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An Introduction to XML and Web Technologies

HTML and Web Pages

Anders Møller & Michael I. Schwartzbach

An Introduction to XML and Web Technologies

Objectives

ɷ The history of HTML

ɷ URLs and related schemes

ɷ Survivor's guides to HTML and CSS

ɷ Limitations of HTML

ɷ Unicode

ɷ The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)

An Introduction to XML and Web Technologies

Hypertext

ɷ Collections ofdocument connected by hyperlinks

ɷ Paul Otlet, philosophicaltreatise (1934)

ɷ Vannevar Bush, hypothetical Memex system (1945)

ɷ Ted Nelson introduced hypertext(1968)

ɷ Hypermediageneralizes hypertext beyondtext

An Introduction to XML and Web Technologies

Markup

Languages

ɷ Notation for adding formal structure to text

ɷ Charles Goldfarb, theINLINE system (1970)

ɷ Standard GeneralizedMarkup Language, SGML (1986)

ɷ DTD, element, attribute, tag, entity:

<!DOCTYPE greeting [

<!ELEMENT greeting (#PCDATA)>

<!ATTLIST greeting style (big|small) "small">

<!ENTITY hi "Hello">

<greeting style="big"> &hi; world! </greeting>

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An Introduction to XML and Web Technologies

The

Origins

OriginsofofthetheWWW

WWW

ɷ WWW was invented by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN (1989)

ɷ Hypertextacross the Internet (replacingFTP)

ɷ Threeconstituents: HTML + URL + HTTP

ɷ HTML is an SGML language for hypertext

ɷ URL is an notation for locating files on serves

ɷ HTTP is a high-level protocolfor file transfers

An Introduction to XML and Web Technologies

The

Design

Design ofofHTML

HTML

ɷ Simple, purist design principles

ɷ HTML describes thelogicalstructure of a document

ɷ Browsers are free to interprettags differently

ɷ HTML is a lightweightfile format

ɷ Size offile containing just ”Hello World!”:

28 bytes

HTML

19,456 bytes

MS Word

4,915 bytes

PDF

11,274 bytes

Postscript

An Introduction to XML and Web Technologies

The

History

HTML

ɷ 1992: HTML 1.0, Tim Berners-Lee original proposal

ɷ 1993: HTML+, some physicallayout

ɷ 1994: HTML 2.0, standard with bestfeatures

ɷ 1995: Non-standard Netscape features

ɷ 1996: Competing Netscape and Explorer features

ɷ 1996: HTML 3.2, the Browser Wars end

ɷ 1997: HTML 4.0, stylesheets are introduced

ɷ 1999: HTML 4.01, we have a winner!

ɷ 2000: XHTML 1.0, an XML version ofHTML 4.01

ɷ 2001: XHTML 1.1, modularization

ɷ 2002: XHTML 2.0, simplified and generalized

An Introduction to XML and Web Technologies

Uniform Resource

Locator

ɷ A Web resourceis locatedby a URL

http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/

ɷ Relative URL

sgml/dtd.html

ɷ Fragment identifier

http://www.w3.org/TR/HTML4/#minitoc

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An Introduction to XML and Web Technologies

URIs

URNs

URNs, and

, and

IRIs

ɷ Uniform Resource Identifier (URI)

Conventions aboutuse of /, #, and ?

ɷ Uniform Resource Name (URN)

urn:isbn:0-471-94128-X

ɷ International Resource Identifier (IRI)

http://www.blåbærgrød.dk/blåbærgrød.html

http://www.xn--blbrgrd-fxak7p.dk/bl%E5b%E6rgr%F8d.html

An Introduction to XML and Web Technologies

Survivor

’

sGuide to HTML

Guide to HTML

ɷ Overall structureofan HTML document

<html>

<head>

<title>The Title of the Document</title>

</head>

...

