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Background Information

This chapter provides background information aboutAndroid operatingsystem and

HTML5technology. It alsoprovidesAndroid application fundamentals and HTML5

newfeaturescomparingwithHTML4.

2.1 Android operating system

AndroidisLinuxbasedoperatingsystemformobiledevices(6). ItisdevelopedbyOpen

HandsetAllianceandconsistsofoperatingsystem,middlewareandkeyapplications.

AndroidkernelisbasedonLinuxkernelwithseverallayersontopofthatasshownon

gure2.1.

Application developmentisdoneusingJavaprogramminglanguage. Android ap-

plicationconsistsofoneormoreapplicationcomponents. TheyareActivity, Service,

ContentProvider andBroadcastReceiver. Activity istypicalentrypointofapplication.

Typicallyitrepresentsasinglescreenwhichusercaninteractwith. Activity iscreated

bysubclassingActivity classandimplementingonCreate() method.

AnotherapplicationcomponentisService. Itspurposeistoperform long-running

tasksin background. Service doesnot provideuserinterface. TypicallyService does

notrequiretoreportresulttoothercomponentandstopitselfafternishingoperation.

OneoftheService usageisuploadingordownloadinglesovernetwork.

Next component is Content Provider. Its task is to manage access to application

data. Application datacan be stored in any persistent storage which isaccessed by

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2. BACKGROUNDINFORMATION

application. Moreover, datacan be shared to other applicationsifContent Provider

allowsit.

LastcomponentdescribedinthissectionisBroadcastReceiver. BroadcastReceiver

listensandrespondstosystem-widebroadcastmessages. TypicallyBroadcastReceiver

isusedtoestablishcommunicationsbetween Activities,Services andAndroid system.

Forexample, Android system can notifyActivity orService aboutnetworkstatusor

Service cannotifyActivity aboutnishingtask.

Inadditiontocode, Androidapplication requiresresourcessuchasimages,string

constants, animation descriptions, menus, styles, dimensions, and layout of activity

user interface. Most resources are dened with XML les. Usingsuch approach, it

makesiteasytoupdateapplicationvariouscomponentswithoutcodemodication.

Itispossibletoprovidedierentsetofresourcesfordierentdevicecongurations.

Thisincludes:

* Devicehardwarepropertiessuchasscreenresolutionandphysicalkeyboardavail-

ability;thiscanbeusedtoprovidebetterqualitydrawablesforlargescreenres-

olutiondevices.

* Devicesoftwarepropertiessuchaslanguage,regionandplatformversion;thiscan

beusedtoprovidetranslatedversionofstringconstantsfordierentlanguages

* Devicecurrentstatesuchasportraitorlandscapeorientation, ifitisconnected

todockstation; thiscan beused tochangeactivitylayoutdependingon screen

orientation.

ForeachresourceincludedinAndroidproject,uniqueidentierisgenerated,which

can be used to access this specic resource from application code or other resource

denedinXML.

2.2 HTML5

HTML5isthefthrevisionoftheHTMLstandard. Alotofchangesmadeinelements

(7). Besidechangingand enrichingold one, itprovidesplentyofnewelements. This

includesnewmediaelementslike<audio>and<video>,newstructuralelementslike

<section>and <article>. Anotherthing isthat HTML5species not only markup

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2.2HTML5

Figure2.1: Androidarchitecture

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2. BACKGROUNDINFORMATION

butalsoAPIswhichcanbeusedwithJavaScript. ManynewAPIsareintroducedsuch

as:

* Canvaselement,for2Ddrawing

* Oineapplicationsforinteractingwithapplicationeventwhennetworkconnec-

tionisnotavailable

* Nativedraganddrop -noneedtowritecomplexJavaScriptcodetoimplement

draganddropfunctionality-itwillbesupportednatively

* Web storage - key-value storageframework similar to Cookies, but with larger

storagecapacityandimprovedAPI

* DatabasesAPI-tomanipulateclient-sidedatabasesusingSQL

Somerelatedtechnologiesare notincluded intoW3CHTML5specication, how-

ever theycan beused together with HTML5. W3Cpublishesspecication forthem

separately. Hereissomeofthem:

* Geolocation-providesaccesstogeographicallocationinformationassociatedwith

client

* Web workers - give ability to run background scripts independently form UI

scripts. This will help to keep web page responsible and execute longrunning

scriptssimultaneously

* WebSockets-toenablebidirectionalcommunication between browserandweb-

server

DespitethefactthatHTML5specicationstatusonMay2012isstillunderdevel-

opment, itispartiallysupportedbymanybrowsers(8). ItincludesAndroid andiOs

browsers which are based on WebKit (9). Forconvenience, layoutengine names are

used instead of browser names in HTML5 APIs support table2.3. Table 2.2 shows

examplebrowsernamesbehindeachengine.

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2.2HTML5

Figure2.2: Layoutengines

Figure2.3: HTML5APIssupport

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2. BACKGROUNDINFORMATION

2.3 Summary

HTML5providesalotnewfeaturescomparingwithitspredecessorandisstillunder

development,howeveritssupportbybrowsersisonthegoodlevel. Despitetheamount

of new features, HTML5 is limited by browser capabilities and can not use all the

featuresprovidedbyAndroidplatform.

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State of the Art

ThestateofartinthisthesisdescribesadvantagesanddisadvantagesofHTML5appli-

cationsovernativeapplicationsonmobileplatforms. Itgivesshortoverviewofnative

bridgingframeworks,describingfeaturestheyexposetoJavaScript. Italsoshowspos-

sibleways to converting Javacodeinto JavaScript. The last section ofthis chapter

concentratesonANTLR-toolforparsergeneration.

3.1 HTML5 and native applications

Mobiledevicesmarketaswellasmobileapplicationmarketisgrowingrapidly. When

startingmobileapplicationdevelopment,oftentherstquestioniswhichplatformto

choose? Thereareseveralmethodsto"writeoncerunanywhere"application;however

thereareseveralmajordrawbacksforeachofthem. Flashformobiledevicesisnolonger

supportedforAdobe,mobilewebsitesolutionrequiresInternetconnectionandhaveno

accesstonativemobilecapabilities. HTML5isatechnologythatsolvescrossplatform

in-compatibility,supportsoineweb-applicationsandallowsusingsomenativemobile

features.

NativeapplicationhavesomeadvantagesoverHTML5application(10),(11). One

ofthemisthatnativeapplicationcandomore. Nativeapplicationsupportmultitouch,

hardwaresensors, canprovideaccesstothedeviceoperatingsystem. Nativeandroid

applicationcancommunicatewitheachotherusingintents. Thiscantbeachievedby

usingHTML5.

3. STATEOFTHEART

Fromtheotherhand,webstandardsareevolving. WithHTML5wealreadycanrun

applicationoine,accesslocalstorage,playbackmultimediales,createsocketconnec-

tion(12). Thereisalsopossibilitytocreatehybridapplication-nativeapplicationwith

embeddedwebviewwhich providesuserinterface. Thisapproachgainsbenetsfrom

bothnativeandHTML5applications,howeveritaddscomplexitytoyourapplication.

Anothernativeapplicationbenetsarespeed-HTML5applicationshaveruntime

layer, theycanusesuchhardwareacceleration asGPU,theycan usemultithreading,

they get nativelook and feel justby usingnativetoolkit. AlsoHTML5applications

arelimitedinlocalstorageandlackofsourcecodeprotection.

3.2 Bridging frameworks

Despite the fact that HTML5supports many useful features for mobileapplication,

thewide range of mobile devicefeatures is still uncovered. Toenrich pureHTML5

functionalitybridgingframeworkscanbeused(13). Theygiveabilitytoaccessnative

functionalitiesbyexposingthem toJavaScript. Bridgingframeworks encapsulateall

supported native functionality and provide JavaScript APIs for accessing them, so

developerscanconcentrateonlyonwrittingcodeusingHTML,CSSandJavaScript.

