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3.3

Examples of Irregular Tables

Here are some examples of irregular tables.

1. In this table, the hierarchical structure of the column headers is not top-down. The

heading "Gender", which spans two sub-categories of "Male" and "Female", is below

"Male" and "Female" rather than above them.

Example #4: Ruritanian Population Survey

Population

All

Genders

Males Females

By Gender

All Regions

13332 5555

7777

Region

North

3333 1111

2222

South

9999 4444

5555

3. In this table, a header cell occurs below a cell containing data. This irregular table could

easily be split into two regular tables.

Example #5: Ruritanian Population Survey

Population by Region

Males

Females

North

1111

2222

South

4444

5555

Population by Age

Below Age 21 Age 21 and older

North

3333

South

9999

3333

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In this table, the data cells for North and South span two columns and fall under two

column headers.

Example #6: Ruritanian Population Survey

Ruritanian

Population

Survey

Males

Females

All Regions

5555

7777

North

3333

South

9999

5. The following table, which is taken from the W3C HTML specification

, is irregular

because there are data cells whose header cells are not directly above, or directly to the

left, of the data cell. For example, the header cell containing "San Jose" is neither

immediately to the left of, nor immediately above, the first data cell (containing "37.74").

This table could be made into a regular indented table by indenting the rows for the dates

and subtotals under the rows for the cities.

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HTML Table Features

Now we turn our attention to an examination of the HTML language, and the features that it

offers for creating accessible data tables.

The following discussion is based on the W3C's specification for HTML 4.01, and specifically

on Section 11

, the section on tables. Within the section on tables, the most important part is 11.4

Table rendering by non-visual user agents

. And within that part, the most important subsections

are 11.4.1 Associating header information with data cells

and 11.4.3 Algorithm to find heading

information.

Before we begin, we should note that, in HTML tables, there is a difference between a

position

and a

cell

, and between the

position structure

and the

cell structure

of a table. The distinction is

important for understanding how HTML tables work.

4.1

Rows, Columns, and Positions

The

position structure

of an HTML table is a grid of vertical columns and horizontal rows. The

intersections of the rows and columns define

positions

in the table. Each position is identified by

a pair of coordinates, e.g. as "row 4, column 2".

1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4

2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4

3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4

4,1 4,2 4,3 4,4

Note that in the HTML language specification, references to

row

and

column

refer to rows and

columns of positions, not of cells.

4.2

Cells and Cell Types

Visually, a table is divided into

cells.

The way that the table is divided into cells constitutes its

cell structure

The position structure of the table — the two-dimensional grid of positions — provides the

default cell structure. That is: in the simplest case, each cell covers one position and the cell

structure and the position structure of the table are the same.

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Cells are defined by TD (table data) and TH (table header) tags.

The original purpose of the distinction between TH and TD tags seems to have been to mark a

difference in the type of information in the cells so that the different types of cells could be

rendered differently.

Table cells may contain two types of information: header

information and data. This distinction enables user agents to

render header and data cells distinctly, even in the absence of

style sheets. For example, visual user agents may present header

cell text with a bold font. Speech synthesizers may render header

information with a distinct voice inflection.

The HTML specification never defines the terms "header information" and "data". Perhaps we

can say that what distinguishes header information from data is that a header can "stand by itself"

as a piece of information (the name of a category) but that data cannot stand by itself in the same

way — it requires some

metadata

contained in one or more header cells. Consider the number

4.5, for instance. It is a piece of data, to be sure. But we have no idea what it

means

until we can

associate it with some metadata. Is it the unemployment rate for Chicago in June, 1999? The

amount of raw titanium ore refined in Uganda in 1988, measured in units of one hundred

thousand tons? Russia's average annual gross national product between 1999 and 2001, measured

in units of a quadrillion rubles? A percent change in the Consumer Price Index for last month?

Without any metadata, we can't tell.

The essential nature of a data cell, then, is that it cannot stand alone. It must be associated with

metadata in one or more header cells to be meaningful. It follows that an essential adjunct of the

distinction between data cells and header cells is some notion of a link (connection, association)

between a data cell and the header cells that make it meaningful. It is not enough for HTML to

provide a way to distinguish data cells from header cells — it must also provide a way to

associate a data cell with its header cells.

In a visual browser, this is generally not a problem. When the header cells are enclosed in TH

tags and rendered in bold, a sighted user can easily make the connection. He simply looks

upward from the data cell to find the bolded cells above it, and he looks left from the data cell to

find the bolded cells to its left. Those are the header cells associated with the data cell.

