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Serious HTML

standards, compliance, and all that jazz

What else is there to know about HTML?

You’re well on your way to

mastering HTML. In fact, isn’t it about time we move on to CSS and learn how to make

all this bland markup look fabulous? Before we do, we need to make sure your HTML is

really tight (you know... buttoned up, ship shape, nailed down) and we’re going to do that

by getting serious about the way we write our HTML. Don’t get us wrong, you’ve been

writing ﬁrst-class HTML all along, but there’s a few things you can do to help the browser

faithfully display your pages and to make sure that little mistakes don’t creep into your

markup. What’s in it for you? Pages that display more uniformly across browsers (and

are readable on mobile devices and screen readers for the visually impaired), pages that

load faster, and pages that are guaranteed to play well with CSS. Get ready, this is the

chapter where you move from Web tinkerer to Web professional.

Cubicle Conversation

224

A brief history of HTML

226

We can’t have your pages putting the browser into quirks mode

229

Adding the document type definition

231

Meet the W3C validator

234

Validating the Head First Lounge

235

Houston, we have a problem...

236

Adding a <meta> tag to specify the content type

240

Making the validator happy with a <meta> content tag...

241

Third time’s the charm?

242

Changing the doctype to strict

246

Do we have validation?

247

Fixing the nesting problem

249

One more chance to be strict...

250

Strict HTML 4.01, grab the handbook

252

Fireside Chat

256

HTML Archeology

259

Exercise Solutions

263

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xvi

Putting the ‘X’ into HTML

moving to xhtml

We’ve been keeping a dirty secret from you.

We know you

thought

you bought an HTML book, but this is really an XHTML book in disguise. In

fact, we’ve been teaching you mostly XHTML all along. You’re probably wondering,

just what the heck is XHTML? Well, meet eXtensible HTML – otherwise known as

XHTML – the next evolution of HTML. It’s leaner, meaner, and even more tuned

for compatibility with a wide range of devices beyond browsers. In this short little

chapter we’re going to get you from HTML to XHTML in three simple steps. So,

turn the page, you’re almost there... (and then we’re on to CSS).

Maintains her

own blog.

I like keeping up with

trends and technologies.

XHTML is the future, and since

it’s almost exactly like HTML,

why not go with the better

technology?

What is XML?

267

What does this have to do with HTML?

268

So why would you want to use XHTML?

270

The XHTML 1.0 checklist

272

Going from strict HTML to XHTML 1.0

274

Old school HTML 4.01 Strict

275

New and improved XHTML 1.0

275

Validation: it’s not just for HTML

277

Fireside Chat

280

HTML or XHTML? The choice is yours...

282

Exercise Solutions

284

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xvii

Adding a Little Style

getting started with CSS

Five-Minute

Mystery

body

html

title

head

style

meta

img

I was told there’d be CSS in this book.

So far you’ve been

concentrating on learning XHTML to create the structure of your Web pages. But as

you can see, the browser’s idea of style leaves a lot to be desired. Sure, we could

call the fashion police, but we don’t need to. With CSS, you’re going to completely

control the presentation of your pages, often without even changing your XHTML.

Could it really be so easy? Well, you

are

going to have to learn a new language; after

all, Webville is a bilingual town. After reading this chapter’s guide to learning the

language of CSS, you’re going to be able to stand on

either

side of Main Street and

hold a conversation.

You’re not in Kansas anymore...

286

Overheard on Webville’s “Trading Spaces”

288

Using CSS with XHTML

289

Let’s put a line under the welcome message, too

295

Specifying a second rule, just for the <h1>

296

Getting the Lounge style into the elixirs and directions pages

303

Linking to the external style sheet

305

It’s time to talk about your inheritance...

311

What if we move the font up the family tree?

312

Overriding inheritance

314

Creating a selector for the class

318

Taking classes further...

320

The world’s smallest and fastest guide to how styles are applied

322

Who gets the inheritance?

326

Making sure the Lounge CSS validates

329

Exercise Solutions

333

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xviii

Expanding your Vocabulary

styling with fonts and colors

table of contents

Your CSS language lessons are coming along nicely.

You already have the basics of CSS down and you know how to create CSS

rules to select and determine the style of the elements. Now what you need is

to increase your vocabulary, and that means picking up some new properties

and learning about what they can do for you. In this chapter we’re going to work

through some of the most common properties that affect the display of text. To

do that, you’ll need to learn a few things about fonts and color. You’re going to

see you don’t have to be stuck with the fonts everyone else uses, or the clunky

sizes and styles the browser uses as the defaults for paragraphs and headings.

