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The CSS box model allowed us to tell the browser how to display a piece of

content, and in particular how to display it as a box. We ﬂoated left and right,

we tried to understand what inline-block meant, and we read countless

articles about clearfix, before just copying and pasting the clearfix

hack-du-jour into our CSS.

For those of us testing our websites back to IE6, we had to grapple with

hasLayout and triggering it with the following or some similar ﬁx:

* html #element {

height: 1%;

}

The box model worked, and in most cases it worked well. But as the Web

entered its teenage years, it demanded more complex ways of laying out

content and — thanks to a certain Mr. Ethan Marcotte — of responding to the

size of the browser and/or device.

PERCENTAGE + PADDING + BORDER = TROUBLE

Here’s another problem with the current box model: absolute values for

padding, margin and border all aﬀect the width of a box. Take the following:

#element {

width: 50%;

border 1px solid #000;

padding: 0 5px;

}

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This will not give us a box that is 50% of its parent. It will actually render an

element that is 50% of the parent’s width plus 12 pixels (2-pixel border + 10-

pixel padding). You could set the padding as a percentage value (although

not for input elements in Firefox!), but adding percentage values of widths to

the pixel values of borders can cause mathematical problems.

There are two ways to ﬁx this problem. The ﬁrst is to use the new CSS3

box-sizing property, and setting it to border-box:

#element {

box-sizing: border-box;

width: 50%;

border 1px solid #000;

padding: 0 5px;

}

This new CSS3 panacea eﬀectively tells the browser to render the element

at the speciﬁed width, including the border width and padding.

The second way to ﬁx this problem is to use ﬂexbox.

MANY PROBLEMS, MANY SOLUTIONS

The W3C responded with a suite of answers: the ﬂexible box model,

columns, templates, positioned ﬂoats and the grid. Adobe added regions to

the mix, but they are not yet supported by any browser.

The display property already has no less than a staggering 16 values:

inline, block, list-item, inline-block, table, inline-table,

table-row-group, table-header-group, table-footer-group,

table-row, table-column-group, table-column, table-cell,

table-caption, none and inherit.

And now we can add a 17th: box.

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Living In A Box

Let’s take a look at ﬂexbox, which brings with it a brand new value for the

display property (box) and no less than 8 new properties. Here’s how the

W3C deﬁnes the new module:

In this new box model, the children of a box are laid out either

horizontally or vertically, and unused space can be assigned to a

particular child or distributed among the children by assignment of

flex

to the children that should expand. Nesting of these boxes (horizontal

inside vertical, or vertical inside horizontal) can be used to build layouts

in two dimensions.

Sounds exciting! The Working Draft expands on this a little:

Flexbox… lacks many of the more complex text or document-formatting

properties that can be used in block layout, such as “ﬂoat” and

“columns,” but in return it gains more simple and powerful tools for

aligning its contents in ways that Web apps and complex Web pages

often need.

Now this is beginning to sound interesting. The ﬂexbox model picks up

where the box model leaves oﬀ, and the W3C reveals its motivation by

noting that “Web apps and complex Web pages” need a better layout

model. Here’s a list of the new ﬂexbox properties:

• box-orient,

• box-pack,

• box-align,

• box-flex,

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• box-flex-group,

• box-ordinal-group,

• box-direction,

• box-lines.

For the sake of brevity, I will use only the oﬃcial spec’s properties and

values, but do remember to add the vendor preﬁxes to your work. (See the

section on “Vendor Preﬁxes and Cross-Browser Support” below.)

You might also want to check out Preﬁxr

from Jeﬀrey Way, which can help

generate some of the CSS for you. However, I found that it incorrectly

generated the display: box property, so check all of its code.

EVERYTHING WILL CHANGE

If you take the time to read or even browse the latest Working Draft (from 22

March 2011), you’ll notice a lot of red ink, and with good reason. This spec

has issues and is still changing; we are in unchartered waters.

It’s worth noting that the syntax used in this article, and by all current

browsers, is already out of date. The Working Draft has undergone changes

to much of the syntax used in the ﬂexbox model. For example:

display: box;

This will become:

display: flexbox;

Other changes include some properties being split (box-flex will become

flex-grow and flex-shrink), while others will be combined (box-

orient and box-direction will become flex-direction). Indeed,

anything that starts box- will be changed to flex-. So, keep your eyes on

the spec and on browser implementations. (CanIUse helps, but it doesn’t

cover all of the properties.)

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PARAPPA THE WRAPPER

Using ﬂexbox often requires an extra div or two, because the parent of any

ﬂexbox element needs to have display set to box. Before, you could get

away with the following:

<div style="float: left; width: 250px;"> Content here </div>

<div style="float: right; width: 250px;"> Content here </div>

Now with flexbox, you’ll need:

<div style="width: 250px"> Content here </div>

</div>

Many of you have already turned away, insulted by this extra mark-up that is

purely for presentation. That’s understandable. But here’s the thing: once

you master the CSS, this extra containing div becomes a small price to pay.