A non-sighted user, on the other hand cannot do this. So in order to support non-sighted users

using screen readers, HTML must provide some method that a screen reader can use. We will

discuss those features in the section on associating data cells with header cells

. But first, let's

finish our discussion of data and header cells by making a couple of points.

1. The W3C intended TH cells to be used to contain header information, and TD cells to be

used to contain data. For cells that need to act as both data and header cells, TD should be

used.

along with either the HEADERS or SCOPE algorithm (which we will describe

shortly), or AXIS. The HTML language specification gives this example

of a table where

the row headers are marked up using the TD tag.

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Note the use of the scope attribute with the "row" value.

[For example, in <TD scope="row">The Glory that was

Greece</TD>] Although the first cell in each row contains

data, not header information, the scope attribute makes the

data cell behave like a row header cell. This allows speech

synthesizers to provide the relevant course name upon

request or to state it immediately before each cell's

content.

2. Note that TH cells were intended to convey header information regardless of whether that

header information applies to columns or rows of data. So there are both

column

header

cells and

row

header cells. In the following table, all of the shaded cells (all of the cells in

the top row, and the leftmost column) are natural candidates to be marked as TH cells.

1,1

1,2

1,3

1,4

2,1

2,2 2,3 2,4

3,1

3,2 3,3 3,4

4,1

4,2 4,3 4,4

4.3

Cell Coverage

The

position structure

of the table — the two-dimensional grid of positions — provides the

default

cell structure

. In the simplest case, each cell covers one position.

It is possible, however, to impose a different cell structure on the position structure through the

use of the COLSPAN and ROWSPAN attributes of the TD and TH elements. These attributes

cause a cell to cover multiple positions. In the following example, Cell A has attributes of

COLSPAN = "2" ROWSPAN = "2" that cause it to cover four positions — (1,1), (1,2), (2,1) and

(2,2). Cell B covers positions (1,3) and (1,4). And Cell C covers positions (3,1) and (4,1).

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Cell A

COLSPAN="2"

ROWSPAN="2"

Cell B

COLSPAN="2"

2,3

2,4

Cell C

ROWSPAN="2"

3,2

3,3

3,4

4,2

4,3

4,4

Note that even though a cell may cover multiple positions, each cell is anchored to one particular

position — the uppermost, leftmost position that it covers. Cell A is anchored to position (1,1).

Cell B is anchored to position (1,3). And cell C is anchored to position (3,1).

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4.4

AXIS

A number of discussions of accessibility recommend using AXIS. The W3C's Web Content

Accessibility Guidelines Checkpoint 5.2

, for example, specifies that

For data tables that have two or more logical levels of row or

column headers, use markup to associate data cells and header

cells. [Priority 1] For example, in HTML, use THEAD, TFOOT, and

TBODY to group rows, COL and COLGROUP to group columns, and the

"axis", "scope", and "headers" attributes, to describe more

complex relationships among data.

and Section 5.1.2

of the associated HTML Techniques document says:

Label table elements with the "scope", "headers", and "axis"

attributes so that future browsers and assistive technologies

will be able to select data from a table by filtering on

categories.

Note, however, that the Access Board's HTML recommendations

contain no mention of axis.

4.4.1

AXIS is about possible future technologies

The first, and perhaps most important, thing to note about AXIS is that is

absolutely irrelevant to

any browsers that exist today (2002 CE).

The AXIS attribute was devised when the W3C was in a futuristic mood. Section 5.1.2

looks

forward to some future time when browsers will incorporate query-language capabilities that can

be used to retrieve data from an HTML table, somewhat in the way that the SQL query language

can be used now to retrieve data from a table in a relational database.

That is why the WCAG's HTML techniques document suggests labeling elements with AXIS in

order to support "

future

browsers and assistive technologies" [italics mine]. The HTML

recommendation is quite clear that browsers with such query-language capabilities do not yet

exist, and makes it quite clear that it is making no recommendations about how such query

language capabilities might work if they were ever to be devised.

This specification does not ... make any recommendations about

... how users may query the user agent about this information.

4.4.2

AXIS is about filtering

The second thing to note about AXIS is that the purpose of AXIS is to support a

filtering

capability in some hypothetical future browser query language.

