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The following settings should be observed by user agents for backwards compatibility.

Setting border="0" implies frame="void" and, unless otherwise specified, rules="none".

Other values of border imply frame="border" and, unless otherwise specified, rules="all".

The value "border" in the start tag of the TABLE element should be interpreted as the value of the

frame attribute. It implies rules="all" and some default (non-zero) value for the border

attribute.

For example, the following definitions are equivalent:

as are the following:

Note. The

border

attribute also defines the border behavior for the

OBJECT

and

IMG

elements, but

takes different values for those elements.

11.3.2 Horizontal and vertical alignment

The following attributes may be set for different table elements (see their definitions).

<!ENTITY % cellhalign

"align (left|center|right|justify|char) #IMPLIED

char %Character; #IMPLIED -- alignment char, e.g. char=':' --

charoff %Length; #IMPLIED -- offset for alignment char --"

<!ENTITY % cellvalign

"valign (top|middle|bottom|baseline) #IMPLIED"

Attribute definitions

align = left|center|right|justify|char [CI] [p.43]

This attribute specifies the alignment of data and the justification of text in a cell. Possible values:

left: Left-flush data/Left-justify text. This is the default value for table data.

center: Center data/Center-justify text. This is the default value for table headers.

right: Right-flush data/Right-justify text.

justify: Double-justify text.

char: Align text around a specific character.

valign = top|middle|bottom|baseline [CI] [p.43]

This attribute specifies the vertical position of data within a cell. Possible values:

top: Cell data is flush with the top of the cell.

middle: Cell data is centered vertically within the cell. This is the default value.

bottom: Cell data is flush with the bottom of the cell.

121

11.3.2 Horizontal and vertical alignment

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baseline: All cells in the same row as a cell whose valign attribute has this value should

have their textual data positioned so that the first text line occurs on a baseline common to all

cells in the row. This constraint does not apply to subsequent text lines in these cells.

char = character [p.47] [CN] [p.43]

This attribute specifies a single character within a text fragment to act as an axis for alignment. The

default value for this attribute is the decimal point character for the current language as set by the

lang attribute (e.g., the period (".") in English and the comma (",") in French). User agents are not

required to support this attribute.

charoff = length [p.46] [CN] [p.43]

When present, this attribute specifies the offset to the first occurrence of the alignment character on

each line. If a line doesn't include the alignment character, it should be horizontally shifted to end at

the alignment position.

When charoff is used to set the offset of an alignment character, the direction of offset is

determined by the current text direction (set by the dir attribute). In left-to-right texts (the default),

offset is from the left margin. In right-to-left texts, offset is from the right margin. User agents are not

required to support this attribute.

The table in this example aligns a row of currency values along a decimal point. We set the alignment

character to "." explicitly.

<THEAD>

<TR><TH>Vegetable <TH>Cost per kilo

<TBODY>

<TR><TD>Lettuce <TD>$1

<TR><TD>Silver carrots <TD>$10.50

<TR><TD>Golden turnips <TD>$100.30

</TABLE>

The formatted table may resemble the following:

------------------------------

| Vegetable |Cost per kilo|

|--------------|-------------|

|Lettuce | $1 |

|--------------|-------------|

|Silver carrots| $10.50|

|--------------|-------------|

|Golden turnips| $100.30|

------------------------------

When the contents of a cell contain more than one instance of the alignment character specified by char

and the contents wrap, user agent behavior is undefined. Authors should therefore be attentive in their use

of char.

Note. Visual user agents typically render

elements vertically and horizontally centered within the cell

and with a bold font weight.

122

11.3.2 Horizontal and vertical alignment

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Inheritance of alignment specifications

The alignment of cell contents can be specified on a cell by cell basis, or inherited from enclosing

elements, such as the row, column or the table itself.

The order of precedence (from highest to lowest) for the attributes align, char, and charoff is the

following:

1. An alignment attribute set on an element within a cell's data (e.g., P).

2. An alignment attribute set on a cell (TH and TD).

3. An alignment attribute set on a column grouping element (COL and COLGROUP). When a cell is part

of a multi-column span, the alignment property is inherited from the cell definition at the beginning

of the span.

4. An alignment attribute set on a row or row grouping element (TR, THEAD, TFOOT, and TBODY).

When a cell is part of a multi-row span, the alignment property is inherited from the cell definition at

the beginning of the span.

5. An alignment attribute set on the table (TABLE).

6. The default alignment value.

The order of precedence (from highest to lowest) for the attribute valign (as well as the other inherited

attributes lang, dir, and style) is the following:

1. An attribute set on an element within a cell's data (e.g., P).

2. An attribute set on a cell (TH and TD).

3. An attribute set on a row or row grouping element (TR, THEAD, TFOOT, and TBODY). When a cell is

part of a multi-row span, the attribute value is inherited from the cell definition at the beginning of

the span.

4. An attribute set on a column grouping element (COL and COLGROUP). When a cell is part of a

multi-column span, the attribute value is inherited from the cell definition at the beginning of the

span.

