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SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, that hosted the ﬁrst web server in the United States (in

fact

the ﬁrst web server outside Europe). When

Tony wrote this message, SLAC was an old-

timer on the WWW, having hosted

ﬁve pages on its web server for a whopping 441 days.

Tony continued:

While we are on the subject of new tags, I have another, somewhat similar tag,

whi I would like to support in Midas 2.0. In principle it is:

e intention here would be that the second document is to be included into the

ﬁrst document at the place where the tag occured. In principle the referenced

document could be anything, but the main purpose was to allow images (in this

case arbitrary sized) to be embedded into documents. Again the intention would be

that when HTTP2 comes along the format of the included document would be up

for separate negotiation.

“HTTP2” is a reference to

Basic HTTP as deﬁned in 1992. At this point, in early 1993, it was

still largely unimplemented. e dra known as “HTTP2” evolved and was eventually

standardized as “HTTP 1.0” (albeit

not for another three years). HTTP 1.0 did include

request

headers for content negotiation, a.k.a. “MIME, someday, maybe.”

Tony continued:

An alternative I was considering was:

< A HR R EF = = " ..." I I NC L U DE> > S e e p p h o t o o < < / A>

I don’t mu like adding more functionality to the

< A>

tag, but the idea here is to

maintain compatibility with browsers that can not honour the

I NC L U DE

parameter.

e intention is that browsers whi do understand

I NC C L U DE

, replace the anor

text (in this case “See photo”) with the included document (picture), while older or

dumber browsers ignore the

I NC L U DE

tag completely.

is proposal was never implemented, although the idea of providing text if an image is

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missing is

an important accessibility tenique that was missing from Marc’s initial

proposal. Years later, this feature was bolted on as the

aribute, whi Netscape

promptly broke by

erroneously treating it as a tooltip.

A few hours aer Tony posted his message,

Tim Berners-Lee responded:

I had imagined that ﬁgues would be reprented as

< a a n n a m m e e = f i i g g 1 h h r e e f = = " f g g h h j k d f g g h j " R R EL = = " " EM M BED, PR R ES ENT " " > > F i i g u u r r e

< / / a >

where the relation ship values mean

EM BED Em m b e e d t t h i i s h h e r r e e wh h e e n n p p r e e se e n t i i n n g i i t

PR ES ENT Pr r e e se n t t t t h i s wh h e n n e e ve r t t h e so o u r ce e d o o cu u m m e n t i i s

p r e se e n n t e d

Note that you can have various combinations of these, and if the browser doesn’t

support either one, it doesn’t break.

[I] see that using this as a method for selectable icons means nesting anors.

Hmmm. But I hadn’t wanted a special tag.

is proposal was never implemented, but the

r e l

aribute is

still around.

Jim Davis added:

It would be nice if there was a way to specify the content type, e.g.

< I I M G HR R EF = = " " h h t t p : : / / / n sa a .g g o v/ / p p u b / / so u n d s/ / g o r b y y .a u " " C C O NT T ENT T -

T YPE= = a a u u d i i o / / b a a si c>

But I am completely willing to live with the requirement that I specify the content

type by ﬁle extension.

is proposal was never implemented, but Netscape did later add support for embedding of

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media objects with the

< e m m b e e d >

element.

Jay C. Weber asked:

While images are at the top of my list of desired medium types in a WWW

browser, I don’t think we should add idiosyncratic hooks for media one at a time.

Whatever happened to the enthusiasm for using the MIME typing meanism?

Marc Andreessen replied:

is isn’t a substitute for the upcoming use of MIME as a standard document

meanism; this provides a necessary and simple implementation of functionality

that’s needed independently from MIME.

Jay C. Weber responded:

Let’s temporarily forget about MIME, if it clouds the issue. My objection was to

the discussion of “how are we going to support embedded images” rather than

“how are we going to support embedded objections in various media”.

Otherwise, next week someone is going to suggest ‘lets put in a new tag

< AU D

S R R C = " f i i l e : / / / / f o o o b a a r .co o m m / f o o o o / / b a a r / / b l l a r g g h h .sn d " " >

‘ for audio.

ere shouldn’t be mu cost in going with something that generalizes.

With the beneﬁt of hindsight, it appears that Jay’s concerns were well founded. It took a lile

more than a week, but HTML5 did ﬁnally add new

< vi d e e o >

and

< a a u d i i o o >

elements.

