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MicroStrategy Functions Reference

Understanding Functions in MicroStrategy

Function syntax and formula components

objects in MicroStrategy and is not restricted to custom expressions

and Apply functions.)

Placing a filter that uses the custom expression above on a report that lists

the Customer City, Customer, and Call Center attributes yields the results

below. (Only a portion of the report is shown. Also, the Revenue metric has

been added.)

Notice that the custom expression qualification filter accomplished the goal

of returning only data that satisfies the criterion that the Customer City

attribute is the same as the Call Center attribute.

About function parameters

Parameters determine how functions perform calculations. Any function,

whether standard or user-defined, can have parameters, which are contained

within angle brackets <> in an expression. If more than one parameter is

used, they are separated by commas.

Function parameter notations are only displayed in the Desktop

interface if the parameter settings are changed from the default and

you have set your View option to Show Function Parameters.

You define parameters in the Function Name Parameters dialog box, which

displays up to three tabs—Parameters, Break By, and Sort By. For steps on

how to access this dialog box and how to set function parameters with the

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Understanding Functions in MicroStrategy

MicroStrategy Functions Reference

Function syntax and formula components

Insert Function Wizard, see Accessing and modifying function parameters,

page 20.

Since every function object has parameters, the Parameters tab is always

displayed. If a function has additional parameters, such as BreakBy and

SortBy, the related tabs are displayed accordingly. The following subsections

discuss the three tabs in more detail.

The parameters specific to each function are listed with the function

description in chapters 2 and 3 of this book.

Parameters

There are three standard Parameter settings for a function object:

• Distinct: is a TRUE/FALSE parameter that allows you to use all values or

only the unique values in the calculation.

• Fact ID: forces the calculation to take place on a fact table containing the

Fact_ID.

• NULL: is a TRUE/FALSE parameter that determines if the NULL value

can be used in the calculation.

Not all these settings apply to every function in the user interface, and

therefore they are not always displayed. In general, all group-value functions

display the FactID Parameter setting. OLAP functions do not have any of

these Parameter settings, but they may have BreakBy and/or SortBy

parameters (discussed later).

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MicroStrategy Functions Reference

Understanding Functions in MicroStrategy

Function syntax and formula components

The following table shows which setting is displayed for which function(s) on

the Parameters tab in the Function Name Parameters dialog box:

BreakBy and SortBy parameters

In addition to the Parameters settings, many functions have BreakBy and/or

SortBy parameters, each of which has its own individual settings. Given the

same input argument(s), the same function with different parameter settings

yields different outputs. Two parameters than can affect the output of a

function are:

• BreakBy: logical level where the calculation of values for an expression

restarts. To break by an attribute or hierarchy means to restart counting

values for expressions that use relative functions. Examples of relative

functions are RunningStdevP, Rank, NTile, and expressions that

calculate rank or percent values. The break by level must be greater than

or equal to the level of aggregation for the expression itself.

• SortBy: order of the return values of an expression in relation to the

order of the value or metadata object given. A sort by includes whether to

sort in ascending or descending order, and which metadata object to sort

by. Sort by may also be performed on the value of the subexpression,

which is the input argument.

Good examples can be found in the OLAP functions: Rank has a BreakBy

parameter, and MovingAvg has a SortBy parameter.

A few group-value functions (First, Last, IRR, and NPV) are also defined by

the SortBy parameter. The First and Last functions are used effectively to

calculate subtotals (see Subtotal expressions, page 41).

Parameter

Functions

Distinct

Max

Min

Avg

Stdev

Variance

FactID

All group-value functions

NULL

Count

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Understanding Functions in MicroStrategy

MicroStrategy Functions Reference

Function syntax and formula components

For example, an inventory report lists the on-hand supply for each day. The

report subtotals are the last day’s inventory. Creating a user-defined subtotal

that uses the Last function provides the last day inventory subtotal. If the

SortBy parameters of the function are not set to sort by Day, the function

may not provide the correct answer.

