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Suppliers:

Michael Lurvey, CEO

Carbon Diversion, Inc.

94-1031 B Maiau Street

Waipahu, Hawai'I 96796

Phone/Fax: 808-671-1858

lurvey@carbondiversion.com

http://www.carbondiversion.com

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Biomass Heating System

UK, Commercial

Crop

Wheat, oats and barley

Residue

Dry biomass waste

Process

Combustion

Equipment

Biomass Boilers

Main Product

Heat and steam

Production Capacity

High quality automatic wood-fuel boilers can operate between 20% and 100%

of their maximum continuous rating (MCR) without a serious loss of efficiency.

This enables a single boiler to be operated over a range of outputs and follow

the heat demand more closely.

Detailed Process Description

Biomass heating systems are typically designed to replace either oil or gas

fired boilers. Due to the nature of biomass fuels the boilers tend to be

physically larger than those for oil or gas, they require more space and need

to be located in a position that is easily accessible to fuel delivery vehicles. All

automatic biomass-fired boiler plants are essentially similar, consisting of four

key elements: Fuel storage, fuel feed mechanism, grate or hearth and heat

exchanger.

Typical KSM Domestic Boiler Features

Operation and Maintenance Requirements



Computer controlled for optimum efficiency and are easy to maintain and

operate

http://www.asgard-biomass.co.uk/biomass_heating.php

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

Maintenance and operating procedures are similar to oil or gas boilers with

the exception of some cleaning every one or two months

Wood combustion produces about 0.5 – 1.5% by weight of ash depending on

fuel quality. This ash collects in an ash pan under the grate. It has to be

removed manually in regular intervals depending upon heating demand.

Automatic de-ash systems into a large ash bin (see Figure 7) reduce the

amount of work required but the ashbin still requires removal and emptying

periodically. This ash is safe for use as a soil fertilizer. It should be noted that

all KSM boilers are fitted with automatic de-ash as standard. Boilers that

incorporate cyclone separators trap minute particles passing through the

boiler. Depending upon the operating conditions these separators will need

cleaning every three to six months. For manually operated boilers the

boilerplates and tubes will need to be scraped clean every six months to a

year. Chimney flues will collect deposits of the tar and soot depending upon

operating conditions. It is therefore advised that flues are checked annually

and swept clean as necessary, which may be once a year or every two years.

Motor and auger bearings need checking twice every year and greased

according to the manufacturers specifications.

Environmental Considerations



Subject to Pollution Prevention and Control Regulations 2000 (PPC)



Installation uses the Best Available Techniques (BAT) in the design and

operation of the plant to prevent pollution

Institutional and Regulatory Consideration or Requirements



Subject to both the Waste Incineration Directive (WID) and the Pollution

Prevention and Control Regulations 2000 (PPC)

The WID applies to all incineration and co-incineration plants. Co-incineration

includes installations where waste is used as a fuel where energy generation

is the main purpose.

All co-incinerators that fall within the WID are also subject to control under the

PPC. Larger plant will be regulated by the Environment Agency under Part A

(1) of Section 5.1 and smaller plant will be regulated by the local authority

under Part A(2) of Section 5.1. Part A(2) applies to plant burning non-

hazardous waste with a capacity of less than 1 Tonne per hour.

If a plant or ‘installation’ comes under the PPC Regulations then there must

be an application made to operate such a facility.

Examples of Real Life Applications

Commercial use Biomass Heating System Unit 20, The Acorn Centre,

Chestnut Ave., Biggleswade, Beds, SG18 0ra

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Supplier

R.D. Associates, Ltd.

Fuel Delivery and Storage

Fuel is either supplied by an external contractor or as a self-supply operation,

for example a farm or estate with its own wood harvesting operation. There

are a number of mechanisms to deliver the fuel to the bunker. The simplest

option is to tip the chips or pellets directly from a tipper truck or trailer into a

subterranean bunker. Other options include dump bag systems, front-end

loaders; purpose built containers, or pneumatic delivery. The options for fuel

delivery and storage are mostly determined by the position of the boiler and

the access to the premises being heated. The fuel delivery and storage

system can account for a large proportion of the overall cost of installing

biomass-heating systems. In new building applications, consideration to the

location and operation of a biomass boiler and store should be undertaken as

early as possible to avoid additional costs in the future.

Figure 2: Fuel Delivery

(tanker picture kindly supplied by The Energy Crops Company Ltd.

)

Fuel feed systems

Biomass fuels such as woodchip and oilseed cake are not free flowing

materials and have a tendency to bridge, and so storage bunkers, or silos, are

fitted with some type of agitator system. Small systems use rotating sweeper

arm devices that drag the material over an auger as shown below.

Figure 3: Typical Sweeping Floor System

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Larger woodchip storage systems require moving floors that move the

material to an auger placed at the end of the bunker.

4: Typical Moving Floor System

Wood pellets flow very easily and do not need special agitator systems. The

fuel is removed from the store by an auger, which lifts the fuel and deposits it

in a drop cell, which has three key functions:



It prevents air being drawn into the boiler



It measures the woodchips being fed onto the boiler stoker conveyor



It assists in preventing burn back from the boiler

The precise arrangements of the drop cell vary with individual suppliers. The

KSM unit is shown in Figure 5.

