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If you make websites like these your regular haunts, you’ll be well on your way to

becoming a CSS guru. Perhaps I’ll be reading one of your books on the topic one

day?

Learning JavaScript

The next logical step after you learn HTML and CSS is to take on a client-side

scripting language, which really boils down to learning JavaScript.

In Chapter 11,Idemonstratedhow youcould usethejQuerylibrarytoachieve some

impressive effects with a minimum of fuss. It’s a quick way to do stuff, but if you

reach straight for jQuery without understanding the underlying fundamentals of

JavaScript, you’llnever trulybecome an expertin JavaScript. If jQuerypiqued your

interest, I’d suggest a crash course in basic JavaScript.

Unusually,I’mgoing torecommend thatyou don’trefer toanyofficialdocumentation

on this language because, frankly, I don’t think it’s the best way to learn JavaScript

(it’s the best way to be scared off, though!). I quite like the modular, step-by-step

approach thatW3Schoolstakesin teachingJavaScript,atitsLearn JavaScriptpage

Iwish that I’d been able to learn in such a nice way when I began to tinker with

this language!

With JavaScript, the possibilities are limited only by your imagination. If you find

yourself thinking, “I’d like that part of the web page to be movable,” or, “I want to

be able to hide this part of the web page at the click of a button,” JavaScript will let

you do it.

Compared with HTML and CSS, though, JavaScript is quite complicated. This is

partly because JavaScript is very unforgiving when it comes to typing errors—one

missing semicolon, and your whole script may break—and partly because no one

can anticipate what tasks you’re going to ask JavaScript to perform on your site.

Hence, teaching it can never be as focused or strictly defined as other topics.

To my mind, the budding JavaScripter would be best to do the following:

Itispossible to runa similar languagecalled VBScript, butit’snotwidely supported as aclient-side

language,andIcan’trecommenditforuseonawebsiteassomebrowsersdonotprovidebuilt-insupport

for it. I mention it hereso that you are, atleast, awareofits existence.

http://www.w3schools.com/js/js_intro.asp

Build Your Own Website The Right Way Using HTML & CSS

494

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■

Run through the W3Schools tutorial, and be sure to try out all the examples for

afeel of what the language can do.

■

Think about a practical use for JavaScript on your own website (having run

through the tutorial, you should have a sense of how you might utilize this

technology). Then, try putting it into action.

■

Trawl through SitePoint’s extensive backcatalog of JavaScript-related articles,

beginning with Kevin Yank’s “JavaScript 101.”

■

Be sure to ask any questions you have about JavaScript at SitePoint’s dedicated

JavaScript forum.

■

Naturally, SitePoint has a great book for you: Kevin Yank and Cameron Adams

have compiled everythingyouneed forlearningJavaScriptfrom scratch in Simply

JavaScript.

Becoming a jQuery Guru

With the fundamentals of JavaScript under your belt, it’s time to take another look

at jQuery. You’ll be amazed at how much easier writing good jQuery code will be

with this understanding of JavaScript now firmly in place.

But where can you learn from? Thankfully, there are numerous jQuery resources

that you can refer to. The official documentation can be found at jQuerys website

at http://docs.jquery.com/, but it will present the same kind of challenges that the

W3C’s CSS and HTML documents doto beginners. Namely, itcan be a bit daunting

initially. There are numerous resources for jQuery now, being as popular as it is on

the Web, but I really like the video walk-throughs that Remy Sharp does on his

website jQuery for Designers (http://jqueryfordesigners.com/).

Ifyou prefer to sitdown with agoodbook (andI’m guessing you’re quitecomfortable

with that approach!), SitePoint have a great jQuery book called jQuery: Novice to

Ninja (http://www.sitepoint.com/books/jquery1/). As the title suggests, it’s perfect

for JavaScript beginners like your good self.

All SitePoint’s JavaScript articlesarelistedathttp://www.sitepoint.com/subcat/javascript.

http://www.sitepoint.com/article/javascript-101-1

http://www.sitepoint.com/launch/javascriptforum/

http://www.sitepoint.com/books/phpmysql1/

495

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Improving Website Performance

With allthe HTML, CSS, and JavaScript thatyou’vepicked up, there’s another area

that you can learn which really brings it all together; if you can come to grips with

it, it will elevate you from mere web developer to front-end engineer. Sounds im-

pressive, right? If you like the idea of calling yourself that, you’ll need to get stuck

into the details.