Accessing and modifying function parameters

MicroStrategy Desktop provides different methods for accessing and

modifying function parameters. You can access and modify function

parameters from the following interfaces:

• Insert Function Wizard: This interface is used to help guide you in the

initial inclusion of a function in an expression for a MicroStrategy object.

The Insert Function Wizard can be used to build a function and add it to

an expression for metrics, attributes, facts, subtotals, and

transformations. For more information, see Adding functions to

expressions with the Insert Function Wizard, page 43.

• Function Name Parameters dialog box: This interface is used to modify

the parameters of a function that has been added to an object expression

and validated.

To access and modify function parameters with the Insert Function Wizard

1 Open an object editor for a MicroStrategy object that can include

functions in its expression.

For steps to access the Insert Function Wizard from the different

object editors, refer to the MicroStrategy online help and search

for “Steps to access the Insert Function Wizard”. You can also refer

to the section Using functions in expressions, page 24 below that

discusses the different types of expressions in MicroStrategy.

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MicroStrategy Functions Reference

Understanding Functions in MicroStrategy

Function syntax and formula components

2 Click the Insert Function button, labeled as f(x) on the expression

toolbar.

The Insert Function Wizard opens.

3 Use the Next and Back buttons to step through the pages of the Insert

Function Wizard. Each page allows you to modify different function

parameters.

The pages you see depend on the function you select.

To access and modify function parameters with the Function Name

Parameters dialog box

This functionality is available in any editor in Desktop where

functions are used in expressions. For more information, see the

following sections:

• Metric expressions, page 25

• Attribute form expressions, page 32

• Custom Group expressions, page 36

• Fact expressions, page 38

• Filter expressions, page 40

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Understanding Functions in MicroStrategy

MicroStrategy Functions Reference

Function syntax and formula components

• Subtotal expressions, page 41

• Transformation expressions, page 42

1 Insert a function into an object expression and validate the expression.

You can insert a function by writing the name of the function and

all required parameters into the expression. You can also insert a

function using the Insert Function Wizard (see the procedure To

build an expression using the Insert Function Wizard, page 44).

2 Highlight the function name, for example RunningSum, within a

validated expression in the expression box.

3 Right-click the function name and select function name parameters, as

demonstrated in the image below.

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MicroStrategy Functions Reference

Understanding Functions in MicroStrategy

Function syntax and formula components

The Function Name Parameters dialog box opens. All parameter tabs for

the selected function are available, and settings editable, from this dialog.

This example uses the RunningSum function.

Examples of function parameter effects

The following examples briefly illustrate the impact of parameters on

function execution.

Example 1: Distinct parameter

Count<Distinct=True>(Order)

In this metric, you modify the default parameter setting to Distinct=True and

retrieve a count of only the unique Orders.

Example 2: RunningSum

RunningSum<BreakBy={Quarter}, SortBy=(Region)>(Revenue)

This metric is defined to display the running sum of revenue on a quarterly

basis, sorted by region in ascending order. For another RunningSum

example and its report, see OLAP (Relative) functions, page 9.

Understanding Functions in MicroStrategy

MicroStrategy Functions Reference

Using functions in expressions

About arguments

Arguments are the input data used in the calculation of a function.

Arguments can be numbers, text, or logical values (such as TRUE or FALSE)

as well as constants (such as NULL). They can be lists of values or variables

referencing lists of values. Arguments in MicroStrategy are most often

references to lists of values. In function syntax, the arguments are enclosed

in parentheses (). If the argument is a reference to a MicroStrategy object,

and the object name is alphanumeric or contains multiple words, it is also

contained in brackets [ ]. Depending on the function selected and the object

being created, in a MicroStrategy environment the input could comprise one

or more of the following objects:

• Attributes: Attributes are most often used to group fact data. They are

included in reports to define the level of detail. Typically non-numeric,

some common examples of attributes are Year, Category, and Region.

