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194

HOUR 12:Styling with Code: Fully Immersed in CSS

Opening the new CSS file, you can see that it is completely empty. That is because

unlike HTML and other markup files, a CSS file doesn’t need any code other than the

actual styles to function. Because it’s a new file, there are no style definitions yet.

The next step is to attach the style sheet to your pages by using the Attach Style Sheet

button in the Apply and Manage Styles panel. With the default.html page open, click

the Attach Style Sheet button to open the Attach Style Sheet dialog (see Figure 12.9).

FIGURE 12.8

It’s usually a

good idea to give

your .css files

site-specific

names to make

sure you know

where they

belong.

FIGURE 12.9

The Attach Style

Sheet dialog lets

you attach an

external style

sheet to the cur-

rent page or all

pages in the site

using either the

link or import

method.

From here, you can browse to the style sheet you want to attach and choose whether

you want to attach it to all the pages in your site or just the current page. (The

Selected pages option becomes available if you highlight a series of pages in the

Folders panel before opening the Attach Style Sheet dialog.) You also have the choice

of whether to attach the style sheet using the link method or the import method.

They produce nearly the same results, but the Link option provides the most consis-

tent results.

Browse and select the kippleStyles.css file you just created. Select the otion Attach to

All HTML Pages and then select Attach as Link. This attaches the new style sheet to

all the HTML pages within your site by inserting the following line of code in the

<head>

tag:

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Creating External Style Sheets

195

The attached style sheet now appears in the Manage Styles panel under the styles

embedded in the current page (see Figure 12.10).

Newly attached

style sheet

FIGURE 12.10

The newly

attached style

sheet appears in

the Manage

Styles panel

underneath the

locally embed-

ded styles.

The Difference Between Linking and Importing

The two methods for attaching a style sheet to an HTML file are linking and

importing. The difference between the two is subtle and comes into play only in

special cases.

The linking method simply tells the browser that styles are stored in the linked file

for application to the content below. If you want to attach another style sheet to

the page,you add a new link and so on. The linking method works across all

browsers, no matter how old.

The importing method is somewhat different. First, you can use it within a style

sheet to import another style sheet so that instead of calling two style sheets

from the HTML file,you call one,and then the first style sheet calls the second

one. But more important,the importing method does not work with some older

browsers, and this can be used to prevent older browsers from trying to read style

code they can’t understand. However,this applies only to very old browsers and

should not be a deciding factor in picking one method over the other. For all

intents and purposes, both methods work the same way.

By the

Way

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196

HOUR 12:Styling with Code: Fully Immersed in CSS

Moving Styles to and from the External Style

Sheet

After the external style sheet is attached to all the pages in your site, the styles set in

the kippleStyles.css file affect all the pages instead of just one. You have already created

many styles in different pages, but they are stored in the head of each page and not in

the style sheet. The obvious way to solve this is to cut and paste the code out of the

pages and into the style sheet, but this method is both cumbersome and prone to error.

Expression Web 4 provides a better solution in the form of the Manage Styles panel.

1. With the default.html file open, click and drag the body style from the Current

Page area down the kippleStyles.css area. When you let go, the style appears

below the kippleStyles.css heading.

For this exercise,it is a good idea to pin the Toolbar panel to the side and let the

Manage Styles panel cover the entire height of your screen. You can always unpin

the panel later.

Did you

Know?

2. Using the same method, move the rest of the styles, classes, and IDs from the

Current Page area to the kippleStyles.css area (see Figure 12.11).

3. When you finish moving all the styles, classes, and IDs to the kippleStyles.css

area, scroll to the top of default.html in Code view. Note that all the style code

is gone. All that is left is the

<style>

tag. In the Manage Styles panel, right-

click any of the styles and select Go to Code. The new kippleStyles.css style

sheet opens, and you can see that all the code previously housed in the head of

the HTML file is now in the style sheet.

4. Open myCameras.html. Note that the styles you just moved from default.html

now appear under kippleStyles.css in the Manage Styles panel for this page.

Using the same technique, move the styles from myCameras.html to

kippleStyles.css.

5. Press Ctrl+S to save the changes. This opens the Save Embedded Files dialog,

which asks whether you want to save the changes to the kippleStyles.css file

(see Figure 12.12). Click OK.

The kippleStyles.css file now contains all the styles from both default.html and

myCameras.html. Expression Web 4 still applies the styles to the content of those

pages, and they appear the same in Design view and in any browser you preview

them in.

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Creating External Style Sheets

197

FIGURE 12.11

You can move

styles, classes,

and IDs from the

current HTML file

to the new .css

file by dragging

and dropping

them into the

new file area in

the Manage

Styles panel.

FIGURE 12.12

When you’re

saving an HTML

file after making

changes to

styles contained

in an external

style sheet,

Expression Web

4 always opens

the Save Embed-

ded Files dialog

to ask whether

you want to save

the changes

made in the style

sheet as well.

