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RDF Translator:

ARESTful Multi-Format

Data Converter for

the Semantic Web

Technical Report

TR-2013-1

Version:July25,2013

Alex Stolz, alex.stolz@unibw.de

BeneRodriguez-Castro,bene.rodriguez@unibw.de

Martin Hepp, martin.hepp@unibw.de

E-Business andWeb ScienceResearchGroup,

UniversitatderBundeswehr Munchen

Werner-Heisenberg-Weg39,D-85579Neubiberg,Germany

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RDF Translator: A RESTful Multi-Format Data

Converter for the Semantic Web

AlexStolz,BeneRodriguez-Castro,andMartinHepp

E-BusinessandWebScienceResearchGroup,UniversitatderBundeswehrMunchen

Werner-Heisenberg-Weg39,D-85579Neubiberg,Germany

falex.stolz,bene.rodriguez,martin.heppg@unibw.de

Abstract. The e interdisciplinarynatureof the Semantic Web and the

manyprojects put forwardbythecommunityledtoalargenumber of

widelyacceptedserializationformatsforRDF.MostoftheseRDFsyn-

taxes havebeendeveloped outof anecessity toserve specicpurposes

better than existingones,e.g. RDFa was proposed d as an extension to

HTMLforembeddingnon-intrusiveRDFstatementsinhuman-readable

documents. Nonetheless, the RDF serialization formats are generally

transducibleamongthemselvesgiventhattheyarecommonlybasedon

the RDFmodel. In this paper, we present (1) aRESTfulWeb service

basedontheHTTPprotocolthattranslatesbetweendierentserializa-

tions.Inadditiontoitscorefunctionality,ourproposedsolutionprovides

(2)featurestoaccommodatefrequentneedsofSemanticWebdevelopers,

namelyastraightforwarduserinterfacewithcopy-to-clipboardfunction-

ality,syntaxhighlighting,persistentURIlinksforeasysharing,coolURI

patterns,and content negotiation usingrespectiveHTTP headers. We

demonstratethebenetofourconverterbypresentingtwousecases.

1 Introduction

Inthelastveyears,SemanticWebdeveloperswereconfrontedwithanincreas-

ing number of alternative syntaxes for publishing RDF content onthe Web.

WhileUniformResourceIdentiers(URIs)andtheResourceDescriptionFrame-

work(RDF)datamodel[8]couldbeestablishedasde-factocomponentsofthe

SemanticWeb,overtimetherehaveemergedanumber ofcompetingRDFse-

rializationformats(alsosyntaxes,dataformats).Whileintheearlydaysofthe

SemanticWebthereonlyexistedXMLasthestandardserializationformatfor

RDF(asdepictedintheSemanticWebstack

),themostprominentsyntaxesfor

RDFnowadaysareRDF/XML,N-Triples,Notation3(N3)thatembracesTur-

tleandN-Triples,RDFinattributes(RDFa),andJSON.RDFaiscurrentlythe

mostfoundsyntaxonthe Webfor publishingsemantic content inWebpages

[9,10]. Microdata constitutes analternative syntax for embedding structured

data in HTML, promotedby searchengine operators like Google, Microsoft,

Yandex and Yahoo! inthe context of schema.org

, aWebvocabulary aimed

http://www:w3:org/2000/Talks/1206-xml2k-tbl/slide10-0:html

http://schema:org/

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tobecommonly understoodbyallsearchengines.TheMicrodataformatwas

initiallydesignedundertheumbrellaoftheWebHypertextApplicationTechnol-

ogyWorkingGroup(WHATWG

)andlaterblendedwithworkatW3C.Unlike

RDFa,itrelies onaframe-baseddatastructure(representinginformationasa

tree)withnestedgroupsofname-valuepairs (\items",settingthecontext)[6]

andthus it is not fully compatible withthe more exible graph-based RDF

datamodel.Togiveanexample,inMicrodataitisstillnotpossibletoexpress

datatypeinformationlikeinRDFa.Inablogpostin2011[12],ManuSporny

summarizedthekeydierences andcommonalities betweenRDFaandMicro-

data(andMicroformats).However,thereareongoingeortstomakeMicrodata

andRDFacompatiblewitheachother,carriedonbythetechnicalarchitecture

group(TAG)atW3C.Atthetimeofwritingthispaper,largepartsofMicrodata

couldalreadybetranslatedseamlesslyintoRDFsyntaxes,andviceversa.

