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17 BRIDGE TASK

121

calculates whether a student has passed or fail based on the number of mandatory and

optional questions the student has passed.

5. Automatic Bookkeeping. The system calculates whether the student has passed a

BT or not and records it into the database. The system stores

• a complete record of the BT each student received

• when each student’s BT was administered

• the BT instance

• the ﬁles the student turned in

• the associated grading criteria

• the grading results (and history of grading, including grader ID)

6. Sequential Bridge Tasks. The system can be set in such a way that a student can

only take a certain bridge task after passing the previous bridge task on the list. This

is done using conditionals in LON-CAPA. There are other ways to use conditionals

and bridge tasks to customize the usage of bridge tasks in a course.

7. Slots. Slots can be created to relate students with time and location. This allows

control of where and when a student can take a bridge task.

8. Proctor Authentication. Slots also allow a particular proctor to be in a particular

location for a bridge task. Each student who is scheduled to take the bridge task must

be authenticated by the proctor.

17.3 Authoring Bridge Task

There are multiple steps for creating a bridge task and setting the bridge task up so that the

students is able to use it. The ﬂow of the bridge task creation process is shown in ﬁgure 32.

There are two ways of creating the bridge task. The ﬁrst method is to directly edit the

XML ﬁle being used (See Bridge Task XML Editing 17.4). The second method is to use the

LON-CAPA online edit mode (See Bridge Task Mode Editing 17.5).

Once the bridge task is created and published, the course coordinator must insert the

resource in the course’s document list (See Setting Up Bridge Task 17.6). The course coor-

dinator may also create slots to allow for multiple place/time the bridge task may be opened

or to allow for multiple separate attempts at the bridgetask (See Using Slots in Bridge Task

17.6.1). As with any resource, the map it is in may use conditionals to control access to the

resources based on other information in the course. (For example, the section of a user, the

passing of a prior bridgetask, etc.)

17.4 Bridge Task XML Editing

The LON CAPA .task format is an XML ﬁle used directly by LON CAPA. XML is a markup

language, much like HTML. A primer on XML is given in section 9. An XML ﬁle contains

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122

Figure 32: Bridge Task creation ﬂowchart

elements in tags, and elements may contain attributes. The syntax, spelling (including

capitalization) of the XML ﬁle must be exact, otherwise the XML ﬁle will generate errors.

The online editor for the .task format is discussed in the next section. This section

describes creating the .task ﬁle by simply using a text editor such as Notepad.

The .task format consists of four parts:

• The header, which contains information about the ﬁle itself. The header can be copied

from this documentation as is (see .Task Headers 17.4.1)

• Parameter information. This part consists of the possible values for various parameters

in the Bridge Task (see .Task Parameter and Variable 17.4.2)

• Questions section. This part consists of the actual text the user sees as well as all

criteria and questions (see .Task Question 17.4.3)

• Footer section. This part consists of the actual text the user sees as well as all criteria

and questions (see .Task Finishing Up 17.4.4)

Once all parts are created, the author must publish the ﬁle so that it is accessible by

course coordinators (see .Task Finishing Up 17.4.4).

17.4.1 .Task Headers

The root node of the .task format is the task element, which is an XML element written as

follows:

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The Task element signiﬁes that this is a bridge task. The OptionalRequired is a manda-

tory attribute, and the value (0 in this case) determines how many optional questions the

student must pass.

17.4.2 .Task Parameter and Variable

To create diﬀerence versions of Bridge Tasks for each student, parts of the questions are

deﬁned using variables. Each variable contains multiple instances of possible values and

LON-CAPA randomly selects an instance to give to the student.

All variables are placed inside a Setup element. Each setup element has an id attribute

which contains the name of the variable. The possible instances or values of those variables

are placed inside the setup element inside an Instance tag. Each Instance element has two

mandatory attributes, the OptionalRequired attribute which should be set to 0, and the

unique id of that instance. The value of the id attribute can be any text as long as it is

unique throughout the document.

