Pdf form save in reader Library control component .net web page windows mvc fulton

The website for this book contains only the files necessary to complete

the examples. We have modified Ari’s files to fit the needs of this book.

Figure 4-2 shows two copies of the image painted to the canvas. One of the copies has

the top-left starting location of 0,0, and the other starts at 50,50.

Figure 4-2. Draw multiple objects with a single source

Resizing an Image Painted to the Canvas

To paint and scale drawn images, we can also pass parameters into the drawImage()

function. For example, this second version of drawImage() takes in an extra two

parameters:

drawImage(Image, dx, dy, dw, dh)

dw and dh represent the width and height of the rectangle portion of the canvas where

our source image will be painted. If we want to scale the image to only 64×64 or 16×16,

we would use the following code:

context.drawImage(spaceShip, 0, 0,64,64);

context.drawImage(spaceShip, 0, 0,16,16);

Example 4-2 draws various sizes to the canvas.

Example 4-2. Resizing an image as it is drawn

function eventSheetLoaded() {

drawScreen();

}

function drawScreen() {

context.drawImage(spaceShip, 0, 0);

context.drawImage(spaceShip, 0, 34,32,32);

context.drawImage(spaceShip, 0, 68,64,64);

context.drawImage(spaceShip, 0, 140,16,16);

}

Image Basics | 139

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See Figure 4-3 for the output to this example.

Figure 4-3. Resizing an image as it is drawn

In Example 4-2, we have added a gray box so that we can better see the placement of

the images on the canvas. The image we placed on the screen can scale in size as it is

painted, saving us the calculation and steps necessary to use a matrix transformation

on the object. The only caveat is that the scale origin point of reference is the top-left

corner of the object. If we used a matrix operation, we could translate the origin point

to the center of the object before applying the scale.

We have placed two 32×32 objects on the canvas to show that these two function calls

are identical:

context.drawImage(spaceShip, 0, 0);

context.drawImage(spaceShip, 0, 34,32,32);

Aside from the fact that the second is placed 34 pixels below the first, the extra 32,32 at

the end of the second call is unnecessary because it is the original size of the object. This

demonstrates that the scale operation does not translate (or move) the object on any

axis. The top-left corner of each is 0,0.

Copying Part of an Image to the Canvas

The third set of parameters that can be passed into drawImage() allows us to copy an

arbitrary rectangle of data from a source image and place it onto the canvas. This image

data can be resized as it is placed.

We are going to use a second source image for this set of operations: spaceships that

have been laid out on what is called a tile sheet (also known as a sprite sheet, a texture

sheet, or by many other names). This type of file layout refers to an image file that is

140 | Chapter 4: Images on the Canvas

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broken up physically into rectangles of data. Usually these rectangles have an equal width

and height. The “tiles” or “sprites” we will be using are 32 pixels wide by 32 pixels high,

commonly referred to as 32×32 tiles.

Figure 4-4 shows a tile sheet with the grid lines turned on in the drawing application.

These grid lines separate each of the tiles on the sheet.

Figure 4-4. The tile sheet inside a drawing program

Figure 4-5 is the actual tile sheet—without grid lines—that we will use for our further

examples.

Figure 4-5. The tile sheet exported for use in an application

The structure of the parameters for this third version of the drawImage() function looks

like this:

drawImage(Image, sx, sy, sw, sh, dx, dy, dw, dh)

sx and sy represent the “source positions” to start copying the source image to the

canvas. sw and sh represent the width and height of the rectangle starting at sx and sy.

That rectangle will be copied to the canvas at “destination” positions dx and dy. As with

the previous drawImage() function, dw and dh represent the newly scaled width and

height for the image.

Example 4-3 copies the second version of our spaceship (tile number 2) to the canvas

and positions it at 50,50. It also scales the image to 64×64, producing the result shown

in Figure 4-6.

Example 4-3. Using all of the drawImage() parameters

var tileSheet = new Image();

tileSheet.addEventListener('load', eventSheetLoaded , false);

tileSheet.src = "ships.png";

function eventSheetLoaded() {

drawScreen();

Image Basics | 141

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}

function drawScreen() { //draw a background so we can see the Canvas edges

context.fillStyle = "#aaaaaa";

context.fillRect(0,0,500,500);

context.drawImage(tileSheet, 32, 0,32,32,50,50,64,64);

}

As you can see, we have changed the name of our Image instance to tileSheet because

it represents more than just the source for the single ship image.

Figure 4-6. Using all of the drawImage() parameters

Now let’s use this same concept to simulate animation using the tiles on our tile sheet.

Simple Cell-Based Sprite Animation

With a tile sheet of images, it is relatively simple to create what seems like cell-based or

flip-book animation. This technique involves rapidly swapping images over time to

simulate animation. The term flip-book comes from the age-old technique of drawing

individual cells of animation in the top-left corner pages of a book. When the pages are

rapidly flipped through, the changes are viewed over time, appearing to create a cartoon.