Semantic Webdevelopers maychoosebetweenalternativeserializationfor-

matsbasedonpersonaltasteorintendedpurpose.WhileRDF/XMLusagetraces

backtothebeginningsofRDFandis,similar toN-Triples,preferablyusedin

projectswithinformationexchangebetweensystemsand/orwherelargedatasets

arehandled,RDFaandJSON(orJSON-LD)aredesignedforembeddingRDF

inHTMLmarkupandforeasingtheconsumptionofRDFbyWebapplications,

respectively.TurtleandNotation3[2]representabbreviatedsyntaxesappropri-

ateforhumanreadabilitybyextendingN-TripleswithsupportforcompactURIs

andaddingsyntacticalsugartoshortenthefairlyverboseN-Triplessyntax.

Itisnosurprisethattheabove-mentionedwealthofsyntaxesfortheSemantic

Webcanposeserious limitations oninteroperability betweentools andat the

samemoment be burdensome for Semantic Webdevelopers that havetodeal

with various syntactical variants. A Semantic Web developer not acquainted

withRDFa,forexample,maynot wishtobeconfrontedwithRDFembedded

inHTMLusingRDFa.HewouldratherliketoreadRDFdatainhispreferred

syntax.Similarly,aJavaScriptlibrarythataWebsitereliesonmightnotsupport

parsingRDFafromotherWebpages,albeitbeingcapableofprocessingJSON-

LD.

Obviously,thereismuchvalueintranslatingbetweenthosedierentserial-

izationformats.What is missingisacomprehensiveonlineconverterthatcan

fulllthistask,andatthesametimepermits:

{ developers to quickly test andcheck annotations that are encoded inless

convenientformats(e.g.RDFainHTMLtranslatedtoN3),

{ developerstorstmodelinahuman-friendlierformatandafterwardsconvert

tothetargetformat(e.g.modelinginN3andpublicationasRDF/XML),

{ applicationstobetterinteroperateamongeachother.

Inthispaper,wepresentaWebservicetoconvertbetweenthemostpromi-

nentserializationformatsavailableontheWeb.Theservicetakesadvantageof

aREST-stylearchitecture,thusbeingscalable,statelessandsupportingHTTP

GET andHTTP POSTmethods for translatingdocuments or textual input.

http://www:whatwg:org/

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TechnicalReport-RDFTranslator

Our mainmotivationtodevelopthis toolwas the lack of free onlineservices

thatprovidequickandhassle-freeconversionsbetweenthemostimportantsyn-

taxesfortheSemanticWeb.Thereexistsuchservices,however,eithertheyare

notcomprehensiveenoughbyprovidingonlyconversionsbetweenasyntaxpair,

or their architecture is not fully REST-compliant, i.e.they may lacksuitable

identiersforrepresentingresources,notallowforcontentnegotiationinitiated

bytheclient,orsimilar.Moreover,theyareoftentechnicallyinspiredandmiss

outthe humanaspect of thedevelopmentprocess, suchas supportingsyntax

highlightingforbetterreadability.Also,sincesofarthereexistnocomprehen-

sive,RDFLib-basedconversionservices,thisistheonlyservicesuitableforde-

velopersthatconsidertorelytheirapplicationsonRDFLibandwanttohavea

sandboxedplaygroundfortestingpurposes.

Themaincontributionsofourapproacharesummarizedasfollows:(1)We

comprise two-way conversions for sevenpopular structured data formats (in-

cludingMicrodata)whichshouldmeetmostdevelopers’needs;(2)weprovidea

user-friendlyconversionservice,thatlowersthebarriersbecausebeingavailable

onlineforfreeandincludingusefuldesignchoiceslikekeyboardshortcuts,easy

copy-and-pastefunctionality,etc.;(3)ourconverterwillalsoreportsyntaxerrors

andisthusappropriateforquicksyntaxvalidation;andnally,(4)duetothe

RESTAPIandHTTPcontentnegotiation,heterogeneoussourcesthatrelyon

dierentdataformatscanbeintegratedeortlessly.