The actual data of the instance is placed inside InstanceText tags. Currently the instance

datais created with aloncapa/perl script. In this script the parameters ofthevariableare set.

The syntax to set the parameter of avariableis ’$variableName{ﬁeldname} = ”ﬁeldValues”’.

The variable name is taken from the attribute id from the Setup element, the ﬁeld name is

the name of the parameter the author sets, and the ﬁeldValue is simply the value of the ﬁeld.

The ﬁrst parameter that must be set is the instance ﬁeld, with the value being an identiﬁer

of the instance.

The example below shows a portion of the bridge task XML ﬁle. This portion should be

placed inside the task element :Lines between <!− − and −− > or /∗ and ∗/ are comments

and should not be typed into the editor.

/* The first line must be the instance id */

$entitySubject{instance} = "instanceHarry";

/* The two parameters. Personname = Harry and place=zoo */

$entitySubject{personname} = "Harry";

$entitySubject{place} = "zoo";

</script>

</InstanceText>

</Instance>

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/* The first line must be the instance id */

$entitySubject{instance} = "instanceBetty";

/* The two parameters. Personname = Betty and place=park */ $entitySubject{personname} =

$entitySubject{place} = "park";

</script>

</InstanceText>

</Instance>

</Setup>

The example above describes a variable question. It has two diﬀerent possible val-

ues for the entity ”subject”, Harry and zoo or Betty and park. Variables can be placed

inside the questions by using the variable name and ﬁeld name. The ﬁrst line <Setup

id=”entitySubject”> creates a variable named entitySubject (based on the id attribute of

this line).

The ﬁrst instance of this variable is shown from lines 2to10. Line two <Instance Option-

alRequired=”0” id=”instanceHarry”> marks the beginning of the instance element named

instanceHarry (based on the id attribute). The OptionalRequired is given a value of 0.

Lines 3-9 determine the actual value of this variable. Lines 3 and 4 must be typed as shown.

Lines 5-7 deﬁne the instance properties, which must be of the form $ <variable

name>

{<property

name> } = <value>. The ﬁrst line of the property must be the instance prop-

erty (see line 5 of example), with the value being the id of the instance. Other lines (6-7)

can be used for any attributes you wish to deﬁne. The closing </script>, </InstanceText>

and </Instance> tags must be typed as shown.

Line 12-21 shows the second instance with the same rules as the ﬁrst instance. Line 23

</Setup> gives the closing Setup tag which must be as shown.. The example of the usage

of this variable inside the question is this text:

This is a test question. $entitySubject{personname} went to the $entitySubject{place}.

The LON-CAPAengine will replace any instance of $<variable

name>(<property

name>)

with the correct value, depending on the randomly chosen instance.

Based on this code, two diﬀerent questions are possible:

1. This is a test question. Harry went to the zoo

2. This is a test question. Betty went to the park

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17.4.3 .Task Questions and Criteria

The task description should be divided into questions. Questions can also be divided into

sub-questions. Aquestion or sub-question must have one or more criteriathat are the scoring

rubrics used to evaluate that question. A task may also have a criteria. Graders use these

criteria to evaluate student work Both questions and criteria are interspersed within the task

description, placed where students see them when reviewing their graded bridge task.

Questions are created by using the Question tag. Each question must have a unique id

attribute which identiﬁes the question, the value of the id attribute is any text that is unique

in the document. Each question must also have the Mandatory attribute which can be set

to ”Y” if the question is mandatory or ”N” otherwise. Finally the question may also have

aOptionalRequired attribute, which determines how many optional criteria students must

pass to pass the question.

The question element will have the actual text of the question. The questions are created

inside the QuestionText element. The question descriptions are placed inside the ﬁle by

simply typing the text. The text can be marked up to have various formatting. The mark

up language used is simple HTML.

