars. <a href="articles/kindplus/1">Read

more...</a></p>

<p><img src="images/crisps.jpeg"> The chips are down, now all

that's left is a potato. What can you do with it? <a

href="articles/crisps/1">Read more...</a></p>

</section>

<ul>

<li> <a href="/about">About us...</a>

<li> <a href="/feedback">Send feedback!</a>

<li> <a href="/sitemap">Sitemap</a>

</ul>

</nav>

<a href="/tos">Terms of Service</a></small></p>

</footer>

</body>

For example, a page at the W3C Web site related to HTML might include the following contact information:

Example

4.3.10 Theaddresselement

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Theaddressp173

element must not be used to represent arbitrary addresses (e.g. postal addresses), unless those addresses are in fact the

relevant contact information. (Thepp186

element is the appropriate element for marking up postal addresses in general.)

Theaddressp173

element must not contain information other than contact information.

Typically, theaddressp173

element would be included along with other information in afooterp171

element.

The contact information for a nodenodeis a collection ofaddressp173

elements defined by the first applicable entry from the following list:

↪

Ifnodeis anarticlep157

element

↪

Ifnodeis abodyp156

element

The contact information consists of all theaddressp173

elements that havenodeas an ancestor and do not have anotherbodyp156

articlep157

element ancestor that is a descendant ofnode.

↪

Ifnodehas an ancestor element that is anarticlep157

element

↪

Ifnodehas an ancestor element that is abodyp156

element

The contact information ofnodeis the same as the contact information of the nearestarticlep157

orbodyp156

element ancestor,

whichever is nearest.

↪

Ifnode'snode document

hasa body elementp108

The contact information ofnodeis the same as the contact information ofthe body elementp108

of theDocumentp103

↪

Otherwise

There is no contact information fornode.

User agents may expose the contact information of a node to the user, or use it for other purposes, such as indexing sections based on the

sections' contact information.

Theh1p167

–h6p167

elements and thehgroupp168

element are headings.

The first element ofheading contentp117

in an element ofsectioning contentp117

representsp112

the heading for that section. Subsequent headings of

equal or higherrankp167

start new (implied) sections, headings of lowerrankp167

start implied subsections that are part of the previous one. In both

cases, the elementrepresentsp112

the heading of the implied section.

<A href="../People/Raggett/">Dave Raggett</A>,

<A href="../People/Arnaud/">Arnaud Le Hors</A>,

contact persons for the <A href="Activity">W3C HTML Activity</A>

</ADDRESS>

For example, the following is non-conforming use of theaddressp173

element:

<ADDRESS>Last Modified: 1999/12/24 23:37:50</ADDRESS>

Example

In this example the footer contains contact information and a copyright notice.

For more details, contact

<a href="mailto:js@example.com">John Smith</a>.

</address>

</footer>

Example

4.3.11Headings and sections

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Certain elements are said to besectioning roots, includingblockquotep191

andtdp409

elements. These elements can have their own outlines,

but the sections and headings inside these elements do not contribute to the outlines of their ancestors.

⇒

blockquotep191

,bodyp156

,detailsp544

,dialogp559

,fieldsetp505

,figurep201

,tdp409

Sectioning contentp117

elements are always considered subsections of their nearest ancestorsectioning rootp175

or their nearest ancestor element of

sectioning contentp117

, whichever is nearest, regardless of what implied sections other headings may have created.

Sections may contain headings of anyrankp167

, but authors are strongly encouraged to either use onlyh1p167

elements, or to use elements of the

appropriaterankp167

for the section's nesting level.

Authors are also encouraged to explicitly wrap sections in elements ofsectioning contentp117

, instead of relying on the implicit sections generated by

having multiple headings in one element ofsectioning contentp117

For the following fragment:

<body>

</blockquote>

</section>

<p>Grunt</p>

</body>

...the structure would be:

1. Foo (heading of explicitbodyp156

section, containing the "Grunt" paragraph)

1. Bar (heading starting implied section, containing a block quote and the "Baz" paragraph)

2. Quux (heading starting implied section with no content other than the heading itself)

3. Thud (heading of explicitsectionp159

section)

Notice how thesectionp159

ends the earlier implicit section so that a later paragraph ("Grunt") is back at the top level.