Therestofthepaperisstructuredasfollows:Section2summarizesexisting

toolsforconvertingbetweenRDFformats ontheSemanticWeb;inSection3,

weintroduceourconversionWebservice,andinSection4wepresentcommon

use cases tohighlightsome of the benets ofour onlineconverter. We nally

concludeourworkinSection5.

2 Related Tools

There exist anumber of online tools for the conversionbetweenserialization

formatsforRDF.Someofthesetoolshavetheiroriginsinoineconvertersthat

aremadeavailableonlineasWebservices,whileothersarepureWebservicesto

oerconversionsbetweenvariousWebdataformats.SomeoftheavailableWeb

servicesarelimitedtotransformationsbetweenspecicsyntaxes.Consequently,

wewillonlybeabletoreportthemostpopularonesofthiskind.

Any23

(\AnythingtoTriples")isaframeworkthatwasinitiallyproposed

as apowerful Java library and command-line toolfor parsingand serializing

avarietyofWebdocumentformats,usedbytheSindiceSemanticWebsearch

engine.Soon it was also featured as a public REST-style Web service

with

form-basedsubmissionmode,supportforcoolURIs,GETandPOSTrequests,

content negotiation,and advanced error reporting with proper HTTP status

codes.Triplr

(\stuin,triplesout")wasoneoftheearliestRDFformatcon-

http://any23:apache:org/

http://any23:org/

http://triplr:org/

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A.Stolz,B.Rodriguez-Castro,andM.Hepp

vertersfortheSemanticWebannouncedin2007.ItisbasedonRaptor,anRDF

syntaxlibrarythatispartoftheRedlandlibrdf packagewritteninC.Atthe

timeTriplrwasdesigned,itwasalreadycapableofguessingtheinputformatof

thesupplieddatasource,whichisaveryusefulandmuch-neededfunctionality

foronlineconverters.Nevertheless,theserviceisprovidedasarawRESTservice

without anyHTML-basedinput formelds that wouldsupport users incom-

posingtheRESTURIs.RDFDistiller7 emergedfromasimilarmotivationas

Triplr,namelyfortheprovisionofaRubyGemforSemanticWebdevelopment

withtheRubyprogramminglanguage.IthasalsobeendeployedasapublicWeb

serviceandisupdatedfrequentlyassoonasnewfeaturesarrive.RDFDistiller

providestransformationsupportforawealthofRDFsyntaxes.

Omnidator

(\Omnipotent Data Translator") is a pure Web service in-

tendedasadataformattranslatorbetweenformatscontainingschema.orgterms

intoothersyntaxes.Currently,itislimitedtoprocessschema.org datainCSV

andMicrodata.ItcanturninputdataintoJSON,RDF/XML,orTurtle.

Inparalleltothetoolsandservicespresentedsofar,thereexistWebservices

solelyfocusingonconversionsbetweenspecicdataformats,e.g.transforming

RDFaintoRDF/XMLorNotation3(N3),butnotviceversa.RDFa1.1Dis-

tiller and Parser

is the ocialRDFaparsing service maintained by W3C

thattranslatestoRDF/XML,Turtle,N-TriplesandJSON-LD.Theservicere-

liesonthePythonRDFpackageRDFLibandrelatedlibrariesforparsingRDFa

(pyRDFa) andforserializingto the various output formats.Besides URIand

textualinputitallowstouploadlocalleswithRDFaembeddedinvarioussyn-

taxeslikeHTML5,XHTML,XML,Atom,andSVG.Similar,butnotaspowerful

servicesforconvertingRDFatootherWebformatsareprovidedbytheRDFa

OnlineParser

andRDFaLite2RDFExtractor

.Thelatterispowered

bynode.js.AsimilarRDFextractoralsoexistsfortheMicrodatasyntax

NoneoftheWebservicespresentedsofarsupporttheconversionfromtradi-

tionalRDFsyntaxestoRDFembeddedinWebdocumentformatslikeRDFaand

MicrodatainHTML.Firstattemptstodothis resultedintheproposalofthe

SnippetStyleapproachforRDFa[5].Inthiscontext,anonlineconvertertermed

RDF2RDFa

waspresentedtoturnRDF/XMLcontentintoRDFa.Laterfol-

lowedaMicrodatavariantofthatservice,namelyRDF2Microdata

.Tothe

bestofourknowledge,theseserviceswerethersttogenerateRDFaorMicro-

datasnippetsforembeddingRDFcontentinHTML.Asimilarfunctionalityis

provided bythe RDFaserializer plugininthe PHP ARC2library,showcased

online

asaWebservice.