Cell-based animation refers to a similar professional technique. Individual same-sized

cells (or pages) of images are drawn to simulate animation. When played back rapidly

with special devices in front of a camera, animated cartoons are recorded.

We can use the drawImage() function and the first two tiles on our tile sheet to do the

same thing.

142 | Chapter 4: Images on the Canvas

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Creating an Animation Frame Counter

We can simulate the ship’s exhaust firing by rapidly flipping between the first two tiles

(or cells) on our tile sheet. To do this, we set up a counter variable, which is how we

track the tile we want to paint to the canvas. We will use 0 for the first cell and 1 for the

second cell.

We will create a simple integer to count which frame we are displaying on our tile sheet:

var counter = 0;

Inside drawScreen(), we will increment this value by 1 on each frame. Because we have

only two frames, we will need to set it back to 0 when it is greater than 1:

counter++;

if (counter >1) {

counter = 0;

}

Or use the following nice shortcut. This is a “bit-wise” operation that will simplify code,

but we do not have the space to go into the full range of bit-wise operations in this text.

counter ^= 1;

Creating a Timer Loop

As it currently stands, our code will be called only a single time. Let’s create a simple

timer loop that will call the drawScreen() function 10 times a second, or once every

100 milliseconds. A timer loop that is set to run at a certain frame rate is sometimes

referred to as a frame tick or timer tick. Each tick is simply a single iteration of the timer

running all the code that we put into our drawScreen() function. We will also need a

function that starts the timer loop and initiates the tick after the image has preloaded

properly. We’ll name this function startUp():

function eventShipLoaded() {

startUp();

}

function startUp(){

gameLoop();

}

function gameLoop() {

window.setTimeout(gameLoop, 100);

drawScreen();

}

Changing the Tile to Display

To change the tile to display, we can multiply the counter variable by 32 (the tile width).

Because we have only a single row of tiles, we don’t have to change the y value:

Simple Cell-Based Sprite Animation | 143

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context.drawImage(tileSheet, 32*counter, 0,32,32,50,50,64,64);

We will examine how to use a tile sheet consisting of multiple rows and

columns in the next section, “Advanced Cell-Based Animation” on page

145.

Example 4-3 used this same line of code to draw our image. In Example 4-4, it will be

placed on the canvas at 50,50 and scaled to 64×64 pixels. Let’s look at the entire set of

code.

Example 4-4. A simple sprite animation

var counter = 0;

var tileSheet = new Image();

tileSheet.addEventListener('load', eventSheetLoaded , false);

tileSheet.src = "ships.png";

function eventSheetLoaded() {

startUp();

}

function drawScreen() {

//draw a background so we can see the Canvas edges

context.fillStyle = "#aaaaaa";

context.fillRect(0,0,500,500);

context.drawImage(tileSheet, 32*counter, 0,32,32,50,50,64,64);

counter++;

if (counter >1) {

counter = 0;

}

function startUp(){

gameLoop();

}

function gameLoop() {

window.setTimeout(gameLoop, 100);

drawScreen();

}

When you run this code, you will see the exhaust on the ship turn off and on every 100

milliseconds, creating a simple cell-based animation.

144 | Chapter 4: Images on the Canvas

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Advanced Cell-Based Animation

In the previous example, we simply flipped back and forth between two tiles on our tile

sheet. Next, we are going to create a method that uses a tile sheet to play through a series

of images. First, let’s look at the new tile sheet, created by using tiles from SpriteLib.

Figure 4-7 shows the example sprite sheet, tanks_sheet.png; we will refer back to this

figure throughout the chapter.

Figure 4-7. Example tile sheet

As you can see, it contains a number of 32×32 tiles that can be used in a game. We will

not create an entire game in this chapter, but we will examine how to use these tiles to

create a game screen. In Chapter 9, we will create a simple maze-chase game using some

of these tiles.

Examining the Tile Sheet

The tile sheet is formatted into a series of tiles starting at the top left. As with a two-

dimensional array, the numbering starts at 0—we call this 0 relative. Moving from left

to right and down, each tile will be referenced by a single number index (as opposed to

a multidimensional index). The gray square in the top left is tile 0, while the tank at the

end of the first row (the rightmost tank) is tile 7. Moving down to the next row, the first

tank on the far left of the second row is tile 8, and so on until the final tile on row 3 (the

fourth row down when we start numbering at 0) is tile 31. We have four rows with eight

columns each, making 32 tiles with indexes numbered 0 to 31.

Creating an Animation Array

Next we are going to create an array to hold the tiles for the animation. There are two

tanks on the tile sheet: one is green and one is blue. Tiles 1‒8 are a series that—when

played in succession—will make it appear as though the green tank’s treads are moving.

Remember, the tile sheet starts at tile 0, but we want to start with the

first tank image at tile number 1.

