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Digital Imaging Tutorial - Delivery

current generation of LCDs (called TFT or active matrix) can now outperform

CRT monitors in many areas. For many routine uses not requiring pixel

dimensions above 1024 x 768, the small price premium can be easily justified

by other advantages.

However, the accurate display of digital images, especially continuous tone

images with large pixel dimensions, remains one of the few areas where

CRTs still offer superior performance. In deciding whether to deploy LCDs for

the viewing of digital image collections, careful consideration should be given

to whether image presentation will suffer from the loss of color fidelity and

dynamic range, and whether that loss is of significance to users. Side-by-side

comparisons may be the best way to judge. In addition, given that many end

users are now purchasing LCDs for personal use, it is prudent to assess how

your images will look to users employing them.

Whether a monitor is being used for image editing, quality control, or for end

user delivery, the more complete the user controls provided, the greater the

ability to optimize performance. Monitors used to come with only brightness

and contrast controls. Modern monitors allow considerably more fine tuning.

Check a monitor's specifications to determine if the settings critical to your

intended use are user-controlled.

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Digital Imaging Tutorial - Delivery

6D. Technical

Infrastructure:

DELIVERY

Key Concepts

introduction

networks

concerns

speed

trends

monitors

evaluation

image quality

printers

technologies

evaluation

MONITORS: DETERMINANTS OF IMAGE QUALITY

Screen resolution

Screen size

Dot pitch

Refresh rate

Bit depth

Monitor performance

Video card performance

Obviously, the best display device can't correct image problems resulting from

the use of inadequate equipment or poor decision-making in the capture or

processing steps. Limitations in the color handling of operating systems and

image viewing software (particularly Web browsers) can also affect final

image quality.

Assuming, however, that considerable effort has been invested in image

capture, it makes sense to choose a display device that will show off your

images to best effect. Not all displays are created equal. Amongst CRT

monitors, for example, the shadow mask design excels for text, while the

aperture grille design produces better images, though the thin horizontal lines

near the top and bottom of the screen may be annoying.

LCDs can also vary substantially in quality. Look for displays that are

uniformly bright, high-contrast and that are viewable across a wide angle

without falloff of brightness or color distortion.

When purchasing monitors, 17" CRTs should now be considered the

minimum for most viewing purposes, though 19" monitors have dropped so

much in price that they should be preferred unless desk space is limited. 21"

monitors supporting up to 1920 x 1440 pixels have also declined in price and

might be considered, despite their size and weight, if image completeness

and/or dimensional fidelity are critical concerns. On the production side of

digital imaging, larger monitors reduce eyestrain for staff doing quality control

work.

15" LCDs offer almost the same viewing area as 17" CRTs, and may serve

well for images that can be displayed in full at 1024 x 768 pixel dimensions

and do not have demanding color accuracy requirements.

Dot pitch refers to the distance between the phosphor dots that the CRT's

electron beam excites to create an image. That distance determines the finest

detail that the CRT can resolve. Better CRTs have dot pitch specifications in

the .24-.25mm range.

Other aspects of image quality are determined by the video card that drives

the monitor. Many monitor specifications reflect the assumption that a

sufficiently capable video card is used.

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Digital Imaging Tutorial - Delivery

Most modern CRTs can support multiple resolutions, though one or two will

be optimal, depending on the monitor's size. The "sweet spot" for 17"

monitors is in the 800 x 600 to 1024 x 768 range. For 19" monitors, it's 1024 x

768 to 1280 x 1024. Most monitors support higher resolutions, though the

highest resolution usually sacrifices some image quality and often results in

text that is too small to read comfortably. LCDs are much more limited in this

area, producing a truly quality image at only one resolution.

Refresh rate refers to how frequently the entire image is updated. If the

refresh rate is too low, the viewer detects a subtle flicker in the image. Flicker-

free images require a refresh rate of at least 75 Hz, though rates as high as

85 Hz improve viewing on some monitors. Excessively high refresh rates can

also compromise image quality. To check for flicker, use your peripheral

vision to view an all white screen. Due to the way an image is created on an

LCD, refresh rate isn't a factor in the viewability of still images.

Bit depth support determines the number of colors or grays a monitor can

reproduce. Virtually all CRTs and video cards now support 24- or 32-bit

display at the highest pixel dimensions. A few LCD monitors are still limited to

18-bit display (rather than the typical 24-bit) and thus cannot produce as wide

a range of colors.