http://rdf:greggkellogg:net/distiller

http://omnidator:appspot:com/

http://www:w3:org/2012/pyRdfa/

http://rdf-in-html:appspot:com/

http://getschema:org/rdfaliteextractor/about

http://getschema:org/microdataextractor/about

http://www:ebusiness-unibw:org/tools/rdf2rdfa/

http://www:ebusiness-unibw:org/tools/rdf2microdata/

http://zazi:smiy:org/rdfaparser:html

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TechnicalReport-RDFTranslator

Fig.1.ServicearchitectureofRDFTranslator

Apowerful,yetoutdatedandapparentlyshutdownservicewasTalisMorph

thatwas abletotransformbetweendierent SemanticWebformats.Further-

more, there are some RDF validators that provide in addition to their core

functionality,i.e.thevalidation,alsoconversionfunctionality.rdf:about

,for

example, is providinganinput text area toconvert betweenRDF/XML and

Notation3(includingTurtleandN-Triples).

3 RDFTranslator

In this section,we present RDF Translator

, a Webservice for bidirection-

allyconvertingbetweenvariousRDFdataformats,namelyRDFa,Microdata,

RDF/XML,Notation3,N-Triples,RDF/JSON,andJSON-LD.Unlikemostof

the tools presentedinSection2,our onlineconverteris acomprehensive and

convenientWebservicewithhavingSemanticWebdevelopersinmind.

Subsequently we outline the service architecture, followed by the descrip-

tionoftheuser interfaceandwhat featurestherearetoensurethedeveloper-

friendlinessofourWebservice.Thisisafterwardscomplementedbythespecica-

tionoftheunderlyingRESTAPIandtherelatedcompliancewithbestpractices

inWebtechnologydesign,i.e.coolURIs,contentnegotiation,andCORSsup-

port.Wefurther addresshowwesolvedprexresolutionforbetterreadability

oftheresultingoutput.

3.1 ServiceArchitecture

Fig.1depictsthearchitectureofRDFTranslator.AtthecoreoftheWebser-

vice is a powerful RESTAPIthathandles allincomingrequests,be it direct

http://www:w3:org/2001/sw/wiki/Morph

http://rdfabout:com/demo/validator/

http://rdf-translator:appspot:com/

A.Stolz,B.Rodriguez-Castro,andM.Hepp

requestsfromHTTP-capableclientapplications,browserbookmarklets,orindi-

rectrequestsviatheWebuserinterface.TheRESTAPIsupportsbothHTTP

GETandHTTP POST request methods,whereby thelatter is moresuitable

thantheformerforsubmittingrawdatatobeconvertedbytheservice.Forhu-

manuserstheWebserviceoersanintuitiveWebuserinterface,whichprovides

twooptions,namelytheprovisionofaWebresourceURIwhichcontentsareto

beconverted,orrawtextualinputtobetranslatedintoatargetformat.More

detailsabouttheWebuserinterfacefollowinSection3.2.

TheconverterisimplementedasaGoogleAppEngineWebservice(basedon

thewebapp2 Pythonframework)andcanthusscaleuptomanyparallelrequests

giventhatGoogleallowsforpaidplans withquite exibleresourceallocation.

TheservicetakesadvantageoftheRDFLiblibrary

forparsing,manipulating

andserializingRDFgraphs.Withrespecttocoveringthefullconversioncycle,

RDFLibinits current versionis missing serializers for RDFaandMicrodata.

InitiallywetriedtollthisgapbyusingRDF2RDFaandRDF2Microdata(see

Section2),however,theiroutputsareunsatisfyingbecausemaintenanceofthese

serviceshasstoppedlongtimeago,sowedecidedtoprovidetwocustomplugins

compatible with RDFLib that we made publicly available online

. The full

sourcecodeoftheWebservicehasbeenpublishedasaBitbucketrepository

It is licensed under a LGPL license andpeople are invited to run their own

serviceinstancesonGoogleAppEngine.