</body>

</html>

An Introduction to XML and Web Technologies

Simple Formatting (1/2)

<html>

<head>

<title>Good Advice</title>

</head>

<body>

<h1>Good Advice for Everyday Life</h1>

<h2>For UNIX programmers</h2>

<b>Never</b> type:

on your computer.

<h2>For Nuclear Scientists</h2>

<b>Never</b> press the

<i>Big <font color="red">Red</font> Button</i>.

</body>

</html>

An Introduction to XML and Web Technologies

Simple Formatting (2/2)

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An Introduction to XML and Web Technologies

More Formatting

<html>

<head>

<title>Things To Do</title>

</head>

<body>

<ol>

<li>Feed the cat.

<li>Try out the shell command:

<pre>foreach x ( `ls` )

cat $x | tr "aeiouy" "x" > $x

end</pre>

<li>Buy ticket for Timbuktu.

</ol>

</body>

</html>

An Introduction to XML and Web Technologies

Hyperlinks:

Hyperlinks: Source

Source

Document

<html>

<head>

<title>Source Document</title>

</head>

<body>

<a href="target.html#danger">Better look here</a>.

</body>

</html>

An Introduction to XML and Web Technologies

Hyperlinks:

Target

Document

<html>

<head>

<title>Target Document</title>

</head>

<body>

...

<h2>Chapter 17: Dangerous Shell Commands</h2>

Never execute a shell command that inadvertently changes

all vowels to the character 'x'.

</body>

</html>

An Introduction to XML and Web Technologies

Tables

<tr>

<td>PostScript</td>

<td align="right">11,274 bytes</td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td align="right">4,915 bytes</td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td align="right">19,456 bytes</td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td align="right">28 bytes</td>

</tr>

</table>

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An Introduction to XML and Web Technologies

Tables

Tablesfor for Alignment

Alignment

<tr>

</td>

</td>

</tr>

</table>

<h1>Using Tables</h1>

An Introduction to XML and Web Technologies

Fill

-OutOutForms

Forms

Collects named values from the client:

</form>

An Introduction to XML and Web Technologies

GUI Elements

<hr>

<input name="bar" type="radio" value="s">Small

<input name="bar" type="radio" value="m">Medium

<input name="bar" type="radio" value="l">Large

<hr>

<input name="baz" type="checkbox" value="c">Cheese

<input name="baz" type="checkbox" value="p">Pepperoni

<input name="baz" type="checkbox" value="a">Anchovies

<hr>

<option value="s">Small

<option value="m">Medium

<option value="l">Large

</select>

<hr>

<option value="c">Cheese

<option value="p">Pepperoni

<option value="a">Anchovies

</select>

<hr>

Write something here...

</textarea>

<hr>

<hr>

<hr>

<hr>

<hr>

<hr>

<input type="reset" value="Reset this form"

An Introduction to XML and Web Technologies

Logical

Versus

Physical

Logicalstructure

•the page starts with a header

•the entries are written in a list

•numbers are emphasized

Physicallayout

•headers are centered, huge, and grey

•lists have square bullets

•emphasis is rendered in bold-style italics

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An Introduction to XML and Web Technologies

Survivor

Survivor’’ssGuide to CSS

Guide to CSS

ɷ Cascading Stylesheets separate structurefrom layout

ɷ The essential concepts are selectors and properties

ɷ Properties may have differentvalues:

block, inline, list-item, none

display

normal, 1.2em, 120%

line-height

left, right, center, justify

text-align

12pt, larger, 150%, 1.5em

font-size

normal, italics, oblique

font-style

red, yellow, rgb(212,120,20)

color

An Introduction to XML and Web Technologies

Structure

Structureofofa a Stylesheet

Stylesheet

ɷ A selector is a list of tag names

ɷ For each selector, some properties are assigned

values:

b {color: red; font-size: 12pt}

i {color: green}

ɷ Longer selectors give context sensitivity:

table b {color: red; font-size: 12pt}

form b {color: yellow; font-size: 12pt}

i {color: green}

ɷ The most specific selector is chosen to apply

An Introduction to XML and Web Technologies

Specificity

in Action

<head>

b {color: red;}

b b {color: blue;}

b.foo {color: green;}

b b.foo {color: yellow;}

b.bar {color: maroon;}

</style>

</head>

<body>

<b>Wow!