3.2.1 PhoneGap

PhoneGap (14) is open source mobile development framework developed by Nitobi

Software. Framework uses HTML, CSS and JavaScript. Framework creates native

WebView-controllerandallapplicationlogicisexecutedinsidethiscontroller. Great

thingaboutthisframeworkispluginsupport,sobasicallyanyphonefunctionsupport

canbeadded. PhoneGapsupportsallmajormobileplatformsincludingiOs,Android,

Blackberry,WindowsPhone.

Figure 3.1shows Android device features, from which Android version they are

supported and iftheycanbeaccessed bydeviceWebView. From thetableit isseen

thatbridgingframeworksgainbenetsfromHTML5featureslikegeolocationandlocal

storage,whicharesupportedbylayoutengine. Somefeatures,mostlyhardwarerelated,

stillrequireexposingbybridgingframework.

3.3Java toJavaScriptcompilers

Figure3.1: AndroidOsdeaturesandbrowsersupport

3.2.2 Titanium Appcelerator

TitaniumAppcelerator(15)wasdevelopedbyAppceleratorInc. andreleasedin2008.

Initiallyplatformprovidespossibilitytocreatecross-platformdesktopapplicationsfor

PC,MacandLinux. LaterAndroidandiOssupportwereadded.

For mobile platforms Titanium application are written using HTML, CSS and

JavaScript. UsingTitaniumAPIdeveloperscangetaccesstonativephonecapabilities

likegeolocationandaccelerometer. Moreover,TitaniumAPIsupportsaccesstonative

UIconstructions,soapplicationgetsnativelookandfeeloneveryplatform.

The output package consist mostly of native code. In addition it contains cus-

tomizedWebKitlayoutengine.

3.3 Java to JavaScript compilers

ThissectiongivesshortoverviewofexistingJavatoJavaScriptcompilers.

3.3.1 Java2Script

Java2ScriptisopensourcetoolwhichtranslatesJavacodetoJavaScript. Java2Script

allowyou tobuild application using SWTas UI framework, and then compiles itto

JavaScript(16). ItiswellintegratedwithEclipseJDTandallowstoreuseSWT(17)

developmenttoolssuchasSWTDesigner.

3. STATEOFTHEART

Figure3.2: ANTLRparserwork ow

3.3.2 GWT

AnotherreadytousesoftwareforconversionJavasourcetoJavaScriptisGWT-the

opensourcesetoftoolsbyGoogle. GWTcanbeusedasframeworkfordevelopingmo-

bileandtabletapplication. OneoftheusefulGWTfeaturesisthatJavatoJavaScript

compiler performs code optimization. It includes not only removing dead code but

alsoin-liningmethods, toavoid unproductive calls. Italsosupports severalHTML5

featuressuch as DatabaseAPI, StorageAPI, GeolocationAPI (18). Another usefull

thingisthatGWTcanobfuscateJavaScriptcode.

Fromthecodepointofview,GWTsupportsalmostallcoreJavalanguagesyntax

andsemantics. Severalcoreclasseshavefunctionalitywhichistooexpensivetosupport

entirely. Lightenedversionofthoseclassesprovidedbyframework. ForexampleGWT

providesownbrowser-safetimerclasswhichissimpliedforrunninginsingle-threaded

environment. For buildinguserinterfaceGWTusesownwidgets library. It includes

simplewidgets,forexample: Button,CheckBox andTextAreaaswellascompexones,

forexample: TabPanel,PopupPanel,RichTextArea.

3.3.3 ANTLR

ANTLRstandsforANotherToolforLanguageRecognition(19). Itistooldevelopedby

TerenceParrforparsersgeneration. ANTLRgrammarsarebasedonExtendedBackus-

NaurForm(EBNF).ExampleandexplanationofEBNFcanbefoundinAppendix2.

BasedonthegrammarleANTLRgenerateslexer-whichconvertsstreamofcharacters

toastream oftokens and parser -which processesastream oftokensand generates

abstractsyntaxtree.

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