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InEnglish Wearelookingfora1,followedbyaforward-slash,followedbyone-or-morenumerical

digits,andthenanotherforward-slashandthesequence

2012

Usingacapturinggroup,wewrapthenon-yearpartofthedateinparentheses. Andthenweuse

thebackreference

toretrievethevaluetouseinthereplacement:

Find

(1/\d+)/2012

Replace

$1/2013

InSublimeText2,thisiswhattheoperationlookslike:

SublimeText2

Rememberthatsomevariationsofregex,includingtheoneusedinTextWrangler,thebackreference

involvesabackslashinsteadofadollarsign:

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AbackreferenceinTextWrangler’sFindandReplace

Fixingmisshapendatesisoneofmymostcommondailyusesforregexes. Datesusuallycontainan

obviouspattern,e.g.

9/5/2010

and

4-7-99

.Togetthemintoadifferentformat–e.g.

9/5/10

and

04/07/1999

–canoftenbeaccomplishedwithregextechniques.

Exercise: Changetheorder ofdateparts

InAmericanday-to-dayusage,datesareoftenformattedasmonth-day-year:

03-09-2001

11-14-2012

05-22-1978

However,programmerspreferdatestobeinyear-month-dayformat:

2001-03-09

2012-11-14

1978-05-22

Why? A common operation is to “find the earliest/latest date.” To sort date strings, the

simplestmethodfora program istodo itan alphabetical-fashion. Think ofhowyousortwords

alphabetically:

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Apples

Oracles

Oranges

Ore

Themostimportantletteristheleft-most one:

comesbefore

inthealphabet,so allwordsthat

beginwith

willcomebeforeanywordthatstartswith

.Butwhatifthewordsstartwiththesame

letter? Thenyoucomparethesecondletters,andsoforth.

Thisis thesamewithdates. In the American human-readable format,

03-09-2001

wouldcome

before

05-22-1978

,as

comesearlierinthenumericalscalethandoes

.Butchronologically,of

course,

05-22-1978

isseveraldecadesbefore

03-09-2001

.Intheprogrammer-friendlyversion,the

“biggest”partsofthedatecomefirst,i.e. theyear,thenthemonthandday. Thismakessortingeasy,

becausethealphabetical-orderofthedatetextisthesameasthechronologicalorderoftheactual

dates.

So, given the human readable version of the dates, write a regex that converts them to the

programmerfriendlyversion.

Answer

Find (\d+)-(\d+)-(\d+)

Replace $3-$1-$2

Exercise: Zero-padthedates

Theaboveexerciseisn’tcompletelyrealistic,however,becausethehuman-readabledatesareusually

writteninamoreshorthandway:

3-9-2001

11-14-2012

5-22-1978

ThemonthofMarch,inotherwords,iswrittensimplyas

,notas

Whyisthatextrazerothere? Ifyouthinkofthecomputer-sortablescenario,thoseextrazerosare

vital. Considertheissueoftwodateswiththesameyear. Inhumanreadableformat:

11-20-2002

3-20-2002

Inmachine-readableformat:

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2002-11-20

2002-3-20

Ifa programsortedtheabovedates,

2002-11-20

wouldcomebefore

2002-3-20

,becausetheleft-

most

iscomparedagainstthe

.Inotherwords,thetensplaceof

isbeingcomparedtotheones

placeof

,whichisnotwhatwewant.

With“zero-padding”,though,thisisn’taproblem:

2002-03-20

2002-11-20

Giventhefollowingdates(inhumanreadableformat):

1-12-1999

4-6-2002

3-3-1973

12-5-2004

Addzeroeswheretheyareneeded:

01-12-1999

04-06-2002

03-03-1973

12-05-2004

Answer

YourfirstinstinctmaybethatthisrequirestworegexFind-and-Replaceoperations. However,we

candoitwithone:

Find \b(\d)\b

Replace 0$1

InEnglish For every single-digit surrounded by word-boundaries, capture the digit. In the

replacementtext,adda

beforethecapturedsingledigit.

