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regulatory body. An authority or a system of authorities designated
by the government of a State as having legal authority for conducting the
regulatory process, including issuing authorizations, and thereby regulating
nuclear, radiation, radioactive waste and transport safety.
The national competent authority for the regulation of radioactive
material transport safety is included in this description, as is the
regulatory body for protection and safety.
representative person. An individual receiving a dose that is representative
of the doses to the more highly exposed individuals in the population.
The International Commission on Radiological Protection’s Publication
101
5
indicates that the dose to the representative person “is the
equivalent of, and replaces, the mean dose in the ‘critical group’ ”, and
provides guidance on assessing doses to the representative person. The
concept of critical group remains valid.
residual dose. The dose expected to be incurred after protective actions have been
terminated (or after a decision has been taken not to take protective actions).
Residual dose applies for an existing exposure situation or an emergency
exposure situation.
response organization. An organization designated or recognized by a State
as being responsible for managing or implementing any aspect of an
emergency response.
This also includes those organizations or services necessary to support
the management and/or conduct of an emergency response, such
as meteorological services.
site area. A geographical area that contains an authorized facility, authorized
activity or source, and within which the management of the authorized
facility or authorized activity or first responders may directly initiate
emergency response actions.
5 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION
ON RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION,
Assessing Dose of the Representative Person for the Purpose of the Radiation Protection of
the Public and the Optimisation of Radiological Protection: Broadening the Process, ICRP
Publication 101, Elsevier, Oxford (2006).
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This is typically the area within the security perimeter fence or other
designated property marker. It may also be the controlled area around
a radiography source or an inner cordoned off area established by first
responders around a suspected hazard.
on-site (area). (Area) within the site area.
off-site (area). (Area) outside the site area.
source. (1) Anything that may cause radiation exposure — such as by emitting
ionizing radiation or by releasing radioactive substances or radioactive
material — and can be treated as a single entity for purposes of protection
and safety.
For example, materials emitting radon are sources in the environment;
a sterilization gamma irradiation unit is a source for the practice
of irradiation preservation of food and sterilization of other products;
an X ray unit may be a source for the practice of radiodiagnosis; a nuclear
power plant is part of the practice of generating electricity by nuclear
fission, and may be regarded as a source (e.g. with respect to discharges
to the environment) or as a collection of sources (e.g. for occupational
radiation protection purposes). A complex or multiple installation
situated at one location or site may, as appropriate, be considered
a single source for the purposes of application of safety standards.
(2) Radioactive material used as a source of radiation.
Such as those sources used for medical applications or in industrial
instruments. These are, of course, sources as defined in (1), but this
usage in (2) is less general.
dangerous source. A source that could, if not under control, give
rise to exposure sufficient to cause severe deterministic effects.
This categorization is used for determining the need for emergency
arrangements and is not to be confused with categorizations of sources
for other purposes.
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The term dangerous source relates to dangerous quantities of radioactive
material (D-values) as recommended in the IAEA publication
on Dangerous Quantities of Radioactive Material.
6
radioactive source. A source containing radioactive material that is used
as a source of radiation.
special facility. A facility for which predetermined facility specific actions need
to be taken if urgent protective actions are ordered in its locality in the
event of a nuclear or radiological emergency.
Examples include chemical plants that cannot be evacuated until
certain actions have been taken to prevent fire or explosions and
telecommunications centres that must be staffed in order to maintain
telephone services.
special population group. Members of the public for whom special arrangements
are necessary in order for effective protective actions to be taken in the
event of a nuclear or radiological emergency. Examples include persons
with disabilities, hospital patients and prisoners.
stochastic effect. A radiation induced health effect, the probability of occurrence
of which is greater for a higher radiation dose and the severity of which
(if it occurs) is independent of dose.
Stochastic effects may be somatic effects or hereditary effects, and
generally occur without a threshold level of dose. Examples include
solid cancers and leukaemia.
transient population group. Those members of the public who are residing for
a short period of time (days to weeks) in a location (such as a camping
ground) that can be identified in advance. This does not include members
of the public who may be travelling through an area.
transnational emergency. A nuclear or radiological emergency of actual,
potential or perceived radiological significance for more than one State.
6 INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY,
Dangerous Quantities
of Radioactive Material (D-values), Emergency Preparedness and Response Series,
EPR-D-VALUES 2006, IAEA, Vienna (2006).