Responding to Jay’s original message,

Dave Ragge said:

True indeed! I want to consider a whole range of possible image/line art types,

along with the possibility of format negotiation. Tim’s note on supporting cliable

areas within images is also important.

Later in 1993,

Dave Ragge proposed

HTML+ as an evolution of the HTML standard. e

proposal was never implemented, and it was superseded by

HTML 2.0. HTML 2.0 was a

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“retro-spec,” whi means it formalized features already in common use. “

is speciﬁcation

brings together, clariﬁes, and formalizes a set of features that roughly corresponds to the

capabilities of HTML in common use prior to June 1994.”

Dave later wrote

HTML 3.0, based on his earlier HTML+ dra. Outside of the W3C’s own

reference implementation,

Arena), HTML 3.0 was never implemented, and it was superseded

HTML 3.2, another “retro-spec”: “

HTML 3.2 adds widely deployed features su as tables,

applets and text ﬂow around images, while providing full bawards compatibility with the

existing standard HTML 2.0.”

Dave later co-authored

HTML 4.0, developed

HTML Tidy, and went on to help with XHTML,

XForms, MathML, and other modern W3C speciﬁcations.

Geing ba to 1993,

Marc replied to Dave:

Actually, maybe we should think about a general-purpose procedural graphics

language within whi we can embed arbitrary hyperlinks aaed to icons,

images, or text, or anything. Has anyone else seen Intermedia’s capabilities wrt

this?

Intermedia was a hypertext project from Brown University. It was developed from 1985 to

1991 and ran on

A/UX, a Unix-like operating system for early Macintosh computers.

e idea of a “general-purpose procedural graphics language” did eventually cat on. Modern

browsers support both

SVG (declarative markup with embedded scripting) and

< ca n va s>

procedural direct-mode graphics API), although the laer

started as a proprietary extension

before being “retro-specced” by the

WHATWG.

Bill Janssen replied:

Other systems to look at whi have this (fairly valuable) notion are Andrew and

Slate. Andrew is built with _insets_, ea of whi has some interesting type, su

as text, bitmap, drawing, animation, message, spreadsheet, etc. e notion of

arbitrary recursive embedding is present, so that an inset of any kind can be

embedded in any other kind whi supports embedding. For example, an inset can

be embedded at any point in the text of the text widget, or in any rectangular area

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“Andrew” is a reference to the

Andrew User Interface System (although at that time it was

simply known as the

Andrew Project).

Meanwhile,

omas Fine had a diﬀerent idea:

Here’s my opinion. e best way to do images in WWW is by using MIME. I’m

sure postscript is already a supported subtype in MIME, and it deals very nicely

with mixing text and graphics.

But it isn’t cliable, you say? Yes your right. I suspect there is already an answer

to this in display postscript. Even if there isn’t the addition to standard postscript is

trivial. Deﬁne an anor command whi speciﬁes the URL and uses the current

path as a closed region for the buon. Since postscript deals so well with paths,

this makes arbitrary buon shapes trivial.

Display Postscript was an on-screen rendering tenology co-developed by Adobe and NeXT.

is proposal was never implemented, but the idea that the best way to ﬁx HTML is to

replace it with something else altogether

still pops up from time to time.

Tim Berners-Lee, Mar 2, 1993:

HTTP2 allows a document to contain any type whi the user has said he can

handle, not just registered MIME types. So one can experiment. Yes I think there is

a case for postscript with hypertext. I don’t know whether display postcript has

enough. I know Adobe are trying to establish their own postscript-based “PDF”

whi will have links, and be readable by their proprietory brand of viewers.

I thought that a generic overlaying language for anors (Hytime based?) would

allow the hypertext and the graphics/video standards to evolve separately, whi

would help both.

Let the

I M G

tag be

I NC C L U DE

and let it refer to an arbitrary document type. Or

EM BED

I NC C L U DE

sounds like a cpp include whi people will expect to provide

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SGML source code to be parsed inline — not what was intended.

HyTime was an early, SGML-based hypertext document system. It loomed large in early

discussions of HTML, and later XML.

Tim’s proposal for an

tag was never implemented, although you can see eoes

of it in

< o b j j e e ct >

< e m b e e d >

, and the

element.

