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Note that:



The column header cell "By Gender" has an anchor position of (1,4), but because of the

attribute

colspan="2"

, it also covers position (1,5).



The row header cell "By Region" has an anchor position of (4,1), but because of the

attribute

rowspan="2"

, it also covers position (5,1).



Both the "By Gender" and "By Region" cells cover a position that has the same row or

column coordinate as the data cell, whose anchor position is (5,5).

The search starts from the anchor position of the data cell, and is carried out in the way that a

sighted reader would carry it out. That is, if a row header cell covers a row that is the same as the

data cell's row, then that header cell will be discovered during the search. And similarly, if a

column header cell covers a column that is the same as the data cell's column, then that header

cell will be discovered during the search.

Here is the search procedure.

1. We create an empty list.

2. Our starting point for the search is the anchor position of the data cell — (5,5).

3. We start searching left from the starting point, along row 5. We find header cells "South"

at position (5,2) and "By Region" covering position (5,1). The search is terminated at the

left edge of the table.

4. We add these headers to the list in the left-to-right order in which they appear in the table

— that is, by the order of the columns in the cells' anchor positions: "By Region" and

"South".

5. We start searching upward from the starting point, along column 5. We find header cells

"Females" at position (2,5) and "By Gender" covering position (1,5). The search is

terminated at the top edge of the table.

6. We add these headers to the list in the top-down order in which they appear in the table

— that is, by the order of the rows in the cells' anchor positions: "By Gender" and

"Females".

This search produces the following results list.

By Region

South

By Gender

Females

From this, we can see that the BASIC algorithm works very nicely even if the table contains

multi-level column or row headers. Why the WCAG recommend the use of additional markup

for such tables is a mystery.

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Now lets look at a table that uses our third formatting technique: indented stubs using cascading

stylesheets.

NOTE: This table is probably the most important example in this paper.

Ruritanian Ore Production

1998 1999 2000

Copper Ore

123 123 123

Unrefined

123 123 123

Less than 40% copper

123 123 123

40% or more copper

123 123 123

The HTML for this table is:

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="5" BORDER="1"

ALIGN="CENTER">

<CAPTION>Ruritanian Ore Production</CAPTION>

<TR>

</TR>

<TR>

<TH ID="R1">Copper Ore</TH>

</TR>

<TR>

<TH ID="R2" HEADERS="R1"><div

class="sub1">Unrefined</div></TH>

</TR>

<TR>

<TH ID="R3" HEADERS="R1 R2"><div class="sub2">Less than 40%

copper</div></TH>

</TR>

<TR>

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<TH ID="R4" HEADERS="R1 R2"><div class="sub2">40% or more

copper</div></TH>

</TR>

</TABLE>

According to the BASIC algorithm, what is the procedure used to construct the ordered list of

headers associated with the cell with value 999 in this table? And what is the resulting list?

The search starts from the anchor position of the data cell, and is carried out in the way that a

sighted reader would carry it out. That is, if a row header cell covers a row that is the same as the

data cell's row, then that header cell will be discovered during the search. And similarly, if a

column header cell covers a column that is the same as the data cell's column, then that header

cell will be discovered during the search.

Here is the search procedure.

1. We create an empty list.

2. Our starting point for the search is the data cell.

3. We search left until we find the header cell "40% or more copper". The search is

terminated at the left edge of the table.

4. We add this header to the list.

5. Since this header cell has a HEADERS attribute, we follow the IDs in the HEADERS

attribute to cells R1 and R2, add their cell contents to the list, prior to "40% or more

copper", and the search for row headers is terminated.

6. We search upward until we find the find column header cell "2000", and insert it into the

list. The search is terminated at the top edge of the table.

This search produces the following results list.

Copper Ore

Unrefined

40% or more copper

2000

The magic bullet here is step 4 of the BASIC algorithm.

If a header cell has the headers attribute set, then the headers

referenced by this attribute are inserted into the list and the

search stops for the current direction.

This seems to be the simplest and most straightforward technique of all.

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Perhaps it is worth pointing out one possible pitfall for the unwary. In the BASIC algorithm,

when the search finds a header cell with a HEADERS attribute, after that cell is processed

the

search stops.

So if we had a table that had two columns of header cells, and the inner header

cells had a HEADERS attribute, this way:

<TR>

<TH>Outer Header</TH>

<TH HEADERS="R1 R2">Inner Header<TH>

... and some data cells here ...

<TR>

then the BASIC algorithm, when searching for headers, would never find the outer header.

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Conclusion and Recommendations

Given the variety of techniques for visible and accessible formatting, which one should you

choose? Here are some evaluation criteria for accessible HTML tables, with the most important

first.

1. First, the HTML code must conform to a standard for accessible HTML code. The

acceptability of the code is

not

judged by the success with which it can be read by any

particular screen reader product, or version of screen reader product. Acceptability is

judged by measurement against a standard for accessible HTML coding practices.