3.2 WebUser r Interface

Theuserinterfacewasdevelopedwithuser-friendlinessinmind,thuskeptclean

andstraightforward.Fig.2illustratesascreenshotoftheWebfrontendofthe

Web service, sketching the input box, the syntax-highlightedoutput and the

copy-to-clipboardbuttontoeasecopy-and-paste.Itfurthercanbeseenthatthe

inputboxconsistsoftabs,onefortheURIsubmission(defaultoption)andthe

otheroneforthetextualinput.InthegivenscreenshottheURItabisactivated,

thusshowingaURIinputeldalongwiththesubmitbuttonandselectorsfor

theinputandoutputformats.ThedataformatscurrentlysupportedbytheWeb

serviceare:

{ RDFa,

{ Microdata,

{ RDF/XML(standardsyntax,plusamoreconciseXMLsyntax,i.e.replacing

rdf:Descriptionnodesbytypednodes),

{ N3,

{ N-Triples,

{ RDF-JSON(standardsyntax,plusamoreconciseJSONsyntax,i.e.using

namespaceprexesinsteadoffullURIs),and

http://www:rdflib:net/

https://github:com/alexstolz/rdflib-rdfa-serializer and https://github:c

om/alexstolz/rdflib-microdata-serializer

https://bitbucket:org/alexstolz/rdf-translator

TechnicalReport-RDFTranslator

Fig.2.ScreenshotoftheRDFTranslator service

{ JSON-LD.

Furthermore,theinputformatcanbedeterminedautomaticallybymeansof

contentnegotiation,underthepremisethatthecorrectmediatypewassupplied.

Otherwise,theautomaticdetectionofthedocumentformatfailswithanerror

message.

TheWebfrontendconsistsofaHTML5documentwithJavaScript(JQuery)

foruserinteraction,asynchronouscommunication,andmanipulationofthedoc-

umenttree.

URISubmission. ThemainelementfortheURIsubmissionistheinputtext

eldforenteringtheURI.AslongasthereisinputmissingorthesuppliedURI

is invalid,theURIinput eldremainsred-shaded.Thisisafeaturesupported

byHTML5whichattractsattentionoftheusertopreventhimfromsubmitting

incorrectdata.However,forsimpleHTTPaddressesthehttp://-prexneednot

beexplicitlysuppliedwiththeURI.Accordingtothis,itispossibletoshorten

http://www:example:comwithwww:example:com,butnothttps://www:example

:com.For helpingtheusertogetstartedwiththeWebservice,theURIinput

eldispre-lledwithaWebpageURIthatcontainssemanticdescriptions.

A.Stolz,B.Rodriguez-Castro,andM.Hepp

TheWebserviceprovideskeyshortcuts for fasterform submissions.Ifthe

pagefocusisintheURIinputeldorintheinputoroutputselectors,asimple

keystroke(pressingthereturn-key)sucestotriggertheconversionprocess.So

thereisactuallynoneedtopresstheSubmit-button,whichmayhelpspeedup

repetitivetaskslikethetedioustaskoftranslatingamoderatelistofURIsinto

otherformats.

ForsharingresultswithotherpeopletheWebservicereturnspersistentURIs

together withtheconversionoutput.Unlikeas forthetextualinputmode,for

URIsubmissionsthereappearsanadditionalgreyboxbelowtheconverterout-

put. It contains two persistent links for easy sharing with other developers,

namelyonelinkthatrefers tothesyntax-highlightedversionoftheoutputfor

sharingbetweenhumans,andasecondlinkthatpointstotherawoutputformat

withthepropermediatypesupplied,hencebeingsuitableforintegrationwith

otherWebapplications.

Textual Input. Thetextualinputallows developerstoenterrawinput data

intoa text area.Since users submit plaindata, the automatic format detec-

tiondoesnotworkforthistypeoftransformationunlesstheformatisguessed

bychance.Inother words,contentnegotiationfails becausethereis nometa-

dataavailableaswhencallingaURIthatreturnsHTTPresponseheaderswith

contenttypedeclarationssupplied.

