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color: #600; }

The button text is now red!

:CHECKED

The third pseudo-class here is :checked, which deals with the state of an

element such as a checkbox or radio button. Again, this is very useful for

giving feedback on what users have selected. For example:

input[type=radio]:checked {

font-weight: bold; }

iPhone Form Example

As a ﬂourish, we can use CSS to highlight the text next to each radio button

once the button has been pressed:

input:checked + label {

text-shadow: 0 0 6px #fff; }

We ﬁrst select any input that has been checked, and then we look for the

very next <span> element that contains our text. Highlighting the text with a

simple text-shadow is an eﬀective way to provide user feedback.

4. Negation Pseudo-Class

:NOT

This is another of my favorites, because it selects everything except the

element you specify. For example:

:not(footer) { … }

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This selects everything on the page that is not a footer element. When used

with form inputs, they allow us to get a little sneakier:

input:not([type=submit]) { … }

input:not(disabled) { … }

The ﬁrst line selects every form input that’s not a “Submit” button, which is

useful for styling forms. The second selects all input elements that are not

enabled; again useful for giving feedback on how to ﬁll in a form.

iPhone User Example

You’ve already seen the :not selector in action. It’s particularly powerful

when chained with other CSS3 pseudo-selectors. Let’s take a closer look at

one example:

fieldset input:not([type=radio]) {

margin: 0;

width: 290px;

font-size: 18px;

border-radius: 0;

border-bottom: 0;

border-color: #999;

padding: 8px 10px;}

Here we are selecting all inputs inside ﬁeldset elements that are not radio

buttons. This is incredibly useful when styling forms because you will often

want to style text inputs diﬀerent from select boxes, radio buttons and

“Submit” buttons.

Smashing eBook #19│Mastering CSS3│ 142

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What’s Old Is New Again

Let’s go back to the beginning of our story and the humble a:link. HTML5

arrived on the scene recently and brought with it an exciting change to the

<a> element that gives the CSS3 pseudo-selector an additive eﬀect.

An <a> element can now be wrapped around block-level elements, turning

whole sections of your page into links (as long as those sections don’t

contain other interactive elements). Whereas JavaScript was once popular

for making entire <div> elements clickable, you can now do so by

wrapping sections in <a> tags, like so:

<h1>Jackson’s Widgets</h1>

<h2>The finest widgets in Kentucky</h2>

</hgroup>

<p>Buy Jackson’s Widgets today,

and be sure of a trouble-free life for you,

your widget and your machinery.

Trusted and sold since 1896.</p>

</div>

</a>

The implication for CSS pseudo-selectors is that you can now style a <div>

based on whether it is being hovered over (a:hove

) or is active

(a:active), like so:

a:hover #advert {

background-color: #f7f7f7; }

Anything that decreases JavaScript and increases semantic code has to be

good!

Smashing eBook #19│Mastering CSS3│ 143

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Cross-Browser Compatibility

You had to ask, didn’t you! Unbelievably, Internet Explorer 8 (and earlier)

doesn’t support any of these selectors, whereas the latest versions of

Chrome, Opera, Safari and Firefox all do. Before your blood boils, consider

the following solutions.

INTERNET EXPLORER 9

Unless you’ve been living under a rock for the last week, you’ll have heard

that Microsoft unleashed its latest browser on an unsuspecting public. The

good thing is, it’s actually quite good. While I don’t expect people who are

reading this article to change their browsing habits, it’s worth remembering

that the majority of the world uses IE; and thanks to Windows Update and a

global marketing campaign, we can hope to see IE9 as the dominant

Windows browser in the near future. That’s good for Web designers, and it’s

good for pseudo-selectors. But what about IE8 and its ancestors?

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Internet Explorer 9 is here.

JAVASCRIPT

Our old friend JavaScript comes to the rescue. I particularly like Selectivizr

by Keith Clark. Keith has put together a lovely script that, in combination with

your JavaScript library of choice, adds CSS3 pseudo-class selector

functionality for earlier versions of IE. Be warned that some libraries fare

better than others: if you’re using MooTools with Selectivizr, then all the

pseudo-classes will be available, but if you’re relying on jQuery to do the

heavy lifting, then a number of the selectors won’t work at all.

Smashing eBook #19│Mastering CSS3│ 145

Selectivizr.

Keith recently released a jQuery plug-in that extends jQuery to include

support for the following CSS3 pseudo-class selectors:

• :first-of-type

• :last-of-type

• :only-of-type

• :nth-of-type

• :nth-last-of-type

Smashing eBook #19│Mastering CSS3│ 146

It’s also worth looking at the ubiquitous ie7.js script (and its successors) by

Dean Edwards. This script solves a number of IE-related problems, including

CSS3 pseudo-selectors.