Advanced Cell-Based Animation | 145

We will store the tile IDs that we want to play for the tank in an array:

var animationFrames = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8];

We will use a counter to keep track of the current index of this array:

var frameIndex = 0;

Choosing the Tile to Display

We will use the frameIndex of the animationFrames array to calculate the 32×32 source

rectangle from our tile sheet that we will copy to the canvas. First, we need to find the

x and y locations of the top-left corner for the tile we want to copy. To do this, we will

create local variables in our drawScreen() function on each iteration (frame) to calcu‐

late the position on the tile sheet. The sourceX variable will contain the top-left corner

x position, and the sourceY variable will contain the top-left corner y position.

Here is pseudocode for the sourceX calculation:

sourceX = integer(current_frame_index modulo

the_number_columns_in_the_tilesheet) * tile_width

The modulo (%) operator gives us the remainder of the division calculation. The actual

code we will use for this calculation looks like this:

var sourceX = Math.floor(animationFrames[frameIndex] % 8) *32;

The calculation for the sourceY value is similar, except we divide rather than use the

modulo operation:

sourceY = integer(current_frame_index divided by

the_number_columns_in_the_tilesheet) *tile_height

Here is the actual code we will use for this calculation:

var sourceY = Math.floor(animationFrames[frameIndex] / 8) *32;

Looping Through the Tiles

We will update the frameIndex value on each frame tick. When frameIndex becomes

greater than 7, we will set it back to 0:

frameIndex++;

if (frameIndex == animationFrames.length) {

frameIndex = 0;

}

The animationFrames.length value is 8. When the frameIndex is equal to 8, we must

set it back to 0 to start reading the array values over again, which creates an infinite

animation loop.

146 | Chapter 4: Images on the Canvas

Drawing the Tile

We will use drawImage() to place the new tile on the screen on each iteration:

context.drawImage(tileSheet, sourceX, sourceY,32,32,50,50,32,32);

Here, we are passing the calculated sourceX and sourceY values into the drawImage()

function. We then pass in the width (32), the height (32), and the location (50,50) to

draw the image on the canvas. Example 4-5 shows the full code.

Example 4-5. Advanced sprite animation

var tileSheet = new Image();

tileSheet.addEventListener('load', eventSheetLoaded , false);

tileSheet.src = "tanks_sheet.png";

var animationFrames = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8];

var frameIndex = 0;function eventSheetLoaded() {

startUp();

}

function drawScreen() {

//draw a background so we can see the Canvas edges

context.fillStyle = "#aaaaaa";

context.fillRect(0,0,500,500);

var sourceX = Math.floor(animationFrames[frameIndex] % 8) *32;

var sourceY = Math.floor(animationFrames[frameIndex] / 8) *32;

context.drawImage(tileSheet, sourceX, sourceY,32,32,50,50,32,32);

frameIndex++;

if (frameIndex ==animationFrames.length) {

frameIndex=0;

}

function startUp(){

gameLoop();

}

function gameLoop() {

window.setTimeout(gameLoop, 100);

drawScreen();

}

When we run the example, we will see the eight tile cell frames for the tank run in order

and then repeat—the only problem is that the tank isn’t going anywhere. Let’s solve that

little dilemma next and drive the tank up the screen.

Advanced Cell-Based Animation | 147

Moving the Image Across the Canvas

Now that we have the tank treads animating, let’s “move” the tank. By animating the

tank treads and applying a simple movement vector to the tank’s position, we can achieve

the simulation of animated movement.

To do this, we first need to create variables to hold the current x and y positions of the

tank. These represent the top-left corner where the tile from our sheet will be drawn to

the canvas. In the previous examples, this number was set at 50 for each, so let’s use that

value here as well:

var x = 50;

var y = 50;

We also need a movement vector value for each axis. These are commonly known as

deltaX (dx) and deltaY (dy). They represent the “delta” or “change” in the x or y axis

position on each iteration. Our tank is currently facing in the “up” position, so we will

use −1 for the dy and 0 for the dx:

var dx = 0;

var dy = −1;

The result is that on each frame tick, our tank will move one pixel up on the y-axis and

zero pixels on the x-axis.

Inside drawScreen() (which is called on each frame tick), we will add the dx and dy

values to the x and y values, and then apply them to the drawImage() function:

y = y+dy;

x = x+dx;

context.drawImage(tileSheet, sourceX, sourceY,32,32,x,y,32,32);

Rather than use the hardcoded 50,50 for the location of the drawImage() call on the

canvas, we have replaced it with the current x,y position. Let’s examine the entire code

in Example 4-6.

Example 4-6. Sprite animation and movement

var tileSheet = new Image();

tileSheet.addEventListener('load', eventSheetLoaded , false);

tileSheet.src = "tanks_sheet.png";

var animationFrames = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8];

var frameIndex = 0;

var dx = 0;

var dy = -1;

var x = 50;

var y = 50;

function eventSheetLoaded() {

startUp();

}

148 | Chapter 4: Images on the Canvas

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