You’re also going to see there is a lot more to color than meets the eye.

Text and fonts from 30,000 feet

342

What is a font family anyway?

344

Specifying font families using CSS

347

Dusting off Tony’s Journal

348

How do I deal with everyone having different fonts?

351

So, how should I specify my font sizes?

354

Let’s make these changes to the font sizes in Tony’s Web page

356

Changing a font’s weight

359

Adding style to your fonts

361

Styling Tony’s quotes with a little italic

362

How do Web colors work?

364

How do I specify Web colors? Let me count the ways...

367

The two minute guide to hex codes

370

How to find Web colors

372

Back to Tony’s page...

375

Everything you ever wanted to know about text-decorations

377

Removing the underline...

378

Exercise Solutions

381

xix

Getting Intimate with Elements

the box model

To do advanced Web construction you really need to know

your building materials.

In this chapter we’re going to take a close look

at our building materials: the XHTML elements. We’re going to put block and inline

elements right under the microscope and see what they’re made of. You’re going to

see how you can control just about every aspect of how an element is constructed

with CSS. But we’re not going to stop there; you’re also going to see how you can

give elements unique identities. And, if that weren’t enough, you’re going to discover

why you might want to use multiple style sheets.

The lounge gets an upgrade

386

Starting with a few simple upgrades

388

Checking out the new line height

390

Getting ready for some major renovations

391

A closer look at the box model...

392

What you can do to boxes...

394

Creating the guarantee style

399

Padding, border, and margins for the guarantee

401

Adding some padding

401

Now let’s add some margin

402

Adding a background image

404

Fixing the background image

407

How do you add padding only on the left?

408

How do you increase the margin just on the right?

409

A two-minute guide to borders

410

Border fit and finish

412

Interview with an HTML class

414

The id attribute

416

Using an id in the lounge

418

Remixing style sheets

420

Using multiple style sheets

421

Exercise Solutions

426

Advanced Web Construction

divs and spans

table of contents

It’s time to get ready for heavy construction.

In this chapter

we’re going to roll out two new XHTML elements, called <div> and <span>. These

are no simple “two by fours;” these are full blown steel beams. With <div> and

<span>, you’re going to build some serious supporting structures, and once you’ve

got those structures in place, you’re going to be able to style them all in new and

powerful ways. Now, we couldn’t help but notice that your CSS toolbelt is really

starting to ﬁll up, so it’s time to show you a few shortcuts that will make specifying all

these properties a lot easier. And, we’ve also got some special guests in this chapter,

the

pseudo-classes

, which are going to allow you to create some very interesting

selectors. (But, if you’re thinking that “pseudo-classes” would make a great name for

your next band; too late, we beat you to it.)

Weekly Elixir

Specials

Lemon Breeze

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The ultimate healthy drink,

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vitamins with a twist of

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immune system going all

day and all night.

Not your traditional chai,

this elixir mixes maté with

chai spices and adds

an extra chocolate kick

for a caffeinated taste

sensation on ice.

Want to boost your

memory? Try our Black

Brain Brew elixir, made

with black oolong tea and

just a touch of espresso.

Your brain will thank you

for the boost.

Join us any evening for these and all

our wonderful elixirs.

A close look at the elixirs HTML

431

Let’s explore how we can divide a page into logical sections

433

Adding a border

440

An over-the-border test drive

440

Adding some real style to the elixirs section

441

The game plan

442

Working on the elixir width

442

Adding the basic styles to the elixirs

447

What we need is a way to select descendants

453

Changing the color of the elixir headings

455

Fixing the line height

456

It’s time to take a little shortcut...

458

Adding <span>s in three easy steps

464

The <a> element and its multiple personalities

468

How can you style elements based on their state?

469

Putting those pseudo-classes to work

471

Isn’t it about time we talk about the “cascade”?

473

The cascade

475

Welcome to the “What’s my speciﬁcity game”

476

Putting it all together

477

Exercise Solutions

483

xxi

Arranging Elements

layout and positioning

It’s time to teach your XHTML elements new tricks.