Indeed, you’ll often already have a containing element (not necessarily a div)

to add display: box to, so there won’t be a trade-oﬀ at all.

On a broader note, sometimes you need presentational mark-up. It’s just the

way it goes. I’ve found that, particularly when working on cross-browser

support for a page, I have to add presentational mark-up for browsers such

as IE6. I’m not saying to contract “div-itis,” but because we all use HTML5

elements in our mark-up, we ﬁnd that sections often need div containers.

That’s ﬁne, as long as it’s kept to a minimum.

With this in mind, let’s get busy with some code. I’ve put together a demo

page, and you can download all of the source ﬁles.

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Over the next few paragraphs, we’ll use the new ﬂexbox model to create a

basic home page for a blog. You might want to launch a latest-generation

browser, though, because we’re now coding at the cutting edge. And it’s an

exciting place to be.

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BOX-FLEX

Let’s start with the basics: box-flex. Without box-flex, very little can be

achieved. Simply put, it tells the browser how to resize an element when the

element is too big or small for its parent.

Consider the following classic problem. You have a container with three

children that you want to position side by side. In other words, you ﬂoat

them left. If the total width of these boxes is wider than that of the parent —

perhaps because of padding, margin or a border — then you need to either

specify exact widths in pixels (which is not ﬂexible) or work in percentages

(and the sometimes mind-bending calculations that come with them!).

Here’s the problem we have on our Fruit Blog, with three 320-pixel-wide

asides (plus padding and margin) inside a 920-pixel-wide container:

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As you can see, the content is wider than the parent. However, if we set set

the parent to display: box and each of these asides to box-flex: 1,

then the browser takes care of the math and renders the following:

So, what exactly has happened here?

The box-flex property refers to how the browser will treat the width of the

box — or, more speciﬁcally, the unused space (even if that space is negative

— i.e. even if the rendered boxes are too big for the container) — after the

box has rendered. The value (

in our example) is the ratio. So, with each

aside set to a ratio of 1, each box is scaled in exactly the same way.

In the ﬁrst instance, each aside was 320 pixels + 20 pixels of padding on the

left and right. This gave us a total width of 360 pixels; and for three asides,

the width was 1080 pixels. This is 160 pixels wider than the parent container.

Telling the browser that each box is ﬂexible (with box-flex) will make it

shrink the width of each box — i.e. it will not change the padding. This

calculation is a fairly easy one:

160 pixels ÷ 3 asides = 53.333 pixels to be taken oﬀ each aside.

320 pixels – 53.333 = 266.667 pixels

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And, if we look in Chrome Developer tools, we will see this is exactly how

wide the box now is (rounded up to the nearest decimal):

The same would be true if each aside had a width of 100 pixels. The browser

would expand each element until it ﬁlled the unused space, which again

would result in each aside having a width of 266.667 pixels.

This is invaluable for ﬂexible layouts, Because it means that your padding,

margin and border values will always be honored; the browser will simply

change the width of the elements until they ﬁt the parent. If the parent

changes in size, so will the ﬂexible boxes within it.

Of course, you can set box-flex to a diﬀerent number on each element,

thus creating diﬀerent ratios. Let’s say you have three elements side by side,

each 100 pixels wide, with 20 pixels padding, inside a 920-pixel container. It

looks something like this:

Now, let’s set the box-flex ratios:

Smashing eBook #19│Mastering CSS3│ 159

.box1 { box-flex: 2; }

.box2 { box-flex: 1; }

.box3 { box-flex: 1; }

Here’s what it looks like:

What just happened?!

Well, each aside started oﬀ as 140-pixels wide (100 pixels + 40 pixels

padding), or 420 pixels in total. This means that 500 pixels were left to ﬁll

once we’d made them ﬂexible boxes.

However, rather than split the 500 pixels three ways, we told the browser to

assign the ﬁrst aside with a box-flex of 2. This would grow it by 2 pixels

for every 1 pixel that the other two boxes grow, until the parent is full.

Perhaps the best way to think of this is that our ratio is 2:1:1. So, the ﬁrst

element will take up 2/4 of the unused space, while the other two elements

will take up 1/4 of the unused space (2/4 + 1/4 + 1/4 = 1).

2/4 of 500 pixels is 250, and 1/4 is 125 pixels. The ﬁnal widths, therefore,

end up as:

.box1 = 350px (100px + 250px) + 40px padding

.box2 = 225px (100px + 125px) + 40px padding

.box3 = 225px (100px + 125px) + 40px padding

Smashing eBook #19│Mastering CSS3│ 160

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