2. The code must produce an acceptable visual presentation as well as an accessible

presentation. We cannot adopt a set of coding practices that produces tables that are

acceptable to the vision-impaired members of our user communities, but unacceptable to

the sighted members.

3. It must be feasible for human beings (using whatever support technology is available) to

create HTML tables. Athough many statistical tables are generated from databases by

software programs, many are not. It must be possible for statistical analysts to create

hand-crafted tables for special purposes.

4. The markup must be supported by the current generation of screen-reader technology.

5. In order to minimize download time, compact markup is preferred to verbose markup.

One of the most important considerations is the visual appearance of statistical tables. The three

visual formatting techniques that we have discussed — nested stub headers, indented stub

headers using cell control, and indented stub headers using CSS control -- all produce slightly

different results. If one of those visible formats is required, or acceptable, or unacceptable for

your organization, then that will have a decisive effect on your decision.

In most organizations, nested stub headers are simply unacceptable. So, for most organizations,

that option can be eliminated immediately.

Most statistical organizations publish a mix of tabular data. Some table are generated

automatically from database data, while other tables are hand-crafted by statisticians and used in

analytic reports. If your organization publishes such a mix of tables, then you will need a format

that is simple enough to be hand-coded by a human being. The formats that use cell control tend

to be complicated. Using ROWSPAN is very difficult. COLSPAN is less difficult, and just using

empty cells (without ROWSPAN or COLSPAN) is less complicated, although still cumbersome.

In comparison, using CSS to control the stub margins is extremely simple.

Of the three accessibility techniques that we have examined — the HEADERS algorithm, the

SCOPE algorithm, and the BASIC algorithm — neither the HEADERS nor the SCOPE

algorithm seems very attractive. Marking up a table with HEADERS and ID attributes is time-

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consuming and difficult. Using the SCOPE algorithm is easier (although not so easy that it can't

be mis-understood, as we've seen), but it is impractical because it is limited to two levels of

nesting. Clearly, the BASIC algorithm is the most attractive choice of the three. Marking up the

stub header cells with HEADERS and ID attributes is cumbersome, but the process is relatively

straightforward and for small analytic tables it is feasible for a human being. Adding such

markup with software is not difficult. The code is relatively compact.

Our conclusion, therefore, is that — for most organizations, for regular tables — the best option

is to use CSS control to create indented stubs, and to use the BASIC algorithm to make the tables

accessible. While not as simple and easy as one might wish, it is — considering the alternatives

— clearly the most attractive option available. (Click HERE

to go to the example in this paper.

Another example is available in the HTML Tables Cookbook.

)

For irregular tables, the best option is to reformat the tables into regular tables. If that is

impossible, and the table must remain irregular, then in most cases the best visible formatting

technique will be to use CSS margin control, and the only possible accessible formatting

technique will be the HEADERS algorithm.

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Some Visual Formatting Issues

8.1

Fonts

Generally speaking, data cells should appear in a monospaced format such as Courier, so that

columns line up nicely. On the other hand, header cells generall should appear in a proportional

font, both for the sake of a nice appearance and because text in a proportional font will take up

less space. Using a proportional font for your stub headers, is especially important, because long

or deeply nested headers will tend to make your tables spread out horizontally, and you need to

counteract that tendency as much as possible.

The easiest way to control fonts in a table is by using a CSS stylesheet to attach font

specifications to TH and TD cells. Here is an example:

td {font-family: Courier monospace}

th {font-family: "Times New Roman" serif proportional}

8.2

Horizontal Cell Alignment

Vertical alignment is specified on the ALIGN

attribute of TD and TH cells, or may be controlled

via CSS stylesheet settings.

Generally speaking, data cells should be right-justified, so that data columns line up nicely.

Column header cells should be centered. And stub headers should be left-justified.

The easiest way to control cell alignment is with a CSS stylesheet that attaches alignment

specifications to the TH and TD cells. In the following example, we have attached alignment

specifications to the styles that we defined when we discussed fonts.

td {text-align: right; font-family: Courier monospace}

th {text-align: left ; font-family: "Times New Roman" serif proportional}

.center {text-align: center}

In this example, not that we have also defined a style for centered alignment.

The problem with attaching an alignment specification to TH cells is that, no matter what

alignment you choose, it will be wrong for some of the header cells. If you choose to align

header cells to the left, that will be good for stub header cells but bad for column header cells. If

you choose to alight header cells to the center, then that will be good for column header cells but

bad for stub header cells.

On the grounds that stub header cells are likely to be more numerous than column header cells,

we have given TH cells a "left" alignment. This means, that for column header cells, we will

need to over-ride this specification by an explicit CLASS attribute on the column header cells,

this way.

<TH class="center" ... > Header Cell Text </TH>

The HTML specification includes an alignment option of "char" (character) that would allow you

to specify a decimal delimiter character as the alignment character. Using this option, English-

speaking Web masters should be able to align their decimal numbers on a period, French-

speaking Web masters should be able to align their decimal numbers on a comma, and so on.