Inspecting the code in kippleStyles.css, you can see that the order of the styles corre-

sponds with the list of styles in the Manage Styles panel. If you change the order of

the styles in the panel, the code reorganizes in the same manner. This is because the

order of styles in the style sheet is relevant to the cascade: The lower in the sheet the

style is, the more weight it has in deciding what the content should look like.

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198

HOUR 12:Styling with Code: Fully Immersed in CSS

In some cases a style, class, or ID applies to only one page. In that case, it is a good

idea to keep the element in the relevant page rather than in the style sheet. For

example, in default.html, you created a class called

highlight

that applied to two

words as an inline style. Now, the style sheet contains this class, but because only the

default.html page uses it, the class should be only in that file. To return this particu-

lar class to its original location, simply open default.html and drag and drop the

.highlight

class back to Current Page (see Figure 12.13).

If you want to keep a style,class,or ID in both style sheets, you can use the same

drag-and-drop technique to copy them. To do so,simply press and hold the Ctrl key

on your keyboard while dragging and dropping the element. Just keep in mind when

you do so that you will now have two styles with the same name, and the one in

the style sheet that is listed furthest down in the cascade has precedence.

Did you

Know?

FIGURE 12.13

The final style

structure of the

styles for

default.html.

Applying External Styles to a Page

Styles nested in an external style sheet act in the same way as styles nested in the

current document. Therefore, Expression Web 4 applies them in the same way. Earlier

in this hour, you created two divs to section out the content in the myCameras.html

page. Now that you have attached the external style sheet, you can apply the same

IDs and classes you used to change the layout of default.html to change the layout of

myCameras.html.

1. With the myCameras.html file open in Split view, click anywhere inside the

page in Design view and then click the first

<div>

tag in the Quick Tag Selector

to select the div that wraps all the content. This highlights all the content in

both Code view and Design view.

2. In the Manage Styles panel, right-click the

#wrapper

ID and select Apply Style

from the context menu (see Figure 12.14). The tag in the Quick Tag Selector

and in Code view changes to

<div#wrapper>

and the

wrapper

ID is applied.

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Creating External Style Sheets

199

3. In Code view, move the cursor one line down to select the next

<div>

tag, right-

click the

#sidebar

ID in the Manage Styles panel, and select Apply Style. The

tag changes to

<div#sidebar>

and the

#sideba

r ID is applied.

4. Because the position of the sidebar is no longer defined by the

#sidebar

ID,

you also need to apply a class to the div. This action can also be done from the

Apply Styles panel by selecting the relevant div (now

<div#sidebar>

) and click-

ing the appropriate alignment class (

.alignLeft

.alignRight

) in the Apply

Styles panel. The tag changes to

<div#sidebar.alignRight>

and the

alignment

class is applied. Save the file and preview it in your browser (see Figure 12.15).

By previewing the page in a browser, you can see the styles you created for

default.html applied to myCameras.html.

FIGURE 12.14

Applying a style

from an external

style sheet is no

different from

applying a style

nested within

the file itself.

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200

HOUR 12:Styling with Code: Fully Immersed in CSS

Summary

Even though Expression Web 4 creates proper standards-based CSS code out of the

box, understanding the CSS code can make your life as a designer a lot easier. In

fact, in many cases, it makes more sense to work directly with the code rather than to

use the point-and-click tools in the application. Fortunately, you can choose either

way and customize your work process depending on the task.

In this hour, you learned how to build a CSS style using code and how to edit it in

Code view with the help of IntelliSense. You also learned how to insert spans and divs

in your page from Code view, and why doing so is often easier than doing it in

Design view. In addition, you saw how inline styles differ from other styles and where

the name inline stems from. You also learned how to rename both inline and other

styles without going through all the code and renaming each instance afterward.

Most important, you learned how to completely separate the styles from the content

by creating an external style sheet and how this makes styling groups of pages or an

entire website much easier. Understanding this process is fundamental; it dramati-

cally reduces your workload and makes changing and upgrading the look and feel of

large websites an easy and straightforward process.

At this point, you should begin to realize the true power of standards-based web design

and the use of HTML and CSS. In upcoming hours, you use this knowledge to turn up

the “wow” factor of the myKipple site by creating advanced layouts and menus.

FIGURE 12.15

The layout IDs

and classes

created for

default.html

applied to

myCameras.html.

By navigating

between the two

files,you see

they now look

consistent when

previewed in

Internet Explorer.

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201

Workshop

Q&A

Q. When I try to apply an inline style to a single word,it is applied to the entire

text block instead.What am I doing wrong?

A. When you create an inline style, the new style is applied to the closest tag.

That means that, unless you have separated the single word from the rest of

the block using the

<span>

tags, the inline style will be applied to the block tag.

To apply the inline style to a single word, you have to wrap it in

<span>

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