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//translate the canvas origin to the center of the player

context.translate(x+.5*width,y+.5*height);

context.rotate(angleInRadians);

//drawShip

context.strokeStyle = '#ffffff';

context.beginPath();

//hardcoding in locations

//facing right

context.moveTo(−10,−10);

context.lineTo(10,0);

context.moveTo(10,1);

context.lineTo(−10,10);

context.lineTo(1,1);

context.moveTo(1,−1);

context.lineTo(−10,−10);

context.stroke();

context.closePath();

//restore context

context.restore(); //pop old state on to screen

}

const FRAME_RATE = 40;

var intervalTime = 1000/FRAME_RATE;

gameLoop();

function gameLoop() {

runGame();

window.setTimeout(gameLoop, intervalTime);

}

We left out the entire application state machine from Example 8-9 to save space. In

Example 8-10, we are simply showing what the gameStatePlayLevel() function might

look like.

In the section “Putting It All Together” on page 471, we will go into this in greater detail

as we start to build out the entire application.

The FrameRateCounter Object Prototype

Arcade games such as Asteroids and Geo Blaster Basic rely on fast processing and screen

updates to ensure that all game-object rendering and game-play logic are delivered to

the player at a reliable rate. One way to tell whether your game is performing up to par

is to employ the use of a frame rate per second (FPS) counter. Below is a simple one that

can be reused in any game you create on the canvas:

A Basic Game Framework | 469

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//*** FrameRateCounter object prototype

function FrameRateCounter() {

this.lastFrameCount = 0;

var dateTemp = new Date();

this.frameLast = dateTemp.getTime();

delete dateTemp;

this.frameCtr = 0;

}

FrameRateCounter.prototype.countFrames=function() {

var dateTemp = new Date();

this.frameCtr++;

if (dateTemp.getTime() >=this.frameLast+1000) {

ConsoleLog.log("frame event");

this.lastFrameCount = this.frameCtr;

this.frameLast = dateTemp.getTime();

this.frameCtr = 0;

}

delete dateTemp;

}

Our game will create an instance of this object and call the countFrames() function on

each frame tick in our update() function. We will write out the current frame rate in

our render() function.

Example 8-11 shows these functions by adding code to Example 8-10. Make sure you

add the definition of the FrameRateCounter prototype object to the code in

Example 8-10 under the canvasApp() function but before the final <script> tag. Al‐

ternatively, you can place it in its own <script\> tags or in a separate .js file and set the

URL as the src= value of a <script> tag. For simplicity’s sake, we will keep all our code

in a single file.

Example 8-11 contains the definition for our FrameRateCounter object prototype, as

well as the code changes to Example 8-10 that are necessary to implement it.

Example 8-11. The FrameRateCounter is added

function update() {

x = x+movingX;

y = y+movingY;

frameRateCounter.countFrames();

}

function render() {

// draw background and text

context.fillStyle = '#000000';

context.fillRect(0, 0, 200, 200);

context.fillStyle = '#ffffff';

470 | Chapter 8: Canvas Games: Part I

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context.font = '20px sans-serif';

context.textBaseline = 'top';

context.fillText ("FPS:" + frameRateCounter.lastFrameCount, 0, 180);

//...Leave everything else from Example 8-10 intact here

}

frameRateCounter = new FrameRateCounter();

const FRAME_RATE = 40;

var intervalTime = 1000/FRAME_RATE;

gameLoop();

function gameLoop() {

runGame();

window.setTimeout(gameLoop, intervalTime);

}

Putting It All Together

We are now ready to start coding our game. First, we will look at the structure of the

game and some of the ideas behind the various algorithms we will employ to create it.

After that, we will present the full source code for Geo Blaster Basic.

Geo Blaster Game Structure

The structure of the game application is very similar to the structure we started to build

earlier in this chapter. Let’s take a closer look at the state functions and how they will

work together.

Game application states

Our game will have seven distinct game application states. We will store these in con‐

stants:

const GAME_STATE_TITLE = 0;

const GAME_STATE_NEW_GAME = 1;

const GAME_STATE_NEW_LEVEL = 2;

const GAME_STATE_PLAYER_START = 3;

const GAME_STATE_PLAY_LEVEL = 4;

const GAME_STATE_PLAYER_DIE = 5;

const GAME_STATE_GAME_OVER = 6;

Game application state functions

Each individual state will have an associated function that will be called on each frame

tick. Let’s look at the functionality for each:

Putting It All Together | 471

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gameStateTitle()

Displays the title screen text and waits for the space bar to be pressed before the

game starts.

gameStateNewGame()

Sets up all the defaults for a new game. All of the arrays for holding display objects

are reinitialized—the game level is reset to 0, and the game score is set to 0.

gameStateNewLevel()

Increases the level value by one and then sets the “game knob” values to control

the level difficulty. See the upcoming section “Level Knobs” on page 479 for details.

gameStatePlayerStart()

Fades the player graphic onto the screen from 0 alpha to 1. When this is complete,

level play will start.

gameStatePlayLevel()

Controls the play of the game level. It calls the update() and render() functions,

as well as the functions for evaluating keyboard input for player ship control.

gameStatePlayerDie()

Starts up an explosion at the location where the player ship was when it was hit by

a rock, saucer, or saucer missile. When the explosion is complete (all particles in

the explosion have exhausted their individual life values), it sets the move to the

GAME_STATE_PLAYER_START state.

gameStateGameOver()

Displays the “Game Over” screen and starts a new game when the space bar is

pressed.