However, this feature does not currently seem to be widely supported in visual browsers, so it

should be avoided. If your data table contains decimal numbers, and you want to insure vertical

alignment of you numbers on the decimal point, all numbers should be padded to the right of the

decimal point to the length of the longest decimal. To avoid presenting a number with more

precision than it actually has, the pad character should be " " (non-breaking space) rather

than "0" (zero).

8.3

Vertical Cell Alignment

Vertical alignment is specified on the VALIGN

attribute of TD and TH cells, or may be

controlled via CSS stylesheet settings.The default cell alignment is "middle", which is virtually

always wrong.

Generally speaking, the vertical alignment for header cells (both column and stub headers)

should be "top". Depending on the type of contents of the data cell, the appropriate vertical

alignment may be either "top" or "baseline". When data cells contain only a single number, the

vertical alignment should be "baseline", so that numbers line up horizontally with the last line of

the stub header. On the other hand, when the data cell may contain a multi-word note or

sentence, the vertical alignment should be "top".

The

baseline

is an imaginary line on which letters rest. Some letters with "descenders" may have

parts that extend below the baseline, such as the tail of "g" and "y". You can see where the

baseline falls by looking at a word such as "My". The bottom of the "M" rests on the baseline,

and you can see the tail of the "y" dips below the baseline. If you mix fonts of different sizes on

the same line (or in the same row of a table) and they are aligned according to the bottoms of

their descenders, it looks very messy. It looks much better if their baselines are aligned. This is

what VALIGN="BASELINE" does. It sets the row so that all the cells share the same baseline.

(See the iDocs Guide to HTML

for a graphic that illustrates this situation.)

8.4

Dot Leaders

In printed tables, stub headers are often followed by a series of periods ("dot leaders") that help

the user track across the page.

East............ 109.2

Southwest....... 99.3

All Regions..... 101.5

There is no way to do this in HTML. Don't even think about it. In any event, in an HTML table,

most cells will be enclosed in lines, so the dot leaders are not necessary.

8.5

Footnotes

Notes, or footnotes, are often a part of of statistical data tables. Logically, the notes to a table are

just as much a part of the table as, say, the table's caption Unfortunately, the HTML specification

for tables makes no provision for notes, so we must cobble together note handling from other

HTML features.

The general topic of "notes" actually covers two related topics: note references (the little symbols

or numbers that appear in the table and refer you to a note) and the note proper (the text that the

footnote reference refers to).

Footnote references need to be marked in some way so that it is possible to distinguish them

from the normal cell contents. The most common practice is for note references to be

superscripted numbers. If a cell has more than one reference, the references are separated by

commas. You do this in HTML by enclosing the references list in <SUP> (superscript) tags.

<TH><sup>6, 7</sup> Header Cell Text</TH>

In header cells (where the cell alignment is "left" or "center"), footnote references are usually

positioned after (that is, be to the right of) the cell contents. In data cells (where the cell

alignment is "right"), footnote references are usually positioned before (that is, to the left of) the

cell contents. Since the monospace font of data cells may make it hard to distinguish the footnote

reference from the contents of the cell, it may be desirable to set off the footnote references by

enclosing them in parentheses or brackets, or by putting one or two " " elements between

them and the cell contents.

The footnotes are usually positioned at the bottom of the table.

The real question with regard to footnotes is: How should footnote references behave? You

should make them links that jump to the corresponding footnote.

... <sup><a href="#table2footnote3">3</a></sup> ...

...

... <a name="table2footnote3">3.</a>

Text of footnote 3 for table 2...

If a user clicks on the link and jumps too the footnote text, he can easily return to his original

position in the table by clicking on his browser's BACK button (or doing the hotkey equivalent).

Footnotes can be formatted in any way that you prefer. Here is a technique that seems to produce

a good appearance for footnotes.

The footnotes are placed in a borderless table, immediately following the data table. The footnote

table is specified to be the same width as the data table, so the width of the footnotes matches

that of the data table (in the following example, both tables WIDTH setting is "50%".) The

footnote table has two columns, one for the footnote number and one for the footnote text. The

cells containing the footnote numbers are horizontally aligned to the right and vertically aligned

to the top. The cells containing the footnote text are horizontally aligned to the left. Here is an

example.

Table With Footnotes

1999

Copper Ore

999.99

1. This is a long footnote, in

order to show how the text

will wrap around in the data

cell of this invisible

table. Note that the

footnote numbers in the

first column of this

invisible table are

specified with VALIGN="TOP"

so that they line up with

the top of the footnote text

rather than being vertically

centered against it.

2. Text of footnote 2 for table

3. Text of footnote 3 for table

Here is the underlying HTML.

<TABLE BORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0" ALIGN="center"

CELLPADDING="5" WIDTH="50%">

<TR>

<TH> Table With Footnotes</TH>

<TH class="center"> 1999

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