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Chapter 11

div

img

div id=“dogs”

div id=“cats”

Now that you know which elements belong

in each section, you can add some XHTML

to mark up this structure. The common

way to do this is to place

<div>

opening

and closing tags around the elements that

belong to a logical section. Let’s ﬁrst do this

pictorially, and then we’ll come back to the

real markup in a couple of pages.

Using <div>s to mark sections

Let’s nest the elements in each

grouping in a <div> element.

Here’s our cat group.

And here’s our

dog group.

Just by nesting your elements in

<div>

s, you’ve indicated that all those

elements belong to the same group.

But you haven’t given them any kind

of label that says what the grouping

means, right?

A good way to do that is to use an

attribute to provide a unique label for

the

<div>

. For instance, let’s give the

cats

<div>

an id of “cats” and the

dogs

<div>

an id of “dogs”.

Labelling the <div>s

Here we’ve added an id

of “cats” to the first

<div> to indicate what

the logical section is for.

And likewise for dogs.

how to mark logical sections with divs

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435

brain

power

On a referral from the Starbuzz

CEO, you’ve been asked to

come in and consult on style

changes to PetStorz main

page. How quickly would you

understand the PetStorz Web

page if you were shown Page

One?

What about Page Two?

img

div id=“dogs”

div id=“cats”

img

Page Two

Page One

Okay, so you’ve added some logical

structure to the PetStorz page, and you’ve

also labeled that structure by giving each

<div>

a unique id. That’s all you need

to start styling the group of elements

contained in the

<div>

Adding some style

Now the <div>s

have a little style.

Here we have two rules, one

for each <div>. Each <div> is

selected by an id selector.

img

div id=“dogs”

div id=“cats”

#cats {

background-image: url(leopard.jpg);

}

#dogs {

background-image: url(mutt.jpg);

}

Each rule sets the

background-image

property. For cats we

have a leopard image,

and for dogs we have

a mutt image.

By setting the

background on the

<div>, it also shows

through the elements

contained in the <div>.

The elements in the <div> will also

inherit some properties from the

<div>, just as any child element

does (like font-size, color, etc).

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436

Chapter 11

There are a couple of reasons you might

want to add more structure to your

pages with

<div>

s. First, you may

want to further expose the underlying

logical structure of your pages, which

can help others understand them, and

also help in maintaining them. Second,

there are times when you need the

structure so that you have a way to apply

style to a section. Often, you’ll want to

add the structure for both reasons.

So, in the case of PetStorz, we could

take this to the next level and add a few

<div>

s...

Exposing even more structure

Now we’ve added

another <div> with an

id indicating this is the

header of the page.

And another indicating

the footer of the page.

div id=“header”

img

div id=“dogs”

div id=“cats”

div id=“footer”

And you don’t have to stop there. It is

common to nest structure, too. For instance,

in the PetStorz page, we have a cat section

and a dog section, and the two together are

logically the “pets” section of the page. So,

we could place both the “cat” and “dog”

<div>

s into a “pets”

<div>

Adding structure on structure

div id=“header”

img

div id=“dogs”

div id=“cats”

div id=“footer”

div id=“pets”

Adding this structure through <div>s

can even help you think through your

page design. For instance, does this

lone <p> really need to be here?

Now we’ve marked up this XHTML so that

we know there is a logical section in the page

with “pets” content in it. Further, that “pets”

section has two logical subsections, one for

“cats” and one for “dogs”.

nesting divs

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divs and spans

you are here

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437

So, a <div> acts like a container

that you can put elements into to keep

them all together?

It sure does. In fact, we often

describe <div>s as “containers”. Not only

do they act as logical containers that you

can use to hold a bunch of related elements

(like the “cat” elements) together, but when

we start styling <div>s and using them for

positioning in the next chapter, you’ll see

they act as graphical containers, too.

Beyond the structure I’m already

putting into my pages with headings and

paragraphs and so on, should I also be

adding a higher level of structure with

<div>s?

Yes and no. You want to add

structure where it has a real purpose, but

don’t add structure for structure’s sake.

Always keep your structure as simple as

possible to get the job done. For instance,

if it is helpful to add a “pets” section

that contains both “cats” and “dogs” to

the PetStorz page, by all means add it.

However, if it provides no real beneﬁt, then

it just complicates your page. After working

with <div>s for a while, you’ll start to get a

feel for when and how much to use them.

Do you ever put <div>s in a class

instead of giving it an id?