Improving website performance is about the following topics:

■

making sure content is delivered to the client's computer as quickly as possible

■

using the best techniques for displaying images (correct choice of image types,

better use of caching)

■

configuring the server (assuming you have that level of access) for best results

■

creating the perception of speedier pages by making content render quickly on

the screen, even if there’s still content remaining to be downloaded

Steve Souders wrote twobooks on the topic of website optimization (for which I’m

verythankful), but you can read thebulkofthe rules for freeon theYahooDeveloper

Networkarticle “BestPractices for Speeding Up Your Website.”

Some of therules

you’ll already be following from reading this book (for example, placing scripts at

the end of the web page), while others will be new and (I hope) intriguing.

Istronglyrecommend that you lookattheuse ofCSS sprites,which are in the section

called Minimize HTTP Requests, if nothing else.

Learning Server-side Programming

The finalpartofthis road map tobecominganall-roundwebdesigner and developer

involves server-side programming (or server-side scripting). While JavaScript is

downloaded to the client computer and executed there, server-side scripts are ex-

ecuted on the server before theresultingwebpage is senttotheclient. We use these

types of scripting in different ways but, generally, you can assume the following:

http://developer.yahoo.com/performance/rules.html

http://developer.yahoo.com/performance/rules.html#num_http

Build Your Own Website The Right Way Using HTML & CSS

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■

JavaScript is best used to change the display or behavior of elements on the

screen in front of you. Depending on what the script does, even if you discon-

nected your internet connection, the JavaScript may quite happily continue to

function, as it’s running locally on your computer within a page that’s already

downloaded to your hard drive.

■

Server-side programming is best used to retrieve or update information stored

in adatabase,and togenerate awebpagebased on that information. With server-

side programming, a site user’s action might be intended to change a record in

your database. Thus, aserver-sidelanguage is essentialfor taskssuch as checking

stock levels on an ecommerce site, and adjusting them if an order is placed.

JavaScript alone could not achieve this.

Ofcourse, youcould useboth;for example, adynamicallygenerated webpagebased

oncertain search criteria. Asearch on an ecommerce website—such asAmazon—that

displayed a selection of toasters would use server-side scripting to build the search

results page, which would be sent for display on the client computer. JavaScript

could then be used on the client computer to manipulate that web page in some

way, perhaps allowing the user to drag and drop items into a shopping cart.

In fact, the lines between client-side and server-sidescripting are beingincreasingly

blurred, thanks largely to Ajax. No, it’s not a cleaning product (well, not here), but

afancybuzzword for acollection oftechniques that make useofthe aforementioned

scripting to create dynamic changes to the page. Using Ajax, it’s possible to let

JavaScript manipulate sections on a page and ask the server to process small parts

of code; then update the page without forcing a complete page reload. It’s difficult

to explain, so at this point I usually refer to Google Maps. It may not surprise you

to know that when you load Google Maps, it doesn’t load all of the country’s maps

in one go! It loads the contentfor the current window and some surrounding areas;

then, as you click and drag on the map, JavaScript sends a request to the server to

fetch the next parts of the map before you need them. It updates the page without

you realizing, so it’s unnecessary to reload the whole page. That’s a great example

of Ajax in action right there.

There’s agreatexample ofthiskind ofdrag-and-dropbehavior onPanic’s website

[http://www.panic.com/].

497

Where to Now? What You Could Learn Next

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Scripting Languages in Brief

Your options for server-side programmingare many. All the languages below could

be used to create dynamic web pages and retrieve information from databases:

■

PHP

■

ASP/ASP.NET

■

ColdFusion

■

Perl

■

Python

■

Ruby/Ruby on Rails

There are many more in addition to this short list, believe me! Which one’s right

for you, though? This is where we start to veer into dangerous territory! The pro-

ponents of each language will swear blind that their language is the best tool for

the job. In reality, each has its pros and cons, and some do a better job in certain

circumstances than others. I can’t list the strengths and weaknesses of all of them

here—it would take far too long, and only confuse matters at this stage.