Finally, on Mar 12, 1993,

Marc Andreessen revisited the thread:

Ba to the inlined image thread again — I’m geing close to releasing Mosaic

v0.10, whi will support inlined GIF and XBM images/bitmaps, as mentioned

previously. …

We’re not prepared to support

I NC C L U DE

EM BED

at this point. … So we’re probably

going to go with

(not

I C O N

, since not all inlined images can

be meaningfully called icons). For the time being, inlined images won’t be

explicitly content-type’d; down the road, we plan to support that (along with the

general adaptation of MIME). Actually, the image reading routines we’re currently

using ﬁgure out the image format on the ﬂy, so the ﬁlename extension won’t even

be signiﬁcant.

❧❧

AN UNBROKEN LINE

I am extraordinarily fascinated with all aspects of this almost-17-year-old conversation that led

to the creation of an HTML element that has been used on virtually every web page ever

published. Consider:

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HTTP still exists. HTTP successfully evolved from 0.9

into 1.0 and later 1.1.

And still it evolves.

HTML still exists. at rudimentary data format — it

didn’t even support inline images! — successfully

evolved into 2.0, 3.2, 4.0. HTML is an unbroken line. A

twisted, knoed, snarled line, to be sure. ere were

plenty of “dead branes” in the evolutionary tree,

places where standards-minded people got ahead of

themselves (and ahead of authors and implementors).

But still. Here we are, in 2010, and

web pages from

1990 still render in modern browsers. I just loaded one

up in the browser of my state-of-the-art Android

mobile phone, and I didn’t even get prompted to

“please wait while importing legacy format…”

HTML has always been a conversation between

browser makers, authors, standards wonks, and other

people who just showed up and liked to talk about angle braets. Most of the

successful versions of HTML have been “retro-specs,” cating up to the world while

simultaneously trying to nudge it in the right direction. Anyone who tells you that

HTML should be kept “pure” (presumably by ignoring browser makers, or ignoring

authors, or both) is simply misinformed. HTML has never been pure, and all aempts to

purify it have been spectacular failures, mated only by the aempts to replace it.

None of the browsers from 1993 still exist in any recognizable form. Netscape Navigator

was

abandoned in 1998 and

rewrien from scrat to create the Mozilla Suite, whi was

then

forked to create Firefox. Internet Explorer had its humble “beginnings” in “Microso

Plus! for Windows 95,” where it was bundled with some desktop themes and a pinball

game. (But of course that browser

can be traced ba further too.)

Some of the operating systems from 1993 still exist, but none of them are relevant to the

modern web. Most people today who “experience” the web do so on a PC running

Windows 2000 or later, a Mac running Mac OS X, a PC running some ﬂavor of Linux,

or a handheld device like an iPhone. In 1993, Windows was at version 3.1 (and

competing with OS/2), Macs were running System 7, and Linux was distributed via

Usenet. (Want to have some fun? Find a graybeard and whisper “Trumpet Winso” or

“MacPPP.”)

Some of the same people are still around and still involved in what we now simply call

“web standards.” at’s aer almost 20 years. And some were involved in predecessors

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of HTML, going ba into the 1980s and before.

Speaking of predecessors… With the eventual popularity of HTML and the web, it is

easy to forget the contemporary formats and systems that informed its design. Andrew?

Intermedia? HyTime? And HyTime was not some rinky-dink academic resear project;

was an ISO standard. It was approved for military use. It was Big Business. And you can

read about it yourself…

on this HTML page, in your web browser.

But none of this answers the original question: why do we have an

element? Why not

element? Or an

element? Why not a hyperlink with an

i n cl u u d e

aribute, or some combination of

r e l

values? Why an

element? ite simply, because

Marc Andreessen shipped one, and shipping code wins.

at’s not to say that all shipping code wins; aer all, Andrew and Intermedia and HyTime

shipped code too. Code is necessary but not suﬃcient for success. And I certainly don’t mean

to say that shipping code before a standard will produce the best solution. Marc’s

element didn’t mandate a common graphics format; it didn’t deﬁne how text ﬂowed around

it; it didn’t support text alternatives or fallba content for older browsers. And 17 years later,

we’re still struggling with content sniﬃng, and it’s still

a source of crazy security

vulnerabilities. And you can trace that all the way ba, 17 years, through the

Great Browser

Wars, all the way ba to February 25, 1993, when Marc Andreessen oandedly remarked,

“MIME, someday, maybe,” and then shipped his code anyway.

e ones that win are the ones that ship.