Well, remember that an element can

have an id

and

be in one or more classes at

the same time, so the choice isn’t mutually

exclusive. And, yes, there are many times

you create <div>s and place them into

classes. Say you have a bunch of album

sections in a page of music playlists; you

might put all the elements that make up the

album into a <div> and then put them all in a

class called “albums”. That identiﬁes where

the albums are, and they can all be styled

together with the class. At the same time

you might give each album an id so that it

can have additional style applied separately.

I was having a little trouble

following the <div> within <div> stuff,

with the “pets” and “cats” and “dogs”.

Could you explain that a little more?

Sure. You’re used to elements being

nested in other elements, right? Like a <p>

nested in a <body> nested in an <html>

element. You’ve even seen lists nested

within lists. The <div> is really no different;

you’re just nesting an element inside another

element, and, in the case of PetStorz, we’re

using it to show larger chunks of structure

(a “cats” and “dogs” nested in a “pets”

section). Or, you might use <div>s to have a

beer section nested in a beverages section

nested in a menu section.

But, the best way to understand why you’d

want something like a <div> within a <div> is

by using them and encountering a situation

where they mean something to you. Put this

in the back of your mind and you’ll see an

example soon enough where we need one.

there are no

Dumb Questions

Use, don’t abuse, <div>s in your pages. Add additional

structure where it helps you separate a page into logical

sections for clarity and styling. Adding <div>s just for

the sake of creating a lot of structure in your pages

complicates them with no real benefit.

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438

Chapter 11

Meanwhile, back at the lounge...

Okay, enough “theory” about

<div>

s – let’s get one into the lounge page. Remember, we’re trying to get

all the elixir elements into a group and then we’re going to style it to make it look like the elixir handout.

So, open up your “lounge.html” ﬁle in the “chapter11/lounge” folder, locate the elixirs elements, and then

insert opening and closing

<div>

tags around them.

<h2>Weekly Elixir Specials</h2>

<p>

</p>

<h3>Lemon Breeze</h3>

<p>

The ultimate healthy drink, this elixir combines

herbal botanicals, minerals, and vitamins with

a twist of lemon into a smooth citrus wonder

that will keep your immune system going all

day and all night.

</p>

<p>

</p>

<h3>Chai Chiller</h3>

<p>

Not your traditional chai, this elixir mixes maté

with chai spices and adds an extra chocolate kick for

a caffeinated taste sensation on ice.

</p>

<p>

</p>

<h3>Black Brain Brew</h3>

<p>

Want to boost your memory? Try our Black Brain Brew

elixir, made with black oolong tea and just a touch

of espresso. Your brain will thank you for the boost.

</p>

<p>

Join us any evening for these and all our

other wonderful

<a href=“beverages/elixir.html”

title=“Head First Lounge Elixirs”>

elixirs</a>.

</p>

</div>

And, here’s the closing tag.

Here’s the opening tag,

and we’ve given it an id of

“elixirs” to identify it.

Remember we’re just

showing a snippet of

XHTML from the

entire file. When you

open “lounge.html”, you’ll

see all the markup for

the page.

adding divs to the lounge

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divs and spans

you are here

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439

Taking the <div> for a test drive

That was easy, wasn’t it? Now that we’ve got a more

structured page, let’s ﬁre up the browser and see

how it looks...

Hmmm... no change at all!

But that’s okay: the <div>

is pure structure, and it

doesn’t have any “look” or

default style in the page.

That said, a <div> is just a block

element, and you can apply any styles

you want to it. So, once you know how

to style a block element (and you do),

you know how to style a <div>.

brain

power

Remember, the goal here is to restyle the elixir content on the page

so it looks like the handout.

Before we took a detour to learn about <div>s, we were trying to

ﬁgure out how to get a border around the entire set of elixirs. Now

that you’ve got a <div> in “lounge.html”, how would you go about

adding a border?

Weekly Elixir

Specials

Lemon Breeze

Chai Chiller

Black Brain Brew

The ultimate healthy drink,

this elixir combines herbal

botanicals, minerals, and

vitamins with a twist of

lemon into a smooth citrus

wonder that will keep your

immune system going all

day and all night.

Not your traditional chai,

this elixir mixes maté with

chai spices and adds

an extra chocolate kick

for a caffeinated taste

sensation on ice.

Want to boost your

memory? Try our Black

Brain Brew elixir, made

with black oolong tea and

just a touch of espresso.

Your brain will thank you

for the boost.

Join us any evening for these and all

our wonderful elixirs.

440

Chapter 11

An over-the-border test drive

After you’ve added the CSS, save it and then reload

your “lounge.html” ﬁle.

Here’s the border that you just added

to the elixirs <div> element.