Exercise: Padtheyear

Attheturnofthecentury,alotofdatasystemsrecordeddatesas:

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05-14-89

12-03-98

03-15-99

02-01-00

07-07-01

03-08-02

01-22-12

Thereasoningwasthatit’s“obvious”that

refersto

1998

and

refersto

2002

.Ofcourse,itwon’t

beso obviousaswegetfartherintothe21stcentury. So writearegexthatcovertsthetwo-digit

yearsintofour-digits:

05-14-1989

12-03-1998

03-15-1999

02-01-2000

07-07-2001

03-08-2002

01-22-2012

Answer

Thisisalittlebittricky,notleastofwhichbecauseusing aregexhereisnotrecommendedinreal

life. Ifyou’reworkingwithabigdataset,youmighthavedatesthatinclude

1902

alongwith

2002

Andsoyoudon’twanttouseadumbregextodealwiththatambiguity,you’lllikelyneedtowrite

aprogrammingscriptwithsomelogicanderror-handling.

However,sometimesyoujustneedaquickanddirtysolutionifyouknowyourdatadoesn’tcontain

thoseambiguities. Inthiscase,we’llneedto usetworegexoperations, oneeachforpre-2000and

post-2000dates.

Forpre-2000:

Find ([89]\d)$

Replace 19$1

Forpost-2000:

Find ([01]\d)$

Replace 20$1

Exercise

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"What in the world?" " Mary asked.

"Hello!" James yelled.

"Goodbye!" Mary responded.

Re-arrangethelinessothespeakerscomebeforethedialogue.

Mary asked: "What in n the e world?"

James yelled: "Hello!"

Mary responded: "Goodbye!"

Answer

Let’sbreakdownthepatternintoitscomponentpieces:

1. Westartwithaquotationmark

2. Wethenwanttocaptureallthetext(thedialogue)thatisnotaquotationmark.

3. Thenwewanttocaptureallthetext(e.g. “Jamesyelled”)untilthesentence-endingperiod.

Note: Rememberthatthedot-characterisnotaspecialcharacterwhenusedinsidebrackets.

Find

"([ˆ"]+)" ([ˆ.]+)\.

Replace

\2: "\1"

Thenotationisalittleconfusing atfirst. In thefirstpartofthesentence, we’rerepresentingthe

patternwiththreequotationmarks:

"([^"]+)"

Butread outthe pattern to yourself: we are capturing everything that is nota quotation mark

betweentwoquotationmarks.

Themiddlequotationmarkisusedtoindicate,insidethenegativecharacterset,thatwedonotwant

aquotationmarkinthatcontext. Weneedthatthirdquotationmarktosettheboundsofthefirst

capturedgroup.

Asforthatawkwardliteraldot-characterattheend,ifwedidn’tincludeitinthepattern,itwould

notbereplaced. Tryleavingitout:

Find

"([ˆ"]+) ([ˆ.]+)

Replace

\2: "\1"

Andyou’llhaveanawkwardtrailingperiodinyourlines:

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Mary asked: "What in n the e world?".

James yelled: "Hello!".

Mary responded: "Goodbye!".

Using parentheses without capturing

Whatifwewanttouseparenthesesjustasawaytomaintainorderofoperations?

Tomakeasetofparenthesesnon-capturing,simplyaddaquestion-markandcolonimmediately

aftertheleft-brace:

(?:this-pattern-isnt-captured)(this is captured)

Note: Tore-emphasize,thesesymbolsmustshowuponeaftertheotherinthatexactorder.