Computer considerations

Beyond what's already been discussed, other aspects of the computer related

to display center around additional hardware enhancements. Specialty

hardware can provide accelerated compression and decompression and/or

file format conversion. A second video card can, on certain platforms, support

a second monitor on the same computer. This can be useful in situations

when even the largest monitors don't provide adequate screen real estate.

For example, all the menus and palettes for an image-editing package can be

displayed on one monitor, leaving the second one for just the image. Or

metadata can be input on one screen, with the image occupying another.

Some LCD monitors will take either analog or digital input signals. Running

with digital input avoids the need to convert digital to analog (and back again)

and may result in a slightly better image. Be aware that in order to utilize an

LCD with digital inputs, the computer driving it must have a video card with

digital outputs (usually a DVI port) and the correct cable must be used.

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Digital Imaging Tutorial - Delivery

6D. Technical

Infrastructure:

DELIVERY

Key Concepts

introduction

networks

concerns

speed

trends

monitors

evaluation

image quality

printers

technologies

evaluation

RINTERS

As long as computers are bulky, display devices low resolution and hard on

the eyes, battery technology in its infancy, and the communications

infrastructure bound by cables, the desire to create printouts from digital

images will endure. However, the costs of actually making high-resolution

images available online, in formats that can be printed via a number of

platforms and a range of printers, should not be underestimated. Before

making promises to deliver print-quality images in a networked environment,

verify that the technical infrastructure is up to the task, and consider the

additional storage costs associated with online access.

RINTER

ECHNOLOGIES

Today, black and white printing is dominated by two technologies: Inkjet

printers, which squirt liquid ink through tiny nozzles onto the paper, and laser

printers, which use a light source to create charges on a photoconductive

drum, allowing it to attract dry ink particles (toner) that fuse onto paper. Inkjet

printers have become quite inexpensive, but are slower than lasers and

generally not designed for high volume printing. High end production laser

printers can produce well over 100 pages per minute at 600 dpi.

Both technologies have been adopted for color. Color inkjet printers come in 3-

and 4-color models. Color lasers are much more expensive, both for initial

purchase and for the cost of consumables. Color inkjets and lasers are both

substantially slower than their black and white counterparts, color inkjets

average about 5 pages per minute for text and 1 page per minute for full page

graphics. Color lasers are faster, averaging 12 pages per minute for text, and

2 pages per minute for full page graphics.

Several other technologies are available for color printing. These include dye

sublimation, solid ink, and thermal wax. Dye sublimation is especially

significant in that it can produce true continuous tone color printouts, though it

is extremely slow and requires special coated paper.

For larger scale color printing, Electronics for Imaging makes the Fiery line of

print servers, which enable digital color photocopiers and digital presses to be

networked to serve as high volume, high quality color printers. The resulting

combination is called a copier-printer. Resolution is generally 400 dpi

maximum, but is supported for whatever paper sizes the copier normally

uses.

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Digital Imaging Tutorial - Delivery

6D. Technical

Infrastructure:

DELIVERY

Key Concepts

introduction

networks

concerns

speed

trends

monitors

evaluation

image quality

printers

technologies

evaluation

RINTERS

: C

RITERIA FOR

VALUATION

Resolution and dot spacing

Color reproduction

Tonal representation

Image enhancement capabilities

Document size supported

Single versus double-sided printing (simplex/duplex)

Media supported (plain paper, coated paper, transparencies,

envelopes)

Speed and capacity

Page description languages and raw image formats supported

Networking capabilities

Cost

Computer Considerations

Not all printers are supported on all computing platforms, so check for

compatibility. Also, make sure software drivers are available for the specific

operating system version you are using. Check for availability of the correct

networking or direct connection capability. Print accelerators can offload

some of the burden of printing from the computer's CPU.

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Digital Imaging Tutorial - Presentation

7. Presentation

Key Concepts

introduction

formats/compression

web browsers

network

scaling

monitors

image quality

guidelines

additional reading

NTRODUCTION

Using the Web to make retrospective resources accessible to a broad public

raises issues of image quality, utility, and delivery at the user's end. User

studies have concluded that researchers expect fast retrieval, acceptable

quality, and complete display of digital images. This leads cultural institutions

to confront a whole host of technical issues that do not exist in the analog

world.