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This may include:
(1) A significant transboundary release of radioactive material
(however, a transnational emergency does not necessarily imply
a significant transboundary release of radioactive material);
(2) A general emergency at a facility or other event that could result
in a significant transboundary release (atmospheric or aquatic)
of radioactive material;
(3) Discovery of the loss or illicit removal of a dangerous source
that has been transported across, or is suspected of having been
transported across, a national border;
(4) An emergency resulting in significant disruption to international
trade or travel;
(5) An emergency warranting the taking of protective actions for
foreign nationals or embassies in the State in which it occurs;
(6) An emergency resulting in or potentially resulting in severe
deterministic effects and involving a fault and/or problem (such
as in equipment or software) that could have serious implications
for safety internationally;
(7) An emergency resulting in or potentially resulting in great concern
among the population of more than one State owing to the actual
or perceived radiological hazard.
significant transboundary release: A release of radioactive material
to the environment that may result in doses or levels of contamination
beyond national borders from the release which exceed generic criteria
for protective actions and other response actions, including food
restrictions and restrictions on trade.
urgent protective action. See ‘protective action’.
urgent protective action planning zone (UPZ). An area around a facility for
which arrangements have been made to take urgent protective actions in the
event of a nuclear or radiological emergency to avert doses off the site
in accordance with international safety standards. Protective actions within
this area are to be taken on the basis of environmental monitoring — or,
as appropriate, prevailing conditions at the facility.
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warning point. A designated organization to act as a point of contact that
is staffed or able to be alerted at all times for promptly responding to,
or initiating a response to, an incoming notification (meaning (1)) warning
message, request for assistance or request for verification of a message,
as appropriate, from the IAEA.
worker. Any person who works, whether full time, part time or temporarily,
for an employer and who has recognized rights and duties in relation
to occupational radiation protection.
A self-employed person is regarded as having the duties of both
an employer and a worker.
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CONTRIBUTORS TO DRAFTING AND REVIEW
Aaltonen, H.
Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, Finland
Baciu, A.
Consultant, Romania
Baciu, F.
International Atomic Energy Agency
Benderitter, M.
Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear
Safety, France
Blackburn, C.M.
Food and Agriculture Organization of
the United Nations
Boal, T.
International Atomic Energy Agency
Brendebach, B.
Installation and Reactor Safety Company, Germany
Brock, G.
International Civil Aviation Organization
Buglova, E.
International Atomic Energy Agency
Bulski, W.
Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and
Institute of Oncology, Poland
Byron, D.H.
Food and Agriculture Organization of
the United Nations
Carr, Z.
World Health Organization
Charlebois, P.
International Maritime Organization
Chen, P.
World Meteorological Organization
Colgan, T.
International Atomic Energy Agency
Crick, M.
United Nations Scientific Committee on
the Effects of Atomic Radiation
de Cort, M.
European Commission
Delves, D.
International Atomic Energy Agency
dos Santos, R.
National Nuclear Energy Commission, Brazil
Evans, R.L.
International Atomic Energy Agency
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100
Gaunt, M.
International Labour Organization,
International Organization of Employers
Gioia, A.
International Atomic Energy Agency
González, A.J.
Nuclear Regulatory Authority, Argentina
Gusev, I.
International Atomic Energy Agency
Heinrich, A.
United States Department of Energy,
United States of America
Hlavacka, R.
International Atomic Energy Agency
Homma, T.
Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Japan
Hubbard, L.
Swedish Radiation Protection Authority, Sweden
Jiménez, P.
Pan American Health Organization
Jones, C.G.
Permanent Mission of the United States of America
to the International Atomic Energy Agency,
United States of America
Jourdain, J.-R.
Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear
Safety, France
Kenigsberg, J.
National Commission on Radiation Protection, Belarus
King, A.
INTERPOL
Kumano, Y.
International Atomic Energy Agency
Kutkov, V.
Kurchatov Institute National Research Centre,
Russian Federation
Lafortune, J.-F.
International Atomic Energy Agency
Lazo, E.
OECD Nuclear Energy Agency
Lecomte, J.-F.
Institute for Radiological Protection and
Nuclear Safety, France
Linsley, G.
Consultant, United Kingdom
Maree, M.
Koeberg Nuclear Power Station, South Africa
Markkanen, M.
Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, Finland
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