Example

For example, the following is correct:

<body>

<h4>Apples</h4>

<p>Apples are fruit.</p>

<h2>Taste</h2>

<p>They taste lovely.</p>

<h6>Sweet</h6>

<p>Red apples are sweeter than green ones.</p>

<h1>Colour</h1>

<p>Apples come in various colours.</p>

</section>

</body>

However, the same document would be more clearly expressed as:

<body>

<h1>Apples</h1>

<p>Apples are fruit.</p>

<h2>Taste</h2>

Example

175

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4.3.11.1 Creating an outline

This section defines an algorithm for creating an outline for asectioning contentp117

element or asectioning rootp175

element. It is defined in terms of

a walk over the nodes of a DOM tree, intree order

, with each node being visited when it isenteredand when it isexitedduring the walk.

Theoutlinefor asectioning contentp117

element or asectioning rootp175

element consists of a list of one or more potentially nestedsectionsp176

. The

element for which anoutlinep176

is created is said to bethe outline's owner.

Asectionis a container that corresponds to some nodes in the original DOM tree. Each section can have one heading associated with it, and can

contain any number of further nested sections. The algorithm for the outline also associates each node in the DOM tree with a particular section and

potentially a heading. (The sections in the outline aren'tsectionp159

elements, though some may correspond to such elements — they are merely

conceptual sections.)

<p>They taste lovely.</p>

<h3>Sweet</h3>

<p>Red apples are sweeter than green ones.</p>

</section>

<h2>Colour</h2>

<p>Apples come in various colours.</p>

</section>

</body>

Both of the documents above are semantically identical and would produce the same outline in compliant user agents.

This third example is also semantically identical, and might be easier to maintain (e.g. if sections are often moved around in editing):

<body>

<h1>Apples</h1>

<p>Apples are fruit.</p>

<h1>Taste</h1>

<p>They taste lovely.</p>

<h1>Sweet</h1>

<p>Red apples are sweeter than green ones.</p>

</section>

<h1>Colour</h1>

<p>Apples come in various colours.</p>

</section>

</body>

This final example would need explicit style rules to be rendered well in legacy browsers. Legacy browsers without CSS support would

render all the headings as top-level headings.

The following markup fragment:

<body>

</body>

Example

176

The algorithm that must be followed during a walk of a DOM subtree rooted at asectioning contentp117

element or asectioning rootp175

element to

determine that element'soutlinep176

is as follows:

1. Letcurrent outline targetbe null. (It holds the element whoseoutlinep176

is being created.)

2. Letcurrent sectionbe null. (It holds a pointer to asectionp176

, so that elements in the DOM can all be associated with a section.)

3. Create a stack to hold elements, which is used to handle nesting. Initialise this stack to empty.

4. Walk over the DOM intree order

, starting with thesectioning contentp117

element orsectioning rootp175

element at the root of the subtree

for which an outline is to be created, and trigger the first relevant step below for each element as the walk enters and exits it.

↪

When exiting an element, if that element is the element at the top of the stack

Pop that element from the stack.

↪

If the top of the stack is aheading contentp117

element or an element with ahiddenp708

attribute

Do nothing.

↪

When entering an element with ahiddenp708

attribute

Push the element being entered onto the stack. (This causes the algorithm to skip that element and any descendants of the

element.)

↪

When entering asectioning contentp117

element

Run these steps:

1. Ifcurrent outline targetis not null, run these substeps:

1. If thecurrent sectionhas no heading, create an implied heading and let that be the heading for the

current section.

2. Pushcurrent outline targetonto the stack.

2. Letcurrent outline targetbe the element that is being entered.

3. Letcurrent sectionbe a newly createdsectionp176

for thecurrent outline targetelement.

