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}

The drawPlayField() function loops through the rows in the playField array and then

through each column inside each row. If the tile ID number at playField[rowCtr]

[colCtr] is a road tile, it simply paints that tile at the correct location on playField. If

the tile ID is a game object (not a road tile), it first paints a road tile in that spot and

then paints the object tile in that spot.

Simple Homegrown AI Overview

The enemy tanks chase the player object based on a set of simple rules. We have coded

those rules into the gameStateEnemyMove() function, which is one of the longest and

most complicated functions in this book. Let’s first step through the logic used to create

the function, and then you can examine it in Example 9-2.

This function starts by looping through the enemy array. It must determine a new tile

location on which to move each enemy. To do so, it follows some simple rules that

determine the order in which the testBounds() function will test the movement di‐

rections:

1. First, it tests to see whether the player is closer to the enemy vertically or horizon‐

tally.

2. If vertically, and the player is above the enemy, it places up and then down in the

directionsToTest array.

3. If vertically, and the player is below the enemy, it places down and then up in the

directionsToTest array.

The up and then down, or down and then up, directions are pushed

into the directionsTest array to simplify the AI. The logic here

is if the player is up from the enemy, but the enemy is blocked by

an object, the enemy will try the opposite direction first. In our

game, there will be no instance when an object blocks the direction

the enemy tank wants to move in, because the only illegal direction

is trying to move off the bounds of the screen. If we add tiles to our

playfield that block the enemy, this entire set of AI code suddenly

becomes very useful and necessary. We have included this entire

homegrown chase AI in our game in case more of these tile types

are added.

4. It then looks where to add the left and right directions. It does this based on

which way will put it closer to the player.

A Simple Tile-Based Game | 569

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5. If the horizontal direction and not the vertical direction is the shortest, it runs

through the same type of logic, but this time using left and then right, then up

and then down.

6. When this is complete, all four directions will be in the directionsToTest array.

Next, the logic finds a number between 0 and 99 and checks whether it is less than the

chanceRandomEnemyMovement value. If it is, it ignores the directionsToTest array and

simply tries to find a random direction to move in. In either case, all the directions

(either in the directionsToTest array or in order up, down, left, and right) are tested

until the testBounds() function returns true.

That’s all there is to this code. In Example 9-2, you find the entire set of code for this

game.

Micro Tank Maze Complete Game Code

The full source code and assets for Micro Tank Maze are located at this site.

Scrolling a Tile-Based World

One of the advantages of using a tile-based world is that it can be virtually any size we

want it to be. Although some memory and processor limitations (especially on mobile

devices) might cause problems when trying to scroll or pan over an image that is much

larger than the canvas size, as we did in Chapter 4, there is virtually no limit to the size

of a game world that can be created with tiles.

The power comes from the use of the simple two-dimensional arrays we use to hold the

game world. As we examined in Chapter 8, the concept of painting the game screen

with tiles is pretty simple. Here’s a short review of the process of painting the screen

from a tile-based grid.

First, a Tile Sheet That Contains the Tiles We Want to Paint to the

Screen

We will be using the same tile sheet as in Chapter 8 (see Figure 9-12).

570 | Chapter 9: Canvas Games: Part II

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Figure 9-12. The tiles sheet for the scrolling examples

Next, we use the data from a two-dimensional array to paint these tiles to the game

screen to create our game world.

Second, a Two-Dimensional Array to Describe Our Game World

We put this game world into an array. Each number in the array rows and columns

represents a tile number in our game world. So, a 0 would paint the first tile in the tile

sheet (the blue wall), a 1 would be gray road tile, and so on.

world.map=[

[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0]

,[0,1,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0]

,[0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,0]

,[0,1,0,1,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,1,0,1,0]

,[0,2,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,0]

,[0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0]

,[0,1,1,1,2,1,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,0]

,[0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0]

,[0,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,0]

,[0,1,0,1,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,1,0,1,0]

,[0,1,0,1,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0]

,[0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,0]

,[0,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,0]

,[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0]

];

Third, Paint the Tile-Based World to the Canvas

Our world is built using a 15x15 grid. Figure 9-13 shows the entire world we will use in

our scrolling examples.

Scrolling a Tile-Based World | 571

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Figure 9-13. A 15×15 tile map

For the scrolling examples, we use a canvas that is smaller than the world. We are using

a small canvas (160×160) and a small world (480×480) simply to make sure that the

code is easily understood in book form. In a real-world example, the tile-based world

might be 100+ tiles in each dimension, drawn onto a canvas that is 640×480. Here is the

HTML5 Canvas object we will be using:

Coarse Scrolling vs. Fine Scrolling

There are two methods by which we can scroll the game screen: coarse scrolling and

fine scrolling. Coarse scrolling is a method by which we scroll the screen a single tile at

a time. Therefore, because our tiles are 32×32 pixels, we would scroll 32 pixels in the

direction the user presses with the keys. We allow the user to use the up, down, left, and

right arrow keys in our examples to move a viewable window over the tile world map.

Fine scrolling is a method by which the user scrolls just a few pixels at a time. This is a

much more powerful and user-friendly method for scrolling the game screen and would

be useful for most games.