Criteria are created using the Criteria tag. The attributes for the criteria tag are similar

to the attributes for the questions tag. Criteria tags have id attributes as well as Mandatory

attributes. Like for the question tag, the value of the id attribute is any text that is unique

in the document, and the Mandatory attribute (values ”Y” or ”N”) determines whether the

criteria is mandatory or not. Criteria tags do not have OptionalRequired attributes. The

criteria description is created inside the CriteriaText element and can be formatted the same

way as the formatting of the questions (using HTML).

The following is an example of a question and criteria element. Question elements are

placed inside the task element or inside other question elements. Text between <! − −and

−− > are comments and should not be typed into the editor.

<!-- Beginning of question element with id q.testquestion. A mandatory question where the

Some test explanation

<!--A mandatory criteria with the id of ’criteria.overall.handin’. This criteria will not

Criteria text 1

This part cannot be seen by students but is used to give additional info to the grader to

</GraderNote>

</CriteriaText>

</Criteria>

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The actual test question

Criteria text 2

</CriteriaText>

</Criteria>

</QuestionText>

</Question>

Instructions to the student on submitting files

</QuestionText>

</Question>

The question that the students will see is:

”Some test explanation

The actual test question

Instructions to the student on submitting ﬁles

”

Any text inside a QuestionText element (lines 2, 14) and not inside a criteria element

will be shown to the users. This example has one question, and one optional sub-question.

The question element is given in line 1, the id of the question being ’q.testquestion’, it is a

mandatory question (Mandatory=’Y’) and it requires that 1 optional question/criteria be

passed (OptionalRequired=’1’). The sub-question is given in line 13, named ’q.question1’,

is not mandatory and has no optional questions or criteria that is required to be correctly

answered.

The example above shows a code for the creation of criteria. There are 2 criteria in

the above question (line 4 and 16). Each criteria has a name (criteria.question1 and crite-

ria.overall.handin) which are both mandatory (the attribute Mandatory is set to ’Y’). The

text of the criteria is given inside the CriteriaText element inside each CriteriaElement. The

student will never see the criteria when the student is taking the test. The grader will see

this on his/her screen:

”Criteria text 1. Grader Note: This part cannot be seen by the students but is used to

give additional info to the grader to help evaluating the criteria.

Pass Fail

Comment:

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Criteria text 2.

Pass Fail

Comment:

”

When the bridge task is graded the student will see both the questions and the criteria

in his space. Anything inside the GraderNote element (line 7) is not shown to the student.

”Some test explanation

Criteria text 1

Pass

The actual test question

Criteria text 2.

Pass

Instructions to the student on submitting ﬁles

”

17.4.4 .Task Finishing Up

Once all questions are written, the ﬁle must be closed with the </Task> tag. The ﬁle must

be saved with a .task extension then placed into a LON CAPA author’s folder. To upload

the ﬁle simply go to the authoring space and simply upload the new ﬁle using the upload

new document button. Once the ﬁle is uploaded to LON CAPA, the author can publish the

ﬁle so that the domain coordinator will be able to use the ﬁle. To do this select publish (or

re-publish) in the select action combo box next to the ﬁlename.

The LON CAPA interface allows you to view the bridge task from diﬀerent point of

views. You can see it from the student’s view, the grader view, or the student’s view after

feedback:

1. Fromthelist ofﬁlesauthored, click on thebridgetask that has justbeen created/edited.

Apull-down menu with the label ”Problem Status” is located just above the question

2. Select ”Answerable” to see the original view, ”Criteria Grading” to see a grader view,

and ”Show Feedback” to see the feedback view .To see the feedback view properly, you

must have graded the student with the grader view. Once you have graded using the

feedback view however, the answerable view will be similar to the feedback view.

3. To reset the view a ”Reset Submissions” button is provided.

17.5 Bridge Task Edit Mode

Another way of creating Bridge Task is via the edit mode. The edit mode allows authors

to create resources (including Bridge Tasks) online. The basic idea of the this editor is the

author inserts and deletes diﬀerent section types into the ﬁle to build the bridge task.