Developersareagainactivelysupportedbybeingoeredworkingexamples

foreverytypeofserializationformattobecomeacquaintedmoreeasilywiththe

Webservice.

Syntax Highlighting. Syntax highlightingis a visualmeans that most de-

velopers usingadvancedtexteditorstowriteandreadcodearefamiliarwith.

Similartoprogramminglanguages,alsothedierentsyntaxvariants for RDF

can be made better readable for humans by highlighting terms according to

grammarandkeywords.OurWebserviceappliessyntaxhighlightingtotheout-

put ofthetranslatedcontents intheWebinterface or,if requestedexplicitly,

usingtheRESTAPI.

TheWebserviceaccomplishessyntaxhighlightingbyvirtueofthesophisti-

catedPygments

libraryforPython.Pygmentssupportsallrequiredsyntaxes,

i.e. RDFa andMicrodata usingthe HTML L formatter; RDF/XML L taking ad-

vantageoftheXMLformatter;RDF/JSONandJSON-LDbyuseoftheJSON

lexer;andN3andN-Triplesbymeansofacustom-builtNotation3lexer.

Bookmarklets. FordevelopersthatdonotprefertovisittheWebserviceevery

timetheyndaninterestingWebresourcewithembeddedRDFaorMicrodata,

bookmarkletsareaconvenientmeansforquicklyextractingthecontainedstruc-

turedmarkupof any Webpageandpresentingitinthe developer’spreferred

http://pygments:org/

TechnicalReport-RDFTranslator

syntax.BookmarkletsareJavaScriptsnippetssuitableforbeingaddedtobook-

markfolders andtoolbarsofmodernbrowsers.This wayasimpleclickonthe

createdbookmarkissucienttotranslatethecontents ofthecurrentWebre-

source into an arbitrary target RDF syntax. The bookmarklet code used to

convertstructureddataintheformofRDFatosyntax-highlightedNotation3

codelooksasfollows:

javascript:location.href=’http://rdf-translator.appspot.com/convert/rdfa/n3/

html/’+encodeURIComponent(location.href);

OnthelandingpageofourWebserviceweareprovidingacomprehensivematrix

tablewithallpossiblecombinationsofsyntaxconversions.

Other Features. Inadditiontothe features presentedsofar,theWebuser

interfacecanfurtherassisthumanusersinvariousaspects.Thisincludes:

{ copy-to-clipboardfunctionalitythatsavestheeortforselectingandcopying

theoutputtexttothesystemclipboard(seeFig.2),

{ feedbacklink(notvisibleinFig.2)forcontactingthedevelopers,and

{ verboseerror messagesthatcanprovidehelpful explanations about failed

translations.

3.3 RESTAPI

Asmentionedpreviously,our Webservice isbasedontheRESTarchitecture

thatwas rst introducedbyR.T.FieldinginhisPhD thesis in2000[4].The

coreaspectsofRESTaretheclient-serverarchitecture,statelessnessofclientand

serveracrossmultiplerequests,uniformidentiersforaddressingresourceswith

specic representations, andself-descriptive messages.This way REST scales

very well,makingit abest practice for Webservices designandatthe same

moment arecommendedarchitecturalstylefor theWorldWideWeb.As such

aRESTfulWebservicenotonlypermitstobeusedthroughaWebfrontend,

but also by other client applications that make use of the Hypertext Trans-

ferProtocol(HTTP)[3]andrelatedfeatures likecontent negotiation, e.g.by

command-linetoolslikecurl

orevenbrowserplugins(andbookmarklets).

We address the requirements of the RESTarchitecture by providing cool

URIs,HTTPGETandHTTPPOSTmethods,andHTTPcontentnegotiation

whererequestedmediatypesdenehowtorepresentaresource.

Cool URIs. In1998,TimBerners-Leepublishedanarticle[1]wherehepos-

tulatedtheuseofcoolURIsontheWeb.Theideaistoleaveoutdetailsinthe

URIstringthataresubjecttolikelychangeinthefuture,e.g.statusinforma-

tionaboutthedocument(e.g.draft,nal),underlyingsoftwaremechanisms(e.g.

.php,cgi-bin),orevenmetadata(e.g.authorinformation,orstoragedetailslike

http://curl:haxx:se/

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