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Digital Imaging Tutorial - Selection

2. Selection

Key Concepts

introduction

legal restrictions

other criteria

selection policies

additional reading

THER

ELECTION

RITERIA

The following issues should also be considered in choosing materials for

digital conversion. Under each category, pose and answer a range of

questions such as the ones suggested in order to highlight their effect on

selection.

Document Attributes

Does the material lend itself to digitization? Can the informational content be

adequately captured in digital form? Do the physical formats and condition of

the material represent major impediments? Are intermediates, such as

microfilm or slides, available and in good condition? How large and complex

in terms of document variety is the collection? (See

Conversion)

Preservation Considerations

Would the material be put at risk in the digitization process? Would digital

surrogates reduce use of the originals, thereby offering them protection from

handling? Is the digital reproduction seen as a means to replace the

originals?

Organization and Available Documentation

Is the material in a coherent, logically structured order? Is it paginated or is

the arrangement suggested by some other means? Is it complete? Is there

adequate descriptive, navigational, or structural information about the

material, such as bibliographic records or a detailed finding aid? (see also

Metadata)

Intended Uses

What kinds, level, and frequency of use are envisioned? Is there a clear

understanding of user requirements? Can digitization support these uses?

Will access to the material be significantly enhanced by digitization? Can your

institution support a range of uses, e.g., printing, browsing, detailed review?

Are there issues around security or access that must be taken into account

(e.g., access restricted to certain people or use under certain conditions?)

Digital Collection Building

Is there added incentive to digitize material based on the availability of

complementary digital resources (including data and metadata?) Is there an

opportunity for multi-institutional cooperation? For building thematic

coherence or "critical mass?"

Duplication of Effort

Has the material already been digitized by another trusted source? If so, do

the digital files possess sufficient quality, documentation, and functionality to

serve your purposes? What conditions govern access and use of those files?

Institutional Capabilities

Does your institution have the requisite technical infrastructure to manage,

deliver, and maintain digitized materials? Do your principal users have

adequate computing and connectivity to make effective use of these

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Digital Imaging Tutorial - Selection

materials? See

Technical Infrastructure for specific information on technical

components to consider in such an evaluation.

Finances

Can you determine the total cost of image acquisition (selection, preparation,

capture, indexing, and quality control)? Is this cost justified based on real or

perceived benefits accruing from digitization? Are there funds to support this

effort? Is there institutional commitment to the on-going management and

preservation of these files? See

Digital Preservation and

Management

sections for more information.

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Digital Imaging Tutorial - Selection

2. Selection

Key Concepts

introduction

legal restrictions

other criteria

selection policies

additional reading

ELECTION

OLICIES

Some institutions have developed selection policies or matrixes designed to

assist staff in selection for digitization. The following may be of assistance to

you in designing your own policies and procedures:

Library of Congress, "

Selection Criteria for Preservation Digital

Reformatting"

Columbia University, "

Selection Criteria for Digital Imaging Projects"

University of California, "

Selection Criteria for Digitization"

Harvard University, "

Selection for Digitization: a Decision-Making

Matrix"

National Agricultural Library, "

Selection Criteria and Guidelines"

Oxford University, "

Decision Matrices and Workflows" (Appendix B)

National Library of Australia Digitisation Policy, 2000-2004.

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Digital Imaging Tutorial - Selection

2. Selection

Key Concepts

introduction

legal restrictions

other criteria

selection policies

additional reading

DDITIONAL

EADING

Paula DeStefano, "Selection for Digital Conversion," in Moving Theory into

Practice: Digital Imaging for Libraries and Archives, Mountain View, CA :

Research Libraries Group, 2000

;

pp. 11-23.

http://www.rlg.org/preserv/mtip2000.html

Dan Hazen, Jeffrey Horrell, and Jan Merrill-Oldham, Selecting Research

Collections for Digitization,

http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/hazen/pub74.html

Janet Gertz, "Selection Guidelines for Preservation," Joint RLG and NPO

Preservation Conference,

http://www.rlg.org/preserv/joint/gertz.html

Paul Ayris, "Guidance for Selecting Materials for Digitisation," Joint RLG and

NPO Preservation Conference,

http://www.rlg.org/preserv/joint/ayris.html

Angelica Menne-Haritz and Nils Brubach, "The Intrinsic Value of Archive and

Library Material. List of Criteria for Imaging and Textual Conversion for

Preservation,"

http://www.uni-marburg.de/archivschule/intrinsengl.html

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Digital Imaging Tutorial - Conversion

3. Conversion

Key Concepts

introduction

scanning factors

rich digital master

benchmarking

text

stroke

continuous-tone halftone

proposed method

guidelines

additional reading

NTRODUCTION

Digital image capture must take into consideration the technical processes

involved in converting from analog to digital representation as well as the

attributes of the source documents themselves: physical size and

presentation, level of detail, tonal range, and presence of color. Documents

may also be characterized by the production process used to create them,

including manual, machine, photographic, and more recently, electronic

means. Further, all paper- and film-based documents will fall into one of the

following five categories that will affect their digital recording.