My advice would be to find out which languages your hosting company supports.

That will refine your options quite quickly—there’s little point in learning a

scripting language only to find out that it won’t work with your current hosting

provider. If you’re unsure which way to go next, you can always post questions to

SitePoint’s Program Your Site forum.

Explain your requirements and your level

of expertise, and you can expectto receive sound advice on which language is best

suited to your needs, and why.

Learning PHP

Of those languages listed above, I would recommend that you make PHP your first

server-side language, because it’s:

■

intuitive and fairly easy to learn

■

highly configurable and flexible

■

agreat companion language for MySQL (a free, full-featured database software)

■

very widelysupported by hosting providers (cheap PHP hosting is easy to find)

Actually, http://www.sitepoint.com/launch/programsiteforum/ [???]is acollectionof SitePoint’s

subforums thatdeal withspecificlanguages—it’s your best starting point for this kindof query.

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■

portable—PHP can be run on Windows, Mac OS, and Linux, so if you switch

platforms it won’t be an issue (unlike ASP/ASP.NET)

Where Can You Learn PHP?

It’s beyond thescope ofthis bookfor metoteach you how tocreateasite in PHP—or

any other language, for that matter—but there are many books that do exactly that.

Once again, SitePoint has covered this for you: Kevin Yank, an acknowledged PHP

expert, is the author of Build Your Own Database Driven Website Using PHP &

MySQL.

Ifyou wantto build on theknowledgeyou’vegained in this booktocreate

dynamic websites, Kevin’s book is the next logical step.

If, having donesomeresearch,you decide to build your site using Microsoft’s .NET

Framework,

SitePoint can help you with this, too: Build Your Own ASP.NET 3.5

Website Using C# & VB.NET,

by Cristian Darie and Wyatt Barnett, will tell you

how to build a dynamic website using this technology.

Summary

In this chapter, I’ve provided some pointers as to how you can take your web skills

to the next level. I’ve suggested resources that will help you refine your HTML and

CSS skills to perfection, highlighted JavaScript as a very practical addition to your

virtual toolbox, and promoted scripting languages as a means to creating killer

websites. However, the path you choose from this point on is entirely up to you.

All Ihope is that you’ve enjoyed thesteps you’vetaken to reach this point, and that

I’ve set you up well for the journey ahead. Happy coding!

http://www.sitepoint.com/books/phpmysql1/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.NET

http://www.sitepoint.com/books/aspnet3/

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Index

Symbols

&(ampersand)

entity for, 42

preceding entities, 41

<> (angle brackets), enclosing tags, 26

©(copyright), entity for, 42

{} (curly braces), 79

!(exclamation point),precedingdoctype,

!— (exclamation point, double dashes),

preceding comments, 39

>(greater than), entity for, 42

<(less than), entity for, 42

#(number sign), preceding contextual

selectors, 101–102

.(period), preceding class selectors, 111

£(pound), entity for, 42

/* */ (slash asterisk), enclosing com-

ments in CSS, 81

™(trademark), entity for, 42

a(anchor) element, 49, 64–68, 106

(see also links)

AList Apart (ALA), 488

absolute positioning, 151–161, 162–164

accessibility, 178–181, 223, 228–231,

240–241, 361

actions, jQuery, 418

active state of links, 107

AddFreeStats, 460

Adobe Fireworks, 11

Adobe Photoshop, 10, 203

Adobe Photoshop Express, 15

ALA (A List Apart), 488

&amp entity, 42

ampersand (&)

entity for, 42

preceding entities, 41

angle brackets (<>), enclosing tags, 26

API (Application Programming Inter-

face), 332

article element, 382–383

aside element, 379–380

attribute selectors, 408

attributes of an element, 26, 27

b(bold) element, 99

background images, 207–217

multiple, 408

nonrepeating, 211

repeated, 207–210

for table cells, 237

background property (shorthand), 212

background-color property, 90, 94, 208

background-image property, 207–211

background-position property, 211

background-repeat property, 208–210

bandwidth, 337, 345

"Best Practices for Speeding Up Your

Website", 496

block-level elements, 120–122

borders for, 130–137

display as, 273, 375

nesting, 124

sizing, 126–130

blockquote element, 68–70

blogs, implementing, 301

body element, 24, 32, 378

bold text (see b (bold) element; strong

element)