❧❧

A TIMELINE OF HTML DEVELOPMENT

FROM 1997 TO 2004

In December 1997, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) published

HTML 4.0 and

promptly shut down the HTML Working Group. Less than two months later, a separate W3C

Working Group published

XML 1.0. A mere three months aer that, the people who ran the

W3C held a workshop called “

Shaping the Future of HTML” to answer the question, “Has

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W3C given up on HTML?” is was their answer:

In discussions, it was agreed that further extending HTML 4.0 would be diﬃcult, as

would converting 4.0 to be an XML application. e proposed way to break free of

these restrictions is to make a fresh start with the next generation of HTML based

upon a suite of XML tag-sets.

e W3C re-artered the HTML Working Group to create this “suite of XML tag-sets.” eir

ﬁrst step, in December 1998, was a dra of an interim speciﬁcation that simply

reformulated

HTML in XML without adding any new elements or aributes. is speciﬁcation later became

known as “

XHTML 1.0.” It deﬁned a new MIME type for XHTML documents,

a p p l i i ca a t i o o n n / x h t t m m l +x m m l

. However, to ease the migration of existing HTML 4 pages, it

also included

Appendix C, that “summarizes design guidelines for authors who wish their

XHTML documents to render on existing HTML user agents.” Appendix C said you were

allowed to author so-called “XHTML” pages but still serve them with the

t e x t / / h h t m l

MIME

type.

eir next target was web forms. In August 1999, the same HTML Working Group published

a ﬁrst dra of

XHTML Extended Forms. ey set the expectations

in the ﬁrst paragraph:

Aer careful consideration, the HTML Working Group has decided that the goals

for the next generation of forms are incompatible with preserving bawards

compatibility with browsers designed for earlier versions of HTML. It is our

objective to provide a clean new forms model (“XHTML Extended Forms”) based

on a set of well-deﬁned requirements. e requirements described in this document

are based on experience with a very broad spectrum of form applications.

A few months later, “XHTML Extended Forms” was renamed “XForms” and

moved to its own

Working Group. at group worked in parallel with the HTML Working Group and ﬁnally

published

the ﬁrst edition of XForms 1.0 in October 2003.

Meanwhile, with the transition to XML complete, the HTML Working Group set their sights

on creating “the next generation of HTML.” In May 2001, they published

the ﬁrst edition of

XHTML 1.1, that added

only a few minor features on top of XHTML 1.0, but also eliminated

the “Appendix C” loophole. Starting with version 1.1, all XHTML documents were to be

served with a MIME type of

a p p p l l i ca t t i i o n / x x h h t m l +x m l

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❧❧

EVERYTHING YOU KNOW ABOUT

XHTML IS WRONG

Why are MIME types important? Why do I keep coming ba to them? ree words:

draconian

error handling. Browsers have always been “forgiving” with HTML. If you create an HTML

page but forget the

< / h e a a d >

tag, browsers will display the page anyway. (Certain tags

implicitly trigger the end of the

< h h e a d >

and the start of the

.) You are supposed to

nest tags hierarically — closing them in last-in-ﬁrst-out order — but if you create markup

> > < > < < / / i >

, browsers will just deal with it (somehow) and move on without

displaying an error message.

As you might expect, the fact that “broken” HTML markup still

worked in web browsers led authors to create broken HTML

pages. A lot of broken pages. By some estimates, over 99% of

HTML pages on the web today have at least one error in them.

But because these errors don’t cause browsers to display visible

error messages, nobody ever ﬁxes them.

e W3C saw this as a fundamental problem with the web, and

they set out to correct it. XML, published in 1997, broke from

the tradition of forgiving clients and mandated that all programs

that consumed XML must treat so-called “well-formedness”

errors as fatal. is concept of failing on the ﬁrst error became

known as “draconian error handling,” aer the Greek leader

Draco who instituted the death penalty for relatively minor

infractions of his laws. When the W3C reformulated HTML as

an XML vocabulary, they mandated that all documents served

with the new

a p p l l i i ca t i o o n n / x h t t m m l +x m m l

MIME type would be subject to draconian error

handling. If there was even a single well-formedness error in your XHTML page — su as

forgeing the

< / h e e a a d >

tag or improperly nesting start and end tags — web browsers would

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