Game application functions

Aside from the game application state functions, there are a number of functions we

need for the game to run. Each state function will call these functions as needed:

resetPlayer()

Resets the player to the center of the game screen and readies it for game play.

checkForExtraShip()

Checks to see whether the player should be awarded an extra ship. See the section

“Awarding the Player Extra Ships” on page 481 for details about this algorithm.

checkForEndOfLevel()

Checks to see whether all the rocks have been destroyed on a given level and, if so,

starts up a new level. See the section “Level and Game End” on page 480 for details

about this algorithm.

472 | Chapter 8: Canvas Games: Part I

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fillBackground()

Fills the canvas with the background color on each frame tick.

setTextStyle()

Sets the base text style before text is written to the game screen.

renderScoreBoard()

Is called on each frame tick. It displays the updated score, number of ships remain‐

ing, and the current FPS for the game.

checkKeys()

Checks the keyPressList array and then modifies the player ship attributes based

on the values found to be true.

update()

Is called from GAME_STATE_PLAY_LEVEL. It in turn calls the update() function for

each individual display object array.

Individual display object update() functions

The unique functions listed below update each different type of display object.

These functions (with the exception of updatePlayer()) will loop through the

respective array of objects associated with its type of display object and update

the x and y values with dx and dy values. The updateSaucer() function contains

the logic necessary to check whether to create a new saucer and whether any

current saucers on the screen should fire a missile at the player.

• updatePlayer()

• updatePlayerMissiles()

• updateRocks()

• updateSaucers()

• updateSaucerMissiles()

• updateParticles()

render()

Is called from GAME_STATE_PLAY_LEVEL. It in turn calls the render() function for

each individual display object array.

Individual display object render() functions

Like the update() functions, the unique functions listed below render each

different type of display object. Again, with the exception of the renderPlay

er() object (because there is only a single player ship), each of these functions

will loop through the array of objects associated with its type and draw them

to the game screen. As we saw when drawing the player ship earlier in this

chapter, we will draw each object by moving and translating the canvas to the

Putting It All Together | 473

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point at which we want to draw our logical object. We will then transform our

object (if necessary) and paint the paths to the game screen.

• renderPlayer()

• renderPlayerMissiles()

• renderRocks()

• renderSaucers()

• renderSaucerMissiles()

• renderParticles()

checkCollisions()

Loops through the individual game display objects and checks them for collisions.

See the section “Applying Collision Detection” on page 481 for a detailed discussion

of this topic.

firePlayerMissile()

Creates a playerMissile object at the center of the player ship and fires it in the

direction the player ship is facing.

fireSaucerMissile()

Creates a saucerMissile object at the center of the saucer and fires it in the direction

of the player ship.

playerDie()

Creates an explosion for the player by calling createExplode(), as well as changing

the game application state to GAME_STATE_PLAYER_DIE.

createExplode()

Accepts in the location for the explosion to start and the number of particles for

the explosion.

boundingBoxCollide()

Determines whether the rectangular box that encompasses an object’s width and

height is overlapping the bounding box of another object. It takes in two logical

display objects as parameters and returns true if they are overlapping and false if

they are not. See the section “Applying Collision Detection” on page 481 for details

about this function.

splitRock()

Accepts in the scale and x and y starting points for two new rocks that will be created

if a large or medium rock is destroyed.

addToScore()

Accepts in a value to add to the player’s score.

474 | Chapter 8: Canvas Games: Part I

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Geo Blaster Global Game Variables

Now let’s look at the entire set of game application scope variables needed for our game.

Variables that control screen flow

These variables will be used when the title and “Game Over” screens first appear.

They will be set to true after the screen is drawn. When these variables are true,

the screens will look for the space bar to be pressed before moving on to the next

application state:

var titleStarted = false;

var gameOverStarted = false;

Game environment variables

These variables set up the necessary defaults for a new game. We will discuss the

extraShipAtEach and extraShipsEarned in the section “Awarding the Player Extra

Ships” on page 481:

var score = 0;

var level = 0;

var extraShipAtEach = 10000;

var extraShipsEarned = 0;

var playerShips = 3;

Playfield variables

These variables set up the maximum and minimum x and y coordinates for the

game stage:

var xMin = 0;

var xMax = 400;

var yMin = 0;

var yMax = 400;

Score value variables

These variables set the score value for each of the objects the player can destroy:

var bigRockScore = 50;

var medRockScore = 75;

var smlRockScore = 100;

var saucerScore = 300;

Rock size constants

These variables set up some human-readable values for the three rock sizes, allowing

us to simply use the constant instead of a literal value. We can then change the literal

value if needed:

const ROCK_SCALE_LARGE = 1;

const ROCK_SCALE_MEDIUM = 2;

const ROCK_SCALE_SMALL = 3;