Technical Links Affecting Display·

File format and compression used

Web browser capabilities

Network connections

Scaling routines and programs

End user computer and display capabilities

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Digital Imaging Tutorial - Presentation

7. Presentation

Key Concepts

introduction

formats/compression

web browsers

network

scaling

monitors

image quality

guidelines

additional reading

ILE

ORMATS AND

OMPRESSION

Factors in choosing a file format for display include the following:

Bit depths supported

Compression techniques supported

Color management

Proprietary vs. standard file format

Technical support (Web browser, user computer and display

capabilities)

Metadata capability

Fixed vs. multi-resolution capability

Additional features, e.g., interlacing, transparency

Although there is a multitude of file formats available, the

Table on Common

Image File formats summarizes important attributes for the eight most

common image formats in use today.

Despite interest in finding alternative formats for master files, TIFF remains

the defacto standard. For access images, GIF and JPEG files are the most

common. PDF, while not technically a raster format, is used extensively for

printing and viewing multi-page documents containing image files. PDF also

offers a zooming feature that supports variant views of an image. PNG has

been approved by the

World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) for Web use, and

as browser support for the format becomes more complete, PNG may replace

GIF for network access. (See an

RLG DigiNews FAQ on the future of PNG.)

As larger and more complex images are being intended for Web access,

there is increasing interest in file formats and compression techniques that

support multi-resolution capabilities, such as

FlashPix,

LuraWave,

JTIP and

wavelet compression, such as MrSID from

LizardTech or Enhanced

Compressed Wavelet from

ER Mapper.

JPEG 2000 also utilizes wavelet

compression and supports multi-resolution capabilities.

DjVu is a recently-

developed format optimized for scanned documents. It offers efficient

compression of both bitonal images (using the JBIG2 variant, JB2), as well as

of full color images, using wavelet compression. Unfortunately, all of these

formats require users to download and install plug-ins in order to view them

on the Web.

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Digital Imaging Tutorial - Presentation

Resolution on Demand: Several new file formats and compression

techniques allow users to zoom in by clicking on a section to view at a higher

resolution. Click on the image above to view an example of a Zoom Feature.

The compression technique used and level of compression applied can affect

both speed of delivery and resulting image quality. The

Table on

Compression summarizes important attributes for common compression

techniques. AIIM offers a questionnaire (

AIIM TR33-1998) to assist in

choosing a compression method to match user requirements.

The following Table compares file sizes resulting from using various

compression programs on a 300 dpi, 24-bit image of an 8.45 x 12.75-inch

color map.

Table: File Size and Compression Comparison

Compression Type File Size Compression Ratio

Uncompressed TIFF 28.4 MB --

TIFF-LZW

21.2 MB 1:1.34

GIF (8 bit)

4.0 MB 1:6

JPEG-low

10.4 MB 1:2.7

JPEG-high

1.2 MB 1:24

PNG

20.8 MB 1:1.37

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Digital Imaging Tutorial - Presentation

Effects of Lossy Compression on Text/Line Documents: Click on these

images to view a close-up version. The left image is saved in GIF format, the

one on the right as JPEG. The compression artifacts are most evident around

the sharp-edged characters in the enlarged version of the right image.

Courtesy of Bob Rosenberg, The Edison Papers Project.

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Digital Imaging Tutorial - Presentation

7. Presentation

Key Concepts

introduction

formats/compression

web browsers

network

scaling

monitors

image quality

guidelines

additional reading

ROWSER

APABILITIES

The Web supports few raster file formats: JPEG, GIF, and incomplete support

for PNG. Other formats require use of a specialized viewer, such as a plug-in,

applet, or some other external application. This limitation tends to dampen

use as it places more demand on the user's end. In some circumstances, the

value of the format is sufficiently compelling to overcome user resistance, as

is the case with PDF files. Adobe lessens user constraints by supplying a

browser plug-in with its PDF reader. If the stand-alone Acrobat Reader is

already available when the browser is installed, most will self-configure to

launch it when a PDF file is encountered. Some institutions convert non-

supported formats or compression schemes on the fly to ones that are Web-

supported (e.g., wavelet to JPEG) in response to user request.

ETWORK

ONNECTIONS

Users probably care most about speed of delivery, as noted

earlier. Several

variables control access speed, including the file size, network connections

and traffic, and the time to read the file from storage and to open it on the

desktop.

http://www.library.cornell.edu/preservation/tutorial/presentation/presentation-03.html [4/28/2003 2:28:18 PM]

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