4. Associatecurrent outline targetwithcurrent section.

5. Let there be a newoutlinep176

for the newcurrent outline target, initialised with just the newcurrent sectionas the

onlysectionp176

in the outline.

↪

When exiting asectioning contentp117

element, if the stack is not empty

Run these steps:

1. If thecurrent sectionhas no heading, create an implied heading and let that be the heading for thecurrent section.

2. Pop the top element from the stack, and let thecurrent outline targetbe that element.

3. Letcurrent sectionbe the last section in theoutlinep176

of thecurrent outline targetelement.

4. Append theoutlinep176

of thesectioning contentp117

element being exited to thecurrent section. (This does not

change which section is the last section in theoutlinep176

...results in the following outline being created for thebodyp156

node (and thus the entire document):

1. Section created forbodyp156

node.

Associated with heading "A".

Also associated with paragraph "B".

Nested sections:

1. Section implied for firsth2p167

element.

Associated with heading "C".

Also associated with paragraph "D".

No nested sections.

2. Section implied for secondh2p167

element.

Associated with heading "E".

Also associated with paragraph "F".

No nested sections.

The element being exited is aheading contentp117

element or an element with ahiddenp708

attribute.

Note

177

↪

When entering asectioning rootp175

element

Run these steps:

1. Ifcurrent outline targetis not null, pushcurrent outline targetonto the stack.

2. Letcurrent outline targetbe the element that is being entered.

3. Letcurrent outline target'sparent sectionbecurrent section.

4. Letcurrent sectionbe a newly createdsectionp176

for thecurrent outline targetelement.

5. Let there be a newoutlinep176

for the newcurrent outline target, initialised with just the newcurrent sectionas the

onlysectionp176

in the outline.

↪

When exiting asectioning rootp175

element, if the stack is not empty

Run these steps:

1. If thecurrent sectionhas no heading, create an implied heading and let that be the heading for thecurrent section.

2. Letcurrent sectionbecurrent outline target'sparent section.

3. Pop the top element from the stack, and let thecurrent outline targetbe that element.

↪

When exiting asectioning contentp117

element or asectioning rootp175

element (when the stack is empty)

If thecurrent sectionhas no heading, create an implied heading and let that be the heading for thecurrent section.

Skip to the next step in the overall set of steps. (The walk is over.)

↪

When entering aheading contentp117

element

If thecurrent sectionhas no heading, let the element being entered be the heading for thecurrent section.

Otherwise, if the element being entered has arankp167

equal to or higher than the heading of the last section of theoutlinep176

of thecurrent outline target, or if the heading of the last section of theoutlinep176

of thecurrent outline targetis an implied

heading, then create a newsectionp176

and append it to theoutlinep176

of thecurrent outline targetelement, so that this new

section is the new last section of that outline. Letcurrent sectionbe that new section. Let the element being entered be the

new heading for thecurrent section.

Otherwise, run these substeps:

1. Letcandidate sectionbecurrent section.

2. Heading loop: If the element being entered has arankp167

lower than therankp167

of the heading of thecandidate

section, then create a newsectionp176

, and append it tocandidate section. (This does not change which section is

the last section in the outline.) Letcurrent sectionbe this new section. Let the element being entered be the new

heading for thecurrent section. Abort these substeps.

3. Letnew candidate sectionbe thesectionp176

that containscandidate sectionin theoutlinep176

ofcurrent outline

target.

4. Letcandidate sectionbenew candidate section.

5. Return to the step labeledheading loop.

Push the element being entered onto the stack. (This causes the algorithm to skip any descendants of the element.)

↪

Otherwise

Do nothing.

In addition, whenever the walk exits a node, after doing the steps above, if the node is not associated with asectionp176

yet, associate

the node with thesectionp176

current section.

Thecurrent outline targetis the element being exited, and it is thesectioning contentp117

element or asectioning

rootp175

element at the root of the subtree for which an outline is being generated.