Document Types

Printed Text/Simple Line Art—distinct edge-based representation, with

no tonal variation, such as a book containing text and simple line

graphics

Manuscripts—soft, edge-based representations that are produced by

hand or machine, but do not exhibit the distinct edges typical of

machine processes, such as a letter or line drawing

Halftones—reproduction of graphic or photographic materials

represented by a grid of variably sized, regularly spaced pattern of

dots or lines, often placed at an angle. Includes some graphic art as

well, e.g., engravings

Continuous Tone—items such as photographs, watercolors, and

some finely inscribed line art that exhibit smoothly or subtly varying

tones

Mixed—documents containing two or more of the categories listed

above, such as illustrated books

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Digital Imaging Tutorial - Conversion

Document Types: Left to right - printed text, manuscript, halftone, continuous

tone, and mixed.

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Digital Imaging Tutorial - Conversion

3. Conversion

Key Concepts

introduction

scanning factors

rich digital master

benchmarking

text

stroke

continuous-tone halftone

proposed method

guidelines

additional reading

SCANNING FACTORS AFFECTING IMAGE QUALITY

Resolution/threshold

Increasing resolution enables the capture of finer detail. At some point,

however, added resolution will not result in an appreciable gain in image

quality, only larger file size. The key is to determine the resolution necessary

to capture all significant detail present in the source document.

Effects of Resolution on Image Quality: As the resolution increases, the

gain in image quality levels off.

The threshold setting in bitonal scanning defines the point on a scale, ranging

from 0 (black) to 255 (white), at which the gray values captured will be

converted to black or white pixels. Note the effect of varying the threshold on

typescript scanned at the same resolution on the same scanner.

Effects of Threshold on Resolution: Sample A has a lower threshold (60)

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Digital Imaging Tutorial - Conversion

than Sample B (100).

Reality Check

Which sample has more gray values assigned to black?

Sample A

Sample B

Bit Depth

Increasing the bit depth, or number of bits used to represent each pixel,

enables the capture of more gray shades or color tones.

Dynamic range is the

term used to express the full range of tonal variations from lightest light to

darkest dark. A scanner's capability to capture dynamic range is governed by

the bit depth used and output as well as system performance. Increasing the

bit depth will affect resolution requirements, file size, and the compression

method used.

Bit Depth: When a 24-bit JPEG image (left) is reduced to an 8-bit GIF image

(right), the color reduction can result in quantization artifacts, evident in the

appearance of visible tonal steps on the top left corner of the GIF image.

Enhancement

Enhancement processes improve scanning quality but their use raises

concerns about fidelity and authenticity. Many institutions argue against

enhancing master images, limiting it to access files only. Typical

enhancement features in scanner software or image editing tools include

descreening, despeckling, deskewing, sharpening, use of custom filters, and

bit-depth adjustment. Here are several examples of image enhancement

processes.

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Digital Imaging Tutorial - Conversion

Image Enhancement: Letters scanned at the same resolution and threshold

setting, but a sharpening filter has been applied to the one on the right.

Image Enhancement: The left image was altered (right) at the pixel level

using an image editing program.

Color

Capturing and conveying color appearance is arguably the most difficult

aspect of digital imaging. Good color reproduction depends on a number of

variables, such as the level of illumination at the time of capture, the bit depth

captured and output, the capabilities of the scanning system, and

mathematical representation of color information as the image moves across

the

digitization chain and from one color space to another.

Color Shift: Image with an overall red cast (left) and original colors (right).

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Digital Imaging Tutorial - Conversion

System Performance

The equipment used and its performance over time will affect image quality.

Different systems with the same stated capabilities (e.g., dpi, bit depth, and

dynamic range) may produce dramatically different results. System

performance is measured via tests that check for resolution, tone

reproduction, color rendering, noise, and artifacts. (See

Quality Control.)

System Performance: Note the difference in image quality of the alpha-

numeric characters scanned on three different systems at the same resolution

and bit depth.

File Format

The file format for master images should support the resolution, bit-depth,

color information, and metadata you need. For example, there is little sense in

creating a full color image, only to save it in a format that cannot support more

than 8 bits (e.g., GIF). The format should also handle being stored

uncompressed or compressed using either lossless and lossy techniques. It

should be open and well-documented, widely supported, and cross-platform

compatible. Although there is interest in other formats, such as PNG, SPIFF,

and Flashpix, most cultural institutions rely on TIFF to store their master

images. For access, derivative images in other formats may be created.

For a table listing attributes of common image formats, click on

Table: Commonly Used Image File Formats

Compression

Lossy compression can have a pronounced impact on image quality,

especially if the level of compression is high. In general, the richer the file, the

more efficient and sustainable the compression. For instance, a bitonal scan

of a page at 600 dpi is 4 times larger than a 300 dpi version, but often only

twice as large in its compressed state. The more complex the image, the

poorer the level of compression that can be obtained in a lossless or visually

lossless state. With photographs, lossless compression schemes often

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