<b>Amazing!</b>

<b class=foo>Impressive!</b>

<i>Fantastic!</i>

</b>

</body>

Hey! Wow! Amazing! Impressive! K00l!

An Introduction to XML and Web Technologies

Applying

Stylesheet

h1 { color: #888; font: 50px/50px "Impact"; text-align: center; }

ul { list-style-type: square; }

em { font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; }

<html>

<head>

<title>Phone Numbers</title>

</head>

<body>

<h1>Phone Numbers</h1>

<ul>

</ul>

</body>

</html>

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An Introduction to XML and Web Technologies

HTML

HTML Validity

Validity

ɷ HTML has a formal syntax specification

ɷ 800 lines ofDTD notation

ɷ A validator gives syntax errors for invalid documents

ɷ Most HTML documents onthe Web are invalid:

ɷ Valid documents may contain this logo:

19 errors

www.sun.com

27 errors

www.google.com

30 errors

www.ibm.com

58 errors

www.cnn.com

123 errors

www.microsoft.com

An Introduction to XML and Web Technologies

Validation

ValidationErrors

Errors

Line 3, column 7: document type does not allow element "BODY" here.

<body>

Line 4, column 13: document type does not allow element "B" here; assuming missing "CAPTION" start-tag

Line 4, column 20: end tag for element "I" which is not open.

Line 4, column 28: end tag for "B" omitted, but its declaration does not permit this.

Line 4, column 11: start tag was here.

Line 4, column 28: end tag for "CAPTION" omitted, but its declaration does not permit this.

Line 4, column 11: start tag was here.

Line 4, column 28: end tag for "TABLE" which is not finished.

Line 6, column 6: end tag for "HTML" which is not finished.

</html>

<html>

<body>

</body>

</html>

An Introduction to XML and Web Technologies

Reasons

for

Invalidity

ɷ Ignorance of the HTML standard

ɷ Lack oftesting

• ”This page is optimizedfor the XYZ browser”

• ”This page is best viewedin 1024x768”

ɷ Automatic tools generate invalid HTML output

ɷ Forgiving browsers try to interpretinvalid input

<h2>Lousy HTML</h1>

<li><a>This is not very</b> good.

<li><i>In fact, it is quite bad</em>

</ul>

But the browser does <a naem="goof">something.

An Introduction to XML and Web Technologies

Problems

with

Invalidity

ɷ There are severaldifferentbrowsers

ɷ Eachbrowsers has many differentimplementations

ɷ Eachimplementationmust interpretinvalid HTML

ɷ There are many arbitrary choices to make

ɷ The HTML standard has been undermined

ɷ HTML renders differently for most clients

An Introduction to XML and Web Technologies

A Standard for Invalid HTML

ɷ The HTML Tidy tooltries to save thesituation

ɷ Invalid HTML is transformed to (almost) valid HTML

ɷ Still many arbitrary choices, but now we agree

<html>

<head>

</head>

<body>

<h2>Lousy HTML</h2>

<li><i>In fact, it is quite bad</i></li>

</ul>

But the browser does <a naem="goof">something.</a>

</body>

</html>

<h2>Lousy HTML</h1>

<li><a>This is not very</b> good.

<li><i>In fact, it is quite bad</em>

</ul>

But the browser does <a naem="goof">something.

An Introduction to XML and Web Technologies

HTML for

HTML for Recipes

Recipes

<h1>Rhubarb Cobbler</h1>

This recipe is suggested d by Jane Dow.

Rhubarb Cobbler r made with h bananas as the main sweetener.

It was s delicious.