We’re not

going to let those XHTML elements just sit there anymore; it’s about time they get

up and help us create some pages with real

layouts

. How? Well, you’ve got a good

feel for the <div> and <span> structural elements and you know all about how the

box model works, right? So, now it’s time to use all that knowledge to craft some real

designs. No, we’re not just talking about more background and font colors, we’re

talking about full blown professional designs using multi-column layouts. This is the

chapter where everything you’ve learned comes together.

Did you do the Super Brain Power?

488

Use the flow, Luke

489

What about inline elements?

491

How it all works together

492

How to float an element

495

Behind the scenes at the lounge

497

The new Starbuzz

499

Move the sidebar just below the header

504

Set the width of the sidebar and float it

504

Fixing the two-column problem

507

Setting the margin on the main section

508

Back to clearing up the overlap problem

511

Righty tighty, lefty loosey

514

Liquid and frozen designs

517

How absolute positioning works

520

Changing the Starbuzz CSS

523

One tradeoff you can make to fix the footer

527

Positioning the award

529

How does fixed positioning work?

535

Using a negative left property value

537

Getting relative

539

To three-columns and beyond...

541

Exercise Solutions

544

img

span

p id=”amazing”

text

xxii

table of contents

Getting Tabular

tables and more lists

If it walks like a table and talks like a table...

There comes a

time in life when we have to deal with the dreaded

tabular data

. Whether you need to

create a page representing your company’s inventory over the last year, or a catalog

of your Beanie Babies collection (don’t worry, we won’t tell), you know you need to

do it in HTML; but how? Well, have we got a deal for you: order now and in a single

chapter we’ll reveal the secrets of tables that will allow you to put your very own

data right inside HTML tables. But there’s more: with every order we’ll throw in our

exclusive guide to styling HTML tables. And, if you act now, as a special bonus, we’ll

throw in our guide to styling HTML lists. Don’t hesitate, call now!

How do we make tables with HTML?

551

How to create a table using HTML

552

What the browser creates

553

Tables dissected...

554

Adding a caption and a summary

557

Before we start styling, let’s get the table back into Tony’s page...

559

Getting those borders to collapse

564

How about some color?

566

Tony made an interesting discovery...

567

Another look at Tony’s table

568

How to tell cells to span more than one row

569

The new and improved table

571

Trouble in paradise?

572

Overriding the CSS for the nested table headings

576

Giving Tony’s site the final polish

577

Exercise Solutions

588

xxiii

Getting Interactive

xhtml forms

So far all your Web communication has been one way:

from

your page

your visitors

Golly, wouldn’t it be nice if your visitors

could talk back? That’s where HTML forms come in: once you enable your pages

with forms (along with a little help from a Web server), your pages are going to be

able to gather customer feedback, take an online order, get the next move in an

online game, or collect the votes in a “hot or not” contest. In this chapter you’re going

to meet a whole team of XHTML elements that work together to create Web forms.

You’ll also learn a bit about what goes on behind the scenes in the server to support

forms, and we’ll even talk about keeping those forms stylish (a controversial topic –

read on and see why).

How forms work

592

How forms work in the browser

593

What you write in XHTML

594

What the browser creates

595

How the <form> element works

596

Getting ready to build the Bean Machine form

604

Adding the <form> element

605

How <form> element names work

606

Back to getting those <input> elements in your XHTML...

608

Adding some more input elements to your form

609

Adding the <select> element

610

Give the customer a choice of whole or ground beans

612

Punching the radio buttons

613

Completing the form

614

Adding the checkboxes and textarea

615

Watching GET in action

621

To Table or Not to Table? That’s the question...

626

Getting the form elements into a table

627

Styling the form and the table with CSS

630

Exercise Solutions

635

xxiv

The Top Ten Topics (we didn’t cover)

Index

651

table of contents

appendix: leftovers

We covered a lot of ground, and

you’re almost finished with this

book.

We’ll miss you, but before we let you go,

we wouldn’t feel right about sending you out into

the world without a little more preparation. We

can’t possibly ﬁt everything you’ll need to know

into this relatively small chapter. Actually, we

did

originally include everything you need to know

about XHTML and CSS (not already covered by

the other chapters), by reducing the type point

size to .00004. It all ﬁt, but nobody could read it.

So, we threw most of it away, and kept the best

bits for this Top Ten chapter.

More Selectors

640

Frames

642

Multimedia & Flash

643

Tools for Creating Web Pages

644

Client-side Scripting

645

Server-side Scripting

646

Tuning for Search Engines

647

More about Style Sheets for Printing

648

Pages for Mobile Devices

649

Blogs

650

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