5. An attribute set on the table (TABLE).

6. The default attribute value.

Furthermore, when rendering cells, horizontal alignment is determined by columns in preference to rows,

while for vertical alignment, rows are given preference over columns.

The default alignment for cells depends on the user agent. However, user agents should substitute the

default attribute for the current directionality (i.e., not just "left" in all cases).

User agents that do not support the "justify" value of the align attribute should use the value of the

inherited directionality in its place.

Note. Note that a cell may inherit an attribute not from its parent but from the first cell in a span. This is

an exception to the general attribute inheritance rules.

123

11.3.2 Horizontal and vertical alignment

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11.3.3 Cell margins

Attribute definitions

cellspacing = length [p.46] [CN] [p.43]

This attribute specifies how much space the user agent should leave between the left side of the table

and the left-hand side of the leftmost column, the top of the table and the top side of the topmost row,

and so on for the right and bottom of the table. The attribute also specifies the amount of space to

leave between cells.

cellpadding = length [p.46] [CN] [p.43]

This attribute specifies the amount of space between the border of the cell and its contents. If the

value of this attribute is a pixel length, all four margins should be this distance from the contents. If

the value of the attribute is a percentage length, the top and bottom margins should be equally

separated from the content based on a percentage of the available vertical space, and the left and right

margins should be equally separated from the content based on a percentage of the available

horizontal space.

These two attributes control spacing between and within cells. The following illustration explains how

they relate:

In the following example, the cellspacing attribute specifies that cells should be separated from each

other and from the table frame by twenty pixels. The cellpadding attribute specifies that the top

margin of the cell and the bottom margin of the cell will each be separated from the cell's contents by

10% of the available vertical space (the total being 20%). Similarly, the left margin of the cell and the

right margin of the cell will each be separated from the cell's contents by 10% of the available horizontal

space (the total being 20%).

<TR> <TD>Data1 <TD>Data2 <TD>Data3

</TABLE>

124

11.3.3 Cell margins

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If a table or given column has a fixed width, cellspacing and cellpadding may demand more

space than assigned. User agents may give these attributes precedence over the width attribute when a

conflict occurs, but are not required to.

11.4 Table rendering by non-visual user agents

11.4.1 Associating header information with data cells

Non-visual user agents such as speech synthesizers and Braille-based devices may use the following TD

and TH element attributes to render table cells more intuitively:

For a given data cell, the headers attribute lists which cells provide pertinent header information.

For this purpose, each header cell must be named using the id attribute. Note that its not always

possible to make a clean division of cells into headers or data. You should use the TD element for

such cells together with the id or scope attributes as appropriate.

For a given header cell, the scope attribute tells the user agent the data cells for which this header

provides information. Authors may choose to use this attribute instead of headers according to

which is more convenient; the two attributes fulfill the same function. The headers attribute is

generally needed when headers are placed in irregular positions with respect to the data they apply to.

The abbr attribute specifies an abbreviated header for header cells so that user agents may render

header information more rapidly.

In the following example, we assign header information to cells by setting the headers attribute. Each

cell in the same column refers to the same header cell (via the id attribute).

<TABLE border="1"

summary="This table charts the number of cups

of coffee consumed by each senator, the type

of coffee (decaf or regular), and whether

taken with sugar.">

<CAPTION>Cups of coffee consumed by each senator</CAPTION>

<TR>

<TH id="t3" abbr="Type">Type of Coffee</TH>

<TH id="t4">Sugar?</TH>

<TR>

<TD headers="t1">T. Sexton</TD>

<TD headers="t3">Espresso</TD>

<TR>

<TD headers="t1">J. Dinnen</TD>

<TD headers="t3">Decaf</TD>

</TABLE>

125

11.4 Table rendering by non-visual user agents

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A speech synthesizer might render this table as follows:

Caption: Cups of coffee consumed by each senator

Summary: This table charts the number of cups

of coffee consumed by each senator, the type

of coffee (decaf or regular), and whether

taken with sugar.

Name: T. Sexton, Cups: 10, Type: Espresso, Sugar: No

Name: J. Dinnen, Cups: 5, Type: Decaf, Sugar: Yes

Note how the header "Type of Coffee" is abbreviated to "Type" using the abbr attribute.

Here is the same example substituting the scope attribute for the headers attribute. Note the value

"col" for the scope attribute, meaning "all cells in the current column":

<TABLE border="1"

summary="This table charts the number of cups

of coffee consumed by each senator, the type

of coffee (decaf or regular), and whether

taken with sugar.">

<CAPTION>Cups of coffee consumed by each senator</CAPTION>

<TR>

<TH scope="col" abbr="Type">Type of Coffee</TH>

<TH scope="col">Sugar?</TH>

<TR>

<TD>T. Sexton</TD>

<TD>Espresso</TD>

<TR>

<TD>J. Dinnen</TD>

<TD>Decaf</TD>

</TABLE>

Here's a somewhat more complex example illustrating other values for the scope attribute:

<TABLE border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="2"

summary="History courses offered in the community of

Bath arranged by course name, tutor, summary,

code, and fee">

<TR>

<TH colspan="5" scope="colgroup">Community Courses -- Bath Autumn 1997</TH>

</TR>

<TR>

<TH scope="col" abbr="Name">Course Name</TH>

<TH scope="col" abbr="Tutor">Course Tutor</TH>

<TH scope="col">Summary</TH>

</TR>

<TR>

<TD scope="row">After the Civil War</TD>

126

11.4.1 Associating header information with data cells

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<TD>Dr. John Wroughton</TD>

<TD>

The course will examine the turbulent years in England

after 1646. <EM>6 weekly meetings starting Monday 13th

October.</EM>

</TD>

</TR>

<TR>

<TD scope="row">An Introduction to Anglo-Saxon England</TD>

<TD>Mark Cottle</TD>

<TD>

One day course introducing the early medieval

period reconstruction the Anglo-Saxons and

their society. <EM>Saturday 18th October.</EM>

</TD>

</TR>

<TR>

<TD scope="row">The Glory that was Greece</TD>

<TD>Valerie Lorenz</TD>

<TD>

Birthplace of democracy, philosophy, heartland of theater, home of

argument. The Romans may have done it but the Greeks did it

first. <EM>Saturday day school 25th October 1997</EM>

</TD>

</TR>

</TABLE>

A graphical user agent might render this as:

127

11.4.1 Associating header information with data cells

Note the use of the scope attribute with the "row" value. Although the first cell in each row contains

data, not header information, the scope attribute makes the data cell behave like a row header cell. This

allows speech synthesizers to provide the relevant course name upon request or to state it immediately

before each cell's content.

11.4.2 Categorizing cells

Users browsing a table with a speech-based user agent may wish to hear an explanation of a cell's

contents in addition to the contents themselves. One way the user might provide an explanation is by

speaking associated header information before speaking the data cell's contents (see the section on

associating header information with data cells [p.125] ).

Users may also want information about more than one cell, in which case header information provided at

the cell level (by headers, scope, and abbr) may not provide adequate context. Consider the

following table, which classifies expenses for meals, hotels, and transport in two locations (San Jose and

Seattle) over several days:

Users might want to extract information from the table in the form of queries:

"What did I spend for all my meals?"

"What did I spend for meals on 25 August?"

"What did I spend for all expenses in San Jose?"

Each query involves a computation by the user agent that may involve zero or more cells. In order to

determine, for example, the costs of meals on 25 August, the user agent must know which table cells refer

to "Meals" (all of them) and which refer to "Dates" (specifically, 25 August), and find the intersection of

the two sets.

To accommodate this type of query, the HTML 4.0 table model allows authors to place cell headers and

data into categories. For example, for the travel expense table, an author could group the header cells "San

Jose" and "Seattle" into the category "Location", the headers "Meals", "Hotels", and "Transport" in the

category "Expenses", and the four days into the category "Date". The previous three questions would then

have the following meanings:

128

11.4.2 Categorizing cells

"What did I spend for all my meals?" means "What are all the data cells in the "Expenses=Meals"

category?

"What did I spend for meals on 25 August?" means "What are all the data cells in the

"Expenses=Meals" and "Date=Aug-25-1997" categories?

"What did I spend for all expenses in San Jose?" means "What are all the data cells in the

"Expenses=Meals, Hotels, Transport" and "Location=San Jose" categories?

Authors categorize a header or data cell by setting the axis attribute for the cell. For instance, in the

travel expense table, the cell containing the information "San Jose" could be placed in the "Location"

category as follows:

Any cell containing information related to "San Jose" should refer to this header cell via either the

headers or the scope attribute. Thus, meal expenses for 25-Aug-1997 should be marked up to refer to

id attribute (whose value here is "a6") of the "San Jose" header cell:

Each headers attribute provides a list of id references. Authors may thus categorize a given cell in any

number of ways (or, along any number of "headers", hence the name).

Below we mark up the travel expense table with category information:

<TABLE border="1"

summary="This table summarizes travel expenses

incurred during August trips to

San Jose and Seattle">

Travel Expense Report

</CAPTION>

<TR>

<TH id="a2" axis="expenses">Meals</TH>

<TH id="a3" axis="expenses">Hotels</TH>

<TH id="a4" axis="expenses">Transport</TH>

<TD>subtotals</TD>

</TR>

<TR>

</TR>

<TR>

</TR>

129

11.4.2 Categorizing cells

<TR>

</TR>

<TR>

<TD>subtotals</TD>

</TR>

<TR>

<TH id="a10" axis="location">Seattle</TH>

</TR>

<TR>

</TR>

<TR>

</TR>

<TR>

<TD>subtotals</TD>

</TR>

<TR>

<TH>Totals</TH>

</TR>

</TABLE>

Note that marking up the table this way also allows user agents to avoid confusing the user with unwanted

information. For instance, if a speech synthesizer were to speak all of the figures in the "Meals" column of

this table in response to the query "What were all my meal expenses?", a user would not be able to

distinguish a day's expenses from subtotals or totals. By carefully categorizing cell data, authors allow

user agents to make important semantic distinctions when rendering.

130

11.4.2 Categorizing cells

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