SO, SHOULD WE START USING CSS3 PSEUDO-SELECTORS TODAY?

I guess the answer to that question depends on how you view JavaScript.

It’s true that pseudo-selectors can be completely replaced with classes and

IDs; but it’s also true that, when styling complex layouts, pseudo-selectors

are both incredibly useful and the natural next step for your CSS. If you ﬁnd

that they improve the readability of your CSS and reduce the need for (non-

semantic) classes in your HTML, then it I’d deﬁnitely recommend embracing

them today.

You could use two selectors and fall back on a class name, but that would

just duplicate work. It also means that you wouldn’t need the pseudo-

classes in the ﬁrst place. But if you did choose to go down this path, the

code might look something like this:

li:nth-of-type(3),

li.third { … }

Smashing eBook #19│Mastering CSS3│ 147

This method is not as ﬂexible as using pseudo-classes because you have to

keep updating the HTML and CSS when the page content changes.

If a lot of your users don’t have JavaScript enabled, that puts you in a bit of a

bind. Many Web designers argue that functionality (i.e. JavaScript) is

diﬀerent from layout (i.e. CSS), and so you should not rely on JavaScript to

make pseudo-selectors work in IE8 and earlier.

While I agree with the principle, in practice I believe that providing the best

possible experience to 99% of your users is better than accounting for the

remaining 1% (or however big your non-JavaScript base may be).

Follow your website’s analytics, and be prepared to make decisions that

improve your skills as a Web designer and, more importantly, provide the

best experience possible to the majority of users.

Final oughts

It’s hard not to be depressed by IE8’s complete lack of support for pseudo-

classes. Arguably, having the browser calculate and recalculate page styles

in this fashion will have implications for rendering speed; but because all

other major browsers now support these selectors, it’s frustrating that most

of our users can’t beneﬁt from them without a JavaScript hack.

But as Professor Farnsworth says, “Good news everyone!” Breaking on the

horizon is the dawn of Internet Explorer 9, and Microsoft has made sure that

its new browser supports each and every one of the selectors discussed in

this article.

Smashing eBook #19│Mastering CSS3│ 148

CSS3 pseudo-selectors won’t likely take up large chunks of your style

sheets. They are speciﬁc yet dynamic and are more likely, at least initially, to

add ﬁnishing touches to a page than to set an overall style. Perhaps you

want to drop the bottom border in the last item of a list, or give visual

feedback to users as they ﬁll in a form. This is all possible with CSS3, and as

usage becomes more mainstream, I expect these will become a regular part

of the Web designer’s toolbox.

If you’ve seen any interesting or exciting uses of these selectors out there in

the ﬁeld, do let us know in the comments below.

OTHER RESOURCES

You may be interested in the following articles and related resources:

• The Oﬃcial CSS3 Selectors Proposed Recommendation

Everything you need to know, from the folks in charge.

• Wikipedia’s Guide to Cascading Style Sheets

A good background read, and the bibliography is a great resource.

• How nth-child Works

A comprehensive guide from the ever-reliable Chris Coyier.

• Internet Explorer 9

If you haven’t yet played around with Redmond’s latest oﬀering, you’re

in for a pleasant surprise.

Smashing eBook #19│Mastering CSS3│ 149

CSS3 Flexible Box Layout Explained

Richard Shepherd

The ﬂexible box layout module — or “ﬂexbox,” to use its popular nickname

— is an interesting part of the W3C Working Draft. The ﬂexbox speciﬁcation

is still a draft and subject to change, so keep your eyes on the W3C, but it is

part of a new arsenal of properties that will revolutionize how we lay out

pages. At least it will be when cross-browser support catches up.

In the meantime, we can experiment with ﬂexbox and even use it on

production websites where fallbacks will still render the page correctly. It

may be a little while until we consider it as mainstream as, say, border-

radius, but our job is to investigate new technologies and use them where

possible. That said, when it comes to something as fundamental as page

layout, we need to tread carefully.

e Display Property

So what is ﬂexbox, and why was it created? First, let’s look at how we

currently lay out pages and some of the problems with that model.

Until last year, most of us were using tables to lay out our pages. Okay,

maybe not last year! But I suspect that many of you reading this have been

guilty of relying on tables at some point in your career. At the same time, it

actually made a lot of sense. And let’s face it: it worked… to a point.

However, we all then faced the reality that tables were semantically dubious

and incredibly inﬂexible. And through the haze of this mark-up hangover, we

caught a glimpse of the future: the CSS box model. Hurray!

Smashing eBook #19│Mastering CSS3│ 150

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