17 BRIDGE TASK

128

If a task ﬁle has already been created, click on the ﬁlename followed by the ”Edit” button

to open the ﬁle in the colorful editor.

If a task ﬁle needs to be created:

1. Enter the ﬁlename in the area ”Create a new directory or LON-CAPA document” with

the combo box at the left of this set to ”New File”. The ﬁlename must have a .task

extension.

2. At the second screen, press continue to create a new task. At the third screen, select

the blank task template and press the ”Create task” button to create this blank task.

3. To go into the the edit mode, press the ”Edit” Button.

The edit mode allows you to insert appropriate sections of a document at certain prede-

termined places. For example, in a bridge task document, you can insert a question section,

acriteria section, and an introductory section. To insert a section, ﬁnd a drop down box

with the label ”Insert”, and select the section to insert. Then click on the ”Submit Changes

and Edit” button. The section you selected will be inserted in place of the pull down menu.

Additional insert pull-downs will show up allowing you to insert sections before, inside,

and after other sections. The choices on the pull down menu may diﬀer depending on the

location of the insert pull-down. For example, the insert pull down inside a question section

contains question information; this option is not available anywhere else.

In the edit mode, you will see is an insert button and a optional task button. You

will need to enter the number of optional tasks/questions that the student need to answer

correctly to pass the bridge task. You can leave this ﬁeld empty until after you have ﬁnished

writing the whole bridge task.

This document discusses important sections needed to create a bridge task. These sec-

tions can be created in any order.

1. The introductory and closing information 17.5.1

2. Variables 17.5.3

3. Question and criteria 17.5.2

Once the document has been created, the author must publish the bridge task so it

becomes available (See Edit Mode Finishing Up 17.5.4)

17.5.1 Introductions

The introductory information and closing information are just text that are shown to the

students but are not part of any questions. The introductory information should be placed

at the beginning of the bridge task and the closing information should be placed at the end

of the bridge task.

To insert these sections:

1. Select ”Introductory Information” or ”Closing Information” in the insert pull-down

menu and press the submit button.

17 BRIDGE TASK

129

Figure 33: Bridge Task question creation screenshot

2. A new section appears with a text box inside it. You may enter any text inside the

text box and the text may be formatted with HTML tags. Everything inside the text

box will be shown to the students as introductory or closing text.

17.5.2 Questions and Criteria

The task description should be divided into questions. Questions can also be divided into

sub-questions. Aquestion or sub-question must have one or more criteriathat are the scoring

rubrics used to evaluate that question. A task may also have a criteria. Graders use these

criteria to evaluate student work Both questions and criteria are interspersed within the task

description, placed where students see them when reviewing their graded bridge task.

Figure 33 shows a screenshot of the question creation page. To create a question:

1. Select ”Question” in the main insert pull-down (circled as 1).

2. Press the submit changes and edit button.

3. In this question create a unique id which can be any kind of text (in circle 3).

17 BRIDGE TASK

130

Figure 34: Bridge Task criteria creation screenshot

4. Set whether a student must pass this question by setting the value of ”Passing is

Mandatory” to ”yes” (circle 4) or whether this question is optional by setting the

value to ”no”.

5. Set the number of optional subquestions/criteria that the students must get correct in

order to pass this question. You can also wait until later to ﬁll this in.

6. Create the question information by choosing Question information in the insert pull-

down (circled as 2) and pressing the submit button.

7. A text box should appear (circle 6) and you can insert any text in this text box.

Anything that is typed in this text box will appear to the student as part of the

question. HTML tags can also be used to format the text in the text box. Subquestions

can be added by inserting a new question (circle 2).

To add a criteria (see Figure 34):

1. Instead of choosing ”Question” in the insert pull down, select ”Question Criteria”

(circled as 1). Pressing the submit button will bring up the Question criteria as well

as the criteria information where you can write the criteria (Circled 3). The criteria is

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