• Facts: Facts are the most commonly used input for metrics. They are

numerical lists obtained from specific columns in a fact table. Examples

of facts include Units Sold, Units Received, and Discount.

• Metrics: Metrics represent calculations performed on data and can

themselves be used as input for further calculation by a function.

Examples of metrics include Percent Growth, Profit Margin, and

Sell-through Percentage.

• Columns: Column data is used when creating attribute form expressions

and fact expressions. The expressions for these objects define how

column data is retrieved from the warehouse. Examples of columns

include TOT_DOLLAR_SALES, TOT_COST and CUST_CITY_ID.

For an in-depth discussion of attributes, facts, and metrics, refer to

the MicroStrategy Advanced Reporting Guide.

Using functions in expressions

Functions are the basis for many MicroStrategy objects. They are used to

create:

• Metric expressions

• Attribute form expressions

• Consolidation expressions

MicroStrategy Functions Reference

Understanding Functions in MicroStrategy

Using functions in expressions

• Custom group expressions

• Fact expressions

• Filter expressions

• Subtotal expressions

• Transformation expressions

This section explores the various roles of functions for each type of object

and how to access the expression builder in each case.

Metric expressions

Metrics are MicroStrategy objects that represent calculations performed on

data. You can define metrics by using the available functions to analyze your

data and determine business measures.

Formula and dimensionality are the two important components in a metric.

While all metrics have a formula, not all of them have dimensionality.

• Formula: is the most important part of a metric definition. It is a

mathematical expression using one or more functions, applied to the data

to be used in the calculation (facts, attributes, constants, or metrics). In

SQL, the formula becomes part of the SELECT clause of the SQL

command.

You can use the same formula in multiple metric definitions. This type of

formula is called a base formula, which can contain arithmetic operators,

attributes, facts, group functions, and non-group functions. For more

information, see Base Formulas in the MicroStrategy Advanced

Reporting Guide.

A base formula does not have dimensionality (see below).

• Dimensionality: determines the attribute level at which a metric is

calculated. After deciding on the target (the attribute), in dimensionality

you can further define filtering and grouping involved in the metric. All

metrics, by default, calculate at the report level.

Other optional components of a metric include condition (filter) and

transformation. For the purposes of this book, we only discuss formula and

dimensionality related to the use of functions. For information on all metric

components, refer to the MicroStrategy Advanced Reporting Guide.

Understanding Functions in MicroStrategy

MicroStrategy Functions Reference

Using functions in expressions

There are two types of metrics:

• Simple metric: has a formula and dimensionality (level). It can stand

alone or be used as a building block for a compound metric. A simple

metric must use at least one group-value function, such as Sum or Avg. It

can also contain a non-group function or arithmetic operator, in addition

to the required group function, for example, Sum(Revenue -

Cost){~+}; however, the outermost formula must be a group function.

• Compound metric: is a combination of expressions that, through the use

of functions, are themselves metrics. In other words, a compound metric

is made of more than one complete metric. Any metric that is not a simple

metric is a compound metric by default. For example, all arithmetic

functions that are used as the root to connect two metrics yield

compound metrics.

A compound metric cannot have dimensionality placed on the entire

metric, although dimensionality can be set separately on each of its

component metrics.

A quick way to check whether a metric is simple or compound is

through the Metric Editor, where you can click the

Subtotals/Aggregation tab and check if the Allow Smart Totals option

is enabled. If it is, then it is a compound metric; if not, it is a simple

metric.

The following three types of functions can be used to build simple and

compound metrics:

• Single-value functions

• Group-value functions

• OLAP functions

The optional condition (filter) component of a metric can contain

logical and comparison operators. See the Filter Expressions

subsection for details.

While the single-value and group-value functions are used to create both

simple and compound metrics under different circumstances (see examples

to follow), the OLAP functions always yield compound metrics, due to their

unique characteristics (see OLAP (Relative) functions, page 9).

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