Each method has its uses, though. Coarse scrolling can be applied to strategy-based

games, board games, or any game in which scrolling a single tile at a time does not

distract from the user experience. Fine scrolling, however, is useful for most scrolling

applications because it allows simple physics, such as delta x and y changes, to be applied

to the scrolling at a rate that is smaller than an entire tile size. A platform game such as

Super Mario Brothers or a scrolling shooter such as Raiden would be good uses for fine

scrolling.

Next, let’s define some of the concepts we will apply in our code.

The Camera Object

The viewable window the user will see is called the Camera. It displays just a portion of

the tile-based world at a single time. We allow the user to move the camera with the

arrow keys to scroll through our tile-map.

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The camera will have these attributes:

camera.height=theCanvas.height;

camera.width=theCanvas.width;

camera.rows=camera.height / world.tileHeight;

camera.cols=camera.width / world.tileWidth;

camera.dx=0;

camera.dy=0;

camera.x=0;

camera.y=0;

The camera object is not complicated. It contains just the necessary attributes to move

and paint it to the screen during a setTimeOut interval based on user key presses. Its

height and width come directly from the Canvas size (160×160). The x and y values

represent the upper left corner of the camera of the game world. In coarse scrolling, this

is either 0 or a multiple of 32 (our tile height and width). The maximum value for the

upper left corner of the camera on the x-axis is the world width (480 in our example)

minus the camera width (160 in our example). This way, the camera never tries to paint

tiles that do not exist in our world map array.

Fine scrolling is similar, but the values for x and y top left corner, or the camera, can

each be 0 or any number up to a maximum we calculate to ensure that we are not trying

to paint tiles that do not exist off the right side or bottom of the tile-map. In essence, we

don’t need to scroll 32 pixels at a time but, rather, any number from 1 to 32 (or more,

but that would result in extra coarse scrolling and is not examined here as a practical

application).

The dx and dy values will be the number of pixels to move the x and y on an interval

based on the user key press.

As you can see, the camera dynamically calculates the number of rows and columns it

needs to be, based on the tileHeight and tileWidth from the world. On that note, let’s

examine the world now.

The World Object

The world object contains just the necessary information to create the world the camera

will scroll around on and display to the user. The actual world is never shown to the

user as a visible object:

world.cols=15;

world.rows=15;

world.tileWidth=32;

world.tileHeight=32;

world.height=world.rows*world.tileHeight;

world.width=world.cols*world.tileWidth;

world.map=[];

Scrolling a Tile-Based World | 573

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The cols and rows depict the entire size of the world, and the tileHeight and tile

Width values are used in calculations when determining the camera position and paint‐

ing the world tiles to the Camera. The height and width are calculated from the first

four values, and the map array is filled in with the map data we examined previously.

Fine Scrolling the Row and Column Buffers

The secret in fine scrolling the canvas is in the row and column buffers. These contain

an extra tile (outside the viewable Camera area) that is not needed in coarse scrolling.

The buffer is very important because when we fine scroll, we are usually painting only

part of the tiles that are on the left, right, top, and bottom edges of the viewable camera.

If camera.x and camera.y are both at 0 (the top left edge of the tile map), we don’t need

a scroll buffer. If camera.x or camera.y is at ANY other position on the game map

screen, we need a scroll buffer for whichever (or both) dimensions are greater than 0,

but not at the far right or bottom edge of the viewable world (as described earlier). As

you can probably imagine, when playing a game, these x and y values will seldom be 0.

Let’s take a close look at some examples of this now, because it is the crux of how we

calculate and paint the game screen when fine scrolling.

Here is the code we will use to decide whether to use a row or column buffer when we

draw our tile map when fine scrolling:

if (camera.x<=0) {

camera.x=0;

colBuffer=0;

}else if (camera.x > (world.width - camera.width)-scrollRate) {

camera.x=world.width - camera.width;

colBuffer=0;

}else{

colBuffer=1;

}

if (camera.y<=0) {

camera.y=0;

rowBuffer=0;

}else if (camera.y > (world.height - camera.height)-scrollRate) {

camera.y=world.height - camera.height;

rowBuffer=0;

}else{

rowBuffer=1;

}

The algorithm finds the necessary colBuffer and rowBuffer values, depending on the

x and y values of the camera object.

574 | Chapter 9: Canvas Games: Part II

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1. If the camera x or y value is 0 or less than 0, we first set it to 0 (so that we are not

trying to draw from the negative space of the game map that does not exist), and

we set the corresponding colBuffer or rowBuffer to 0.

2. If the x or y value is not 0 or greater than 0, we next check to see whether the camera

will draw from outside the far right or far bottom of the tile map (those tiles do not

exist). If that is true, we also set the corresponding rowBuffer or colBuffer to 0.

3. If on either the x or y axis the camera is in the middle of the tile map, the corre‐

sponding colBuffer or rowBuffer is set to 1. This adds an extra tile row or column

to the drawn screen and allows the partial tile to be displayed.

Rather than simply going through this line by line, let’s look at four examples and how

they would be displayed and calculated in our code.