border property (shorthand), 136, 226

border-bottom properties, 135

border-collapse property, 227

border-color property, 130–135, 137

border-left properties, 135

border-radius style, 392–394

border-right properties, 135

borders

for block-level elements, 130–137

collapsing, 227

for images, 188–189

padding for, 142–144

rounded corners for, 392–394

in tables, 226

temporary, to see design of web site,

149

border-style property, 130–135, 137

border-top properties, 135

border-width property, 130–135, 136

box model, 147

box-shadow style, 395–398

br (break) element, 71–72

BrowserCam, 429

browsers, xxiii–xxiv, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9

(see also specific browsers)

bugs in, finding out about, 432

caching used by, 87

CSS support by, 80

CSS3 support by, 370, 389–391

extensions for, 432–454

history stored by, clearing, 110

HTML5 support by, 370–372

multiple, keepingopenwhiledevelop-

ing, 428–430

rendering engines for, 428

testing websites in, 349–350

vendor prefixes for, 389–391

Browsershots, 429

Bubble Under web site example (see

diving club web site example)

Build Your Own ASP.NET 3.5 Website

Using C# & VB.NET, 499

Build Your Own Database Driven Web-

site Using PHP & MySQL, 348, 499

bullet list (see ul (unordered list) ele-

ment)

caching, by browser, 87

canvas element, 388

caption element, 190, 230, 231

captions

for images, 189–195

for tables, 230, 231

Cascading Style Sheets (see CSS)

cell phone (see mobile phone)

cell spacing, 227

cells, 224, 225

background images for, 237

merging, 238–239

character set, 30

chat forums (see discussion forums)

checkbox control, 252–253, 277–279

Chrome, xxiii, 349, 428

citations, 70

cite element, 70

class selectors, 111–114, 126, 131, 228

click() event, jQuery, 418

client, 336

502

Client-Server Model, 335–336

client-side scripting language, 412

color property, 74, 75, 76, 79, 81, 92, 93,

colored borders, 132, 133, 134

columns, 238

(see also cells; header cells)

comments

in CSS, 81

in HTML, 38–41, 58

in JavaScript, 420

common.js file, 415, 419

contact information on website, 262–282

contact information on website, 46–49

contextual selectors, 101, 102

controls, 249–257

(see also forms)

checkbox control, 252–253, 277–279

default appearance of, 259–262

default values for, 420–423

drop-down listcontrol,255–257, 274–

275

hidden input control, 252

in HTML5, 387

labels for, 248, 268, 271–273

password input control, 251

radio button control, 254–255, 277–

279

text area control, 257, 276–277

text input control, 249–251, 268–270

&copy entity, 42

cropping images, 195–199

CSS (Cascading Style Sheets), xxvii

(see also specific properties)

benefits of, for layout, 223–224

for block-level elements, 125

border padding, 142–144

borders for block-level elements,130–

137

borders for images, 188–189

box model using, 147

browser support for, 80

bugs in, finding out about, 432

classselectors,111–114, 126, 131, 228

comments in, 81

conflicting styles, precedence of, 105

context for styles, 99–102

contextual selectors, 102

disabling, for testing, 444–445

embedded stylesheets, 78–80

external stylesheets, 80–83

for forms, 266–268, 271–273

grouping styles, 103–105

headings, padding for, 144–145

inline styles, 74–77, 125

inspecting, for testing, 439, 449

lists, styling, 173–174

margins, 146

partial text, styling, 115–116

positioning elements, 148–172

properties for, 83–99

sizing block-level elements, 126–130

specification for, 490

styling links, 106–109

for tables, 226, 233–237

updating for HTML5 elements, 374–

378

validating, 430–432

versions of, 74

CSS Discuss wiki, 493

CSS sprites, 496

CSS Zen Garden, 488–490

503

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