<table>

<tr><td> 2 1/2 cups <td> diced rhubarb

<tr><td> 2 tablespoons s <td> sugar

<tr><td> 2 <td> fairly y ripe bananas

<tr><td> 1/4 teaspoon <td> cinnamon

<tr><td> dash h of <td> nutmeg

</table>

<i>Combine all and use as cobbler, pie, or r crisp.</i>

<p>

This recipe has 170 calories, 28% from fat,

58% from carbohydrates, and 14% from protein.

<p>

Related recipes: <a href="#GardenQuiche">Garden Quiche</a>

is also yummy.

An Introduction to XML and Web Technologies

Limitations

HTML

ɷ HTML is designed for hypertext, not for recipes

ɷ Structure and presentation is intertwined

ɷ HTML validation is less than recipe validation

ɷ HTML standards have been undermined

ɷ Weneed a specialRecipe MarkupLanguage!

An Introduction to XML and Web Technologies

Bytes vs. Characters

ɷ HTML files are represented as text files

ɷ A text file is logically a sequence of characters

but physically a sequence of bytes

ɷ Several mappings exist:

• ASCII

• EBCDIC

• Unicode

ɷ Unicode aims to cover all characters in all past or

present written languages

An Introduction to XML and Web Technologies

Unicode Characters

ɷ A character is a symbol that appears in a text

• letters of the alphabet

• accents

ɷ Unicode characters are abstract entities:

•LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A

•LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH RING ABOVE

•HIRAGANA LETTER SA

•RUNIC LETTER THURISAZ THURS THORN

An Introduction to XML and Web Technologies

Unicode Glyphs

ɷ A glyph is a graphical presentation

ɷ A typical example is: Å

ɷ This may represent several characters:

•LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH RING ABOVE

•ANGSTROM SIGN

ɷ Or even a sequence of characters:

•LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A

COMBINING RING ABOVE

ɷ Some characters even result in several glyphs

An Introduction to XML and Web Technologies

Unicode Code Points

ɷ A code point is a unique number assigned to

every Unicode character

ɷ Code points are between 0 and 1,114,112

ɷ Only around 100,000 are used today

ɷ The character HIRAGANA LETTER SA is

assigned the code point 12,373

ɷ Code point 0 through 127 coincide with ASCII

ɷ Some code point are never assigned

An Introduction to XML and Web Technologies

Unicode Character Encoding

ɷ A character encoding interprets a sequence of

bytes as a sequence of code points

ɷ The bytes are first parsed into code units

ɷ Code units have a fixed length

ɷ One or more code units may be required to

denote a code point

ɷ Examples are UTF-8, UTF-16, UTF-32

An Introduction to XML and Web Technologies

UTF

ɷ A code unit is a single byte

ɷ A code point is from 1 to 4 code units

ɷ Code units between 0 and 127 directly represent

the corresponding code points

ɷ 110XXXXX indicates that 2 code units are used

ɷ 1110XXXX indicates that 3 code units are used

ɷ 11110XXX indicates that 4 code units are used

ɷ The remaining code units looks like 10XXXXXX

An Introduction to XML and Web Technologies

UTF

UTF--8 Example

8 Example

ɷ 11100011 10000001 10010101

ɷ 11000001010101

ɷ 12,373

ɷ HIRAGANA LETTER SA

An Introduction to XML and Web Technologies

UTF

ɷ A code unit consists of 2 bytes

ɷ Code points below 65,536 are in a single code unit

ɷ Higher code points are represented as:

•110110XXXXXXXXXX 110111XXXXXXXXXX

(after subtracting 65,536)

ɷ This makes sense because Unicode assign no

code points between the numbers:

1101100000000000 (55,296)

and

1101111111111111 (57,343)

An Introduction to XML and Web Technologies

Byte Order

ɷ When reading several bytes at once, we must

consider the byte order of the architecture

ɷ UTF-16 starts any text with the special code point:

1111111011111111 (65,279)

called zero-width non-breaking space

ɷ The dual code point

1111111111111110 (65,534)

is never assigned

ɷ UTF-16LE and UTF-16BE may avoid this

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