Notice that the border goes

around all the elements inside

the <div> element. The <div>

is a box like every other

element, so, when you add

a border, the border goes

around the content, which is

all the elements in the <div>.

You added a visible border

to this <div>, but it still has

no padding and no margin.

We’ll need to add that too.

Adding a border

Okay, now that you have a

<div>

around all the elements in the elixirs

section, the fun begins: you can style it.

The ﬁrst thing we want to reproduce in the elixirs handout is a border that

wraps around all the elements in the elixirs section, right? Well, now that

you actually have a

<div>

element that wraps around the elixirs section,

you can style it and add a border. Let’s try that now.

You’ll need a new rule in the lounge’s CSS to select the

<div>

element

using its id. Open up your “lounge.css” ﬁle in the “chapter11/lounge”

folder, and add this rule at the end:

#elixirs {

border-width: thin;

border-style: solid;

border-color: #007e7e;

}

Add this at the end of your CSS file. It

selects the elixirs <div> element using its id,

and adds a thin, solid border in our favorite

aquamarine color.

adding style to a div

divs and spans

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441

Adding some real style to

the elixirs section

The main heading

and the paragraph

text are black, while

the drink names are

a red color that

matches the red in

the logo.

The text and images

are centered, and

there’s padding on

the sides to add

space between the

text and the border.

The line-height of the

paragraphs looks a lot more

like the default line height for

the page (before we changed it

in the last chapter).

The font family is a sans-serif font, just

like the body font, so we don’t have to

change that. Remember that the <div>

element and all the elements nested in it

inherit the font family from the body.

The width of the elixirs

handout is narrower than the

rest of the page.

There’s a background

image at the top.

So far, so good. We’ve found a way to get

that border around the entire section. Now

you’re going to see how to use the

<div>

customize the styling of the entire elixirs section

independent of the rest of the page.

We obviously have some padding issues to deal

with, because the border is right up against the

content. But there’s a lot of other style we need

to work out, too. Let’s take a look at everything

we need to take care of...

This link is aquamarine.

442

Chapter 11

That’s a lot of new style, so let’s get a game plan together before

attacking it. Here’s what we need to do:

First, we’re going to change the width of the elixirs

<div>

make it narrower.

Next, we’ll knock out some of the styles you’re already familiar

with, like padding and the background image. We’ll also play

with the text alignment, which you haven’t seen before.

Then all we’ve got left are the text line heights and the heading

colors. You’re going to see that you need to upgrade your CSS

selector skills just a bit to get those changed.

Working on the elixir width

The game plan

That’s a lot to do, so let’s get started.

The width property lets you specify the width of

the element’s content area. Here we’re specifying

that the content width be 200 pixels.

We’d like the elixirs to be quite narrow, so it looks like the narrow

handout menu at the lounge; about 1/4 the width of a typical

browser window should be about right. So, if most people set their

browser windows to 800 pixels wide, that would be about 200

pixels. You’ve set the widths of padding, borders, and margins,

but you’ve never set the width of an element before. To do that

you use the

width

property, like this:

#elixirs {

border-width: thin;

border-style: solid;

border-color: #007e7e;

width: 200px;

}

Give this a try. Open your “lounge.css” and add this rule to the bottom.

We’re setting this on the elixirs <div>. So the content

in the elixirs <div> will be 200 pixels wide, and the

browser’s layout rules will work to fit all the elements

nested in the <div> within that width.

❏

plan of attack

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443

Now all the content in the elixirs

<div> fits into a space that is 200

pixels wide. It doesn’t change, even if

you make your browser window really

wide, or really narrow. Try it!

200 pixels

Compare the behavior of the <div>

to that of the other elements

when you make your browser

window wide. The paragraphs

automatically expand to fill the

width of the browser. We’ll talk

about that more in a sec...

Notice that the

height of the elixirs

section got a lot

taller. That’s because

we made it narrower,

so the content

takes up more room

vertically instead.

Next, save the CSS and then reload the “lounge.html” ﬁle. You’ll see the elixirs

section get much skinnier, thanks to the width you gave it. The width of the

content in the

<div>

is now exactly 200 pixels. There’s also some interesting

behavior you should check out...

Test driving the width

brain

power

Can you resize your browser window to less than the width of the elixirs <div>? Some browsers

won’t let you go that narrow; others will. If you can go narrower, compare the text in the elixirs

<div> with the rest of the text on the page. The other paragraphs resize themselves no matter

how wide or narrow you go, but the elixirs <div> never gets narrower or wider than 200 pixels.

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