Putting It All Together | 475

Logical display objects

These variables set up the single player object and arrays to hold the various other

logical display objects for our game. See the upcoming sections “The Player Ob‐

ject” on page 476 and “Arrays of Logical Display Objects” on page 477 for further details

about each:

var player = {};

var rocks = [];

var saucers = [];

var playerMissiles = [];

var particles = []

var saucerMissiles = [];

Level-specific variables

The level-specific variables handle the difficulty settings when the game level in‐

creases. See the section “Level Knobs” on page 479 for more details about how these

are used:

var levelRockMaxSpeedAdjust = 1;

var levelSaucerMax = 1;

var levelSaucerOccurrenceRate = 25

var levelSaucerSpeed = 1;

var levelSaucerFireDelay = 300;

var levelSaucerFireRate = 30;

var levelSaucerMissileSpeed = 1;

The Player Object

The player object contains many of the variables we encountered earlier in this chapter

when we discussed animating, rotating, and moving the player ship about the game

screen. We have also added in three new variables that you have not seen before:

player.maxVelocity = 5;

player.width = 20;

player.height = 20;

player.halfWidth = 10;

player.halfHeight = 10;

player.rotationalVelocity = 5

player.thrustAcceleration = .05;

player.missileFrameDelay = 5;

player.thrust = false;

The new variables are halfWidth, halfHeight, and missileFrameDelay. halfWidth

and halfHeight simply store half the width and half the height values, so these need

not be calculated on each frame tick in multiple locations inside the code. The missile

FrameDelay variable contains the number of frame ticks the game will count between

firing player missiles. This way, the player cannot simply fire a steady stream of ordnance

and destroy everything with little difficulty.

476 | Chapter 8: Canvas Games: Part I

The player.thrust variable will be set to true when the player presses the up key.

Geo Blaster Game Algorithms

The game source code covers a lot of ground that we did not touch on earlier in this

chapter. Let’s discuss some of those topics now; the rest will be covered in detail in

Chapter 9.

Arrays of Logical Display Objects

We have used arrays to hold all our logical display objects, and we have an array for each

type of object (rocks, saucers, playerMissiles, saucerMissiles, and particles).

Each logical display object is a simple object instance. We have created a separate func‐

tion to draw and update each of our objects.

The use of an object class prototype similar to FrameRateCounter can

be implemented easily for the various display object types. To conserve

space, we have not implemented them in this game. However, these

objects would allow us to separate the update and draw code from the

current common functions and then place that code into the individual

object prototypes. We have included a Rock prototype at the end of this

chapter as an example. (See Example 8-13.)

You will notice that saucers and rocks are drawn with points in the same manner as the

player ship.

Rocks

The rocks will be simple squares that rotate clockwise or counterclockwise. The rock

instances will be in the rocks array. When a new level starts, these will all be created in

the upper-right corner of the game screen.

Here are the variable attributes of a rock object:

newRock.scale = 1;

newRock.width = 50;

newRock.height = 50;

newRock.halfWidth = 25;

newRock.halfHeight = 25;

newRock.x

newRock.y

newRock.dx

newRock.dy

newRock.scoreValue = bigRockScore;

newRock.rotation = 0;

Geo Blaster Game Algorithms | 477

The rock scale will be set to one of the three rock-scale constants discussed earlier.

halfWidth and halfHeight will be set based on the scale, and they will be used in

calculations in the same manner as the player object versions. The dx and dy values

represent the values to apply to the x and y axes when updating the rock on each frame

tick.

Saucers

Unlike Atari’s Asteroids game, which has both small and large saucers, we are going to

have only one size in Geo Blaster Basic. It will be stored in the saucers array. On a 28×13

grid (using paths), it looks like Figure 8-6.

Figure 8-6. The saucer design

The variable attributes of the saucer object are very similar to the attributes of a rock

object, although without the rock scale attribute. Also, saucers don’t have a rotation; it

is always set at 0. The saucer also contains variables that are updated on each new level

to make the game more challenging for the player. Here are those variables, which will

be discussed in more detail in the upcoming section “Level Knobs” on page 479:

newSaucer.fireRate = levelSaucerFireRate;

newSaucer.fireDelay = levelSaucerFireDelay;

newSaucer.fireDelayCount = 0;

newSaucer.missileSpeed = levelSaucerMissileSpeed;

Missiles

Both the player missiles and saucer missiles will be 2×2-pixel blocks. They will be stored

in the playerMissiles and saucerMissiles arrays, respectively.

The objects are very simple. They contain enough attributes to move them across the

game screen and to calculate life values:

newPlayerMissile.dx = 5*Math.cos(Math.PI*(player.rotation)/180);

newPlayerMissile.dy = 5*Math.sin(Math.PI*(player.rotation)/180);

newPlayerMissile.x = player.x+player.halfWidth;

newPlayerMissile.y = player.y+player.halfHeight;

newPlayerMissile.life = 60;

newPlayerMissile.lifeCtr = 0;

newPlayerMissile.width = 2;

newPlayerMissile.height = 2;

478 | Chapter 8: Canvas Games: Part I

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