Note

Recall thath1p167

has thehighestrank, andh6p167

has the lowest rank.

Note

178

5. Associate all non-element nodes that are in the subtree for which an outline is being created with thesectionp176

with which their parent

element is associated.

6. Associate all nodes in the subtree with the heading of thesectionp176

with which they are associated, if any.

The tree of sections created by the algorithm above, or a proper subset thereof, must be used when generating document outlines, for example

when generating tables of contents.

The outline created forthe body elementp108

of aDocumentp103

is theoutlinep176

of the entire document.

When creating an interactive table of contents, entries should jump the user to the relevantsectioning contentp117

element, if thesectionp176

was

created for a real element in the original document, or to the relevantheading contentp117

element, if thesectionp176

in the tree was generated for a

heading in the above process.

Theoutline depthof aheading contentp117

element associated with asectionp176

sectionis the number ofsectionsp176

that are ancestors ofsection

in the outermostoutlinep176

thatsectionfinds itself in when theoutlinesp176

of itsDocumentp103

's elements are created, plus 1. Theoutline depthp179

of aheading contentp117

element not associated with asectionp176

is 1.

User agents should provide default headings for sections that do not have explicit section headings.

Selecting the firstsectionp176

of the document therefore always takes the user to the top of the document, regardless of where the first

heading in thebodyp156

is to be found.

Note

Consider the following snippet:

<body>

<nav>

</nav>

<p>Hello world.</p>

<aside>

</aside>

</body>

Although it contains no headings, this snippet has three sections: a document (thebodyp156

) with two subsections (anavp162

and an

asidep165

). A user agent could present the outline as follows:

1. Untitled document

1. Navigation

2. Sidebar

These default headings ("Untitled document", "Navigation", "Sidebar") are not specified by this specification, and might vary with the

user's language, the page's language, the user's preferences, the user agent implementor's preferences, etc.

Example

The following JavaScript function shows how the tree walk could be implemented. Therootargument is the root of the tree to walk (either

asectioning contentp117

element or asectioning rootp175

element), and theenterandexitarguments are callbacks that are called with the

nodes as they are entered and exited.[JAVASCRIPT]p1161

function (root, enter, exit) {

var node = root;

start: while (node) {

enter(node);

if (node.firstChild) {

node = node.firstChild;

continue start;

}

while (node) {

exit(node);

if (node == root) {

node = null;

} else if (node.nextSibling) {

Note

179

4.3.11.2 Sample outlines

This section is non-normative.

node = node.nextSibling;

continue start;

} else {

node = node.parentNode;

}

The following document shows a straight-forward application of theoutlinep176

algorithm. First, here is the document, which is a book

with very short chapters and subsections:

<!DOCTYPE HTML>

<h2>Earning money</h2>

<p>Earning money is good.</p>

<h3>Getting a job</h3>

<p>To earn money you typically need a job.</p>

<h2>Spending money</h2>

<p>Spending is what money is mainly used for.</p>

<h3>Cheap things</h3>

<p>Buying cheap things often not cost-effective.</p>

<h3>Expensive things</h3>

<p>The most expensive thing is often not the most cost-effective either.</p>

<h2>Investing money</h2>

<p>You can lend your money to other people.</p>

<h2>Losing money</h2>

<p>If you spend money or invest money, sooner or later you will lose money.

<h3>Poor judgement</h3>

<p>Usually if you lose money it's because you made a mistake.</p>

This book would form the following outline:

1. The Tax Book

1. Earning money

1. Getting a job

2. Spending money

1. Cheap things

2. Expensive things

3. Investing money

4. Losing money

1. Poor judgement

Notice that thetitlep136

element does not participate in the outline.

Example

Here is a similar document, but this time usingsectionp159

elements to get the same effect:

<!DOCTYPE HTML>

<h1>Earning money</h1>

<p>Earning money is good.</p>

Example

180

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