Ergo:

(?:x)

isnotatallthesameas:

( ?:x)

Giventhistext:

1. J.R. Ewing

2. A.C. Thompson

3. T.A.L. Glass

Andwantingtochangeitto:

1. Ewing

2. Thompson

3. Smith

Thepatternweseektomatchis:

• Anumberfollowedbyaperiod(captured)

• Aseriesofuppercaseletters,eachfollowedbyaperiod(butnotcaptured)

• Astringofword-characters(captured)

ThisistheFind-and-Replace:

Find (\d+.) ([A-Z].)+(\w+)

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Replace \1\3

Notethatwedon’tusethesecondbackreference,whichcontainstheinitials(e.g.

A.C.

T.A.L.

). It

seemskindofwastefultoevenstoreitifwedon’tneedit. Soweneedawaytogroupapatternwe

wanttorepeat–

[A-Z]\.

–withoutcapturingit.

Thisiswherewecouldusenon-capturingparentheses:

Find (\d+.) (?:[A-Z].)+(\w+)

Replace \1\2

The onlychangeistheaddition of

to thesecond-setofparentheses in theFindfield. In the

Replacefield, thereisno longera3rdbackreferencetouse,asonlytwoofthethreeparenthetical

groupsarecapturing.

Capturinggroupsallowustotransformtextinverypowerfulways. Andwithgreatpower,comes

greatpotentialtousethembadly. We’llfindoutinlaterchaptersthatparentheseshaveseveralother

uses,andsoitbehoovesustousecapturinggroupsonlywhenweneedto,elseourregexpatterns

becomeanincomprehensibletangleofparentheses.

Thisisagoodtimetoreadotherinformationsourcesaboutregexes.Regular-expressions.info²¹in

particularhasagreatsummaryofthenuancesofcapturedgroups.

²¹

http://www.regular-expressions.info/brackets.html

Optionality and alternation

Thetwoconceptsinthischapterareactuallymorestraightforwardthanwhatwe’vecoveredinpast

chapter. I liketo think ofthem aswaysto accommodatehumanerror andinconsistency. Were

phonenumbersenteredwithorwithoutdashes? Didanauthoruse“J.F.K.”or“JFK”torefertoJohn

FitzgeraldKennedy? DidyourBritishandAmericanwritersuse“grey”and“gray”throughoutthe

text?

Theoptionalityandalternationoperatorshelpuscreatepatternswhenwedon’tknow for sureif

certaincharactersexistinthetext.

Alternation with the pipe character

Thepipecharacter–

–isusedtomatcheitherpatternontheleftandrightofit:

`a|b|c`

–willmatcheither

,or

.Thisofcourseisequivalentto

[abc]

However,thepipecharactercanbeusedtomatchgroupsofcharactersaswell:

`happy|\d+`

Theabovepatternwouldmatcheither

happy

oraconsecutivestringofnumbers.

Exercise: There, there

The simplest use of alternation can save you from having to run multiple Find operations.

Consideringthattheusesfor“their”,“they’re”,and“there”arecommonlymixedup,writearegex

thatwouldallowyoutoquicklylocateanditeratethrougheachofthehomonyms.

Answer

Find

they're|their|there

Optionalityandalternation

MatchinghomonymsinSublimeText2

Precedencewithalternation

The alternation operator (the pipe character) has a low priority when it comes to priority of

operations.

Forexample,thepattern

gra|ey

willmatch

gra

.Itwouldnotmatch

grey

nor

gray

To match

grey

gray

,wewouldhaveto useparenthesesto groupoperationsto our preferred

order:

gr(a|e)y

Here,the“preferred”orderisthattheregexengine,whenitreachesthethirdcharacterinthepattern,

looksforeitheran

oran

.Withouttheparentheses–

gra|ey

–theregexengineconsidersonlyalternatingbetweenthestrings

gra

and

Exercise: Whois/are

In a particular document, you’ve noticed that the writer has consistently, but incorrectly used

“who’s”and“whois”–forexample:

Shewantstoknowwho’stheagentsresponsibleforthis.

Writearegexthatwilldoamass-replaceofallinstancesof

who's

and

who are

–butuseparentheses

tocreateapatternthatisnotsimply,

who's|who is

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