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Figure 5: KSM Drop Cell Unit

Some of the smaller, simple woodchip systems units may dispense with the

drop cell and use a single short auger to feed fuel directly to the burner.

Grate (Hearth)

Comprises a short auger that feeds the fuel directly into the combustion zone.

The type and design of the grate varies between individual manufactures.

‘Underfed grates’, as used in KSM boilers, are typically used with wood-fuels

with moisture contents of 30% or less, ‘Overfed grates’ are used for small

wood pellet burners and ‘Moving step grates’ are used for fuels with moisture

contents of 30% to 60%.

Wood requires relatively little primary air (air supplied at the point of solids

combustion, usually under the grate) but requires a good supply of secondary

air (over-grate) to ensure that complete combustion takes place. All modern

woodchip and wood pellet burners have provision for separate

control of the primary and secondary air supply, in order that combustion can

be properly balanced. The combustion zone is usually insulated and

comprises a primary and secondary chamber to ensure thorough mixing

(turbulence) and time for the combustion reactions to occur.

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Figure 6: Typical KSM Hearth

Boilers are fitted with a number of control features. The inlet, outlet and room

temperatures are monitored and linked to sensors that control the feed auger

and determine the rate that fuel is supplied to the combustion zone. Sensors

in the exhaust, monitoring oxygen and carbon monoxide levels (lambda

sensors), are used to regulate the air supply and/or the fuel feed to maintain

the correct air to fuel ratio for clean combustion and low emissions. In general

wood fuel is a low sulphur fuel but has higher NOx emissions than gas or oil

boilers due to the inherent high nitrogen content of the fuel.

Heat Exchanger

These are conventional heat exchangers similar to those used for gas or oil

fired boiler systems. They comprise either a simple water jacket or multi-pass

fire tube positioned either horizontally or vertical. The boilers are highly

efficient with typical efficiencies of 80% to over 90% for woodchip and wood

pellet systems.

It should be noted that the KSM range of boilers have efficiencies of

over 90%.

There is a tendency for fly ash to accumulate in the fire tubes, especially

those set in a horizontal position, which then require cleaning at regular

intervals dependent upon the fuel quality. A number of manufactures now

offer automatic tube cleaning for larger boiler plant as a standard feature. This

is recommended for ensuring high efficiencies and low maintenance costs.

The larger systems are also fitted with cyclone separators to collect any fly

ash passing through the boilers and into the environment.

Many boilers are also fitted with flue gas recirculation, which helps to control

combustion temperatures and reduce NOx formation.

Bio-oil from Forest Waste

Canada, Commercial

Crop

Forest products

Residue

Forest waste

Process

Bio-refinery

Equipment

Transportable bio-refinery plant

Main Product

Heat and electricity

By-Product

Plastics and glues

Technical Description of Technology

To promote a more diverse and sustainable supply of electricity in the future,

the Ontario government is building a bio-refinery to convert forest waste to

bio-oil.

The transportable bio-refinery plant will convert unused forest waste into a

bio-oil that can be used as fuel. The $771,000 investment is part of ReNew

Ontario, the McGuinty government's strategic five-year, $30-billion

infrastructure investment plan.

Under a three-year partnership with Advanced BioRefinery, the transportable

bio-refinery plant will convert unused forest waste into a bio-oil that can be

used as fuel to provide heat and electricity, and to make byproducts such as

plastics and glues.

A sustainable supply of unused forest waste or biomass is available in

Ontario's forests, such as tree tops, limbs and waste left after logging

operations; trees destroyed by fire, insects and disease; and logs that can't be

sold.

Investment Cost

$771,000 investment

Example of Real Life Applications

Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Supplier

Advanced Biorefinery Inc

1391 Normandy cres. Ottawa, Ontario K2C 0N4

Peter Fransham, pfransham@advbiorefineryinc.ca

AgriPower

USA, Commercial

Crop

Mixed crops

Residue

Crop residue

Process

Combustion, "open" Brayton cycle

Equipment

Fluid bed combustor and several heat exchangers

Main Product

Electricity and heat

By-Product

Hot air

Technical Description of Technology

AgriPower is an energy conversion technology fueled with biomass to

produce electricity and heat energy. The system operates with an "open"

Brayton cycle using a fluid bed combustor and several heat exchangers to

heat compressed air that in turn drives a turbine generator set.

Value-Added Product - Hot Air

The system discharges clean hot air that can be used for cogeneration. This

supply of clean hot air (500 degree) is a value-added product that can be

used for absorption chilling, ice making, food processing, etc. Also, the flue

gas is available for fuel drying.

Modular and Transportable

The size and modularity adds economy to both the manufacturing process

and the operation and maintenance. This project's concept of on-site energy

production limits or eliminates the normal biomass risks and uncertainties

regarding biomass feedstock price, quantity, timing of delivery, transportation,

storage and handling costs.

http://www.agripowerinc.com/renewables.html

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