The camera top-left position

At the upper-left position in our game world, the values to be plugged in would be those

in the list that follows. This is the simplest version of scrolling because, in effect, there

is no scrolling.

• scrollRate = 4

• camera.x = 0

• camera.y = 0

Subtracting camera.width (160) from world.width (480) = 320. Next, we subtract

scrollRate from this result to use in calculating the value of colBuffer.

We use the same algorithm for the y axis to get rowBuffer: camera.y > (world.height –

camera.height) – scrollRate:

(world.width - camera.width) - scrollRate = 316

(world.height - camera.height) - scrollRate = 316

In this example, because the window is at the top-left corner, these values (316, 316) are

not needed, but we wanted to demonstrate them because they will be used in the ex‐

amples. Because we are in the upper left corner of the map, we simply need to check for

camera.x and camera.y being less than or equal to 0.

if (camera.x<=0) {

camera.x=0;

colBuffer=0;

colBuffer= 0

if (camera.y<=0) {

camera.y=0;

rowBuffer=0;

rowBuffer= 0

Scrolling a Tile-Based World | 575

Figure 9-14 shows how the upper left corner would be drawn.

Figure 9-14. The fine scrolling camera at position 0,0

Now let’s take a look at the most common type of calculation. This occurs when the

viable camera is not right at the edge or bottom of the game screen and not at the top

left corner of either of the row or column tiles.

The camera scrolled position

The camera in a scrolled position means that it is not in the upper corner of the screen.

In this example, we place the camera in about the middle of the screen.

scrollRate = 4

camera.x = 180

camera.y = 120

Subtracting camera.width (160) from world.width = 320. Next, we subtract scroll

Rate from this result to use in calculating the value of colBuffer.

We use the same algorithm for the y axis to get rowBuffer: camera.y > (world.height

- camera.height) -scrollRate:

(world.width - camera.width) - scrollRate = 316

(world.height - camera.height) - scrollRate = 316

colBuffer= 1

rowBuffer= 1

In this case, we need to add a scroll buffer on each axis. Figure 9-15 shows what would

be painted to the canvas at this camera position.

576 | Chapter 9: Canvas Games: Part II

Figure 9-15. The fine scrolling camera at position 180,120 with scroll buffers

What you don’t see are the scroll buffers on each axis that actually allow for the fine

scrolling to take place. Figure 9-15 shows what is painted to the canvas and the extra

map image data that is not painted to the canvas. This figure has been zoomed in to

show that we actually need to draw an extra row and extra column to the canvas when

the camera is in a fine-scrolled state. To display the actual position of the scrolled tiles,

we first use a matrix transformation to translate the canvas to the actual point we want

to paint to the screen:

context.setTransform(1,0,0,1,0,0);

context.translate(-camera.x%world.tileWidth, -camera.y%world.tileHeight);

The mod (%) operation returns us just the number of pixels on each axis we need to

move back in the negative direction to show the portion of all the tiles in Figure 9-15.

We then loop though all the tiles and paint them starting at that position. Therefore,

the first tile in each row painted starts in the negative position, off the canvas, and only

a portion of it is actually painted to the canvas. The last tile in each row is painted onto

only a portion of the canvas. The corresponding paint operations on the columns work

the same way. By doing this, we are fine scrolling by simply translating the canvas over

the entire subset of tiles (including the extra buffer tiles, see Figure 9-16).

Here is the code that loops through the rows and tiles and paints them to the screen,

starting at the newly translated point:

Scrolling a Tile-Based World | 577

for (rowCtr=0;rowCtr<camera.rows+rowBuffer;rowCtr++) {

for (colCtr=0;colCtr<camera.cols+colBuffer;colCtr++) {

tileNum=(world.map[rowCtr+tiley][colCtr+tilex]);

var tilePoint={};

tilePoint.x=colCtr*world.tileWidth;

tilePoint.y=rowCtr*world.tileHeight;

var source={};

source.x=Math.floor(tileNum % 5) * world.tileWidth;

source.y=Math.floor(tileNum /5) *world.tileHeight;

context.drawImage(tileSheet, source.x,

source.y,world.tileWidth,world.tileHeight, tilePoint.x, tilePoint.y,

world.tileWidth, world.tileHeight);

}

Figure 9-16. The fine scrolling camera at position 180,120

Notice in the code that we add the rowBuffer value (in this case, 1) to the rowCtr loop,

and we add the colBuffer value to the colCtr loop. Next, we look at edge cases (liter‐

ally). These occur when the camera has been scrolled to the far right or far bottom of

the tile map.

The camera far-right scrolled position

When the camera scrolls past the point where an extra tile would need to be on the far

right of the game screen map, we need to set it back to the position it was and not try

to paint an extra column in colBuffer, because the tile map world does not have any

more tiles to display. If we didn’t do this, an error would be thrown in JavaScript, telling

us that we had hit a null in the world.map array. In essence, we are subtracting the dx

or scrollRate value from the current camera position.

We have seen this code previously, but here it is one more time. This edge case is the

first else: (bold and larger type):

if (camera.x<=0) {

camera.x=0;

578 | Chapter 9: Canvas Games: Part II

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