Filtering is a common function of query languages. Suppose you have a relational database with

a table named

TRAVEL_EXPENSES

. This table contains columns

LOCATION

DATE

EXPENSE_TYPE

and

AMOUNT

. If you wanted to see a list of all expenses, you might use the SQL query language to

formulate this query:

SELECT LOCATION, DATE, EXPENSE_TYPE, AMOUNT FROM TRAVEL_EXPENSES

But if you wanted to see just the expenses incurred in Seattle, you'd formulate your query this

way:

SELECT LOCATION, DATE, EXPENSE_TYPE, AMOUNT FROM TRAVEL_EXPENSES

WHERE LOCATION = "Seattle"

As you can see, the SQL-language mechanism for supporting filtering is the WHERE clause.

Now imagine that we have some future browser that supports a query language with similar

filtering capabilities. Suppose that we have an HTML table containing travel expenses. In that

table, there is one data cell that contains the value $15, and it is associated with two header cells.

One is a column header and one is a row header. The two header cells are defined this way (not

in the same row, of course):

<TH> San Jose </TH> <TH> Meals </TH>

Another data cell contains the value $20, and it is associated with header cells that are defined

this way:

<TH> Seattle </TH> <TH> Meals </TH>

And suppose that we wish to do the same thing that we did with our SQL query — obtain a list

of all of the expenses

that were incurred when the location was Seattle.

That was easy to do in the relational table, because the value "Seattle" occurred in a column

named LOCATION. But we can't do the same kind of filtering in the HTML table, because the

header cells aren't similarly named. There is, for instance, no way to specify that "Seattle" is a

LOCATION rather than an EXPENSE_TYPE like "Meals".

That is, there was no way... until AXIS became part of the HTML language.

The AXIS attribute is defined in section 11.4.2

of the HTML language specification. The section

title is "Categorizing Cells", but probably a better title would have been "Categorizing Header

Cells", because that is what AXIS does. AXIS provides a way of attaching a

category name

to a

header cell. The attribute used to attach a category name to a header cell is

axis.

Once we have AXIS, we can mark up our header cells with category names, this way:

<TH AXIS="LOCATION"> Seattle </TH>

<TH AXIS="EXPENSE_TYPE"> Meals </TH>

Once that is done, we have all the information in the table that would be required to answer our

query... assuming, of course, that we had a query language in which to express our query.

4.4.3

AXIS is not about associating data and header cells

The third thing to note about AXIS is that it is

not

used to create associations between data cells

and header cells.

Remember that AXIS is basically a filtering technology. Its purpose is to process a list of

associations and filter out the unwanted ones. It works on a list, and the list must already exist in

order for it to have something to work on.

Section 11.4.2

of the HTML language specification does not specify how the list of associations

is to be created. The discussion of the "Travel Expense Report" example table in section 11.4.2

notes that the associations in the table must have been created via use of ID, HEADERS, and

SCOPE attributes. But that is simply because the "Travel Expense Report" table is irregular, and

the only practical way to mark up irregular tables is with ID and HEADERS attributes.

So we should note that the use of AXIS is

not

tied to the use of ID and HEADERS attributes.

There is nothing in section 11.4.2 that precludes the possibility — at least for regular tables —

that the list of associations is created by the algorithm described in section 11.4.1

operating on

TD and TH tags.

4.4.4

What does AXIS have to do with accessibility?

Good question. Accessibility and support for a query-language seem to be two quite distinct

issues. One can easily imagine future HTML query languages that are entirely visual — the way

that SQL is today — and have nothing to do with speech-based rendering. In such a situation,

speech rendering would have to be layered on top of the query language in the way that screen

readers are layered on top of other computer functions today.

Nevertheless, the two seemed to have been linked in the minds of the authors of section 11.4.2.

The section begins: "Users browsing a table with a speech-based agent..." and continues on from

there. It looks as if the authors believed that the primary purpose of such a query language would

be to assist vision-impaired users in extracting meaningful information from large tables.

4.4.5

Is there any use for AXIS today?

The short answer is: Not much. Since no browsers today provide the kind of querying facilities

that AXIS is designed to support, there is no real reason for using AXIS today. It is possible that

some screen-reader products speak the AXIS attribute if it is present, and that may be useful. But

it is not what AXIS was intended for, and there is nothing in the HTML specification that

requires a screen-reader to behave this way.

The longer answer is: It depends. The HTML Techniques document puts it quite clearly. It

recommends that we...

Label table elements with the "scope", "headers", and "axis"

attributes so that future browsers and assistive technologies

will be able to select data from a table by filtering on

categories.

If you believe that there is a real possibility that browser technology will be available in the

foreseeable future that will offer such querying and filtering capabilities, and you wish to plan

now to support it, then you should indeed start labeling your header cells with AXIS.

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