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547

Implementing the Basic Site

This code looks very simple because it mostly calls functions from the function API that

you will construct for this application.We look at the details of these functions shortly.

Just looking at this file,you can see that it includes a file (containing the functions) and

then calls some functions to render an HTML header, display some content, and render

an HTML footer.

The output from this script is shown in Figure 26.3.

Figure 26.3 The front page of the PHPbookmark system is produced by the

HTML rendering functions in

The functions for the system are all included in the file

bookmark_fns.php

,shown in

Listing 26.3.

Listing 26.3 bookmark_fns.php—Include File of Functions for the Bookmark

Application

<?php

// We can include this file in all our files

// this way, every file will contain all our functions and exceptions

require_once(‘data_valid_fns.php’);

require_once(‘db_fns.php’);

require_once(‘user_auth_fns.php’);

require_once(‘output_fns.php’);

require_once(‘url_fns.php’);

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548

Chapter 26 Building User Authentication and Personalization

As you can see, this file is just a container for the five other include files you will use in

this application.We structured the project like this because the functions fall into logical

groups.Some of these groups might be useful for other projects, so we put each function

group into a different file so you will know where to find it when you want it again.We

constructed the

bookmark_fns.php

file because you will use most of the five function

files in most of the scripts.Including this one file in each script is easier than having five

require

statements.

In this particular case, you use functions from the file

output_fns.php

.They are all

straightforward functions that output fairly plain HTML.This file includes the four

functions used in

—that is,

do_html_header()

display_site_info()

display_login_form()

,and

do_html_footer()

,among others.

Although we will not go through all these functions in detail,let’s look at one as an

example.The code for

do_html_header()

is shown in Listing 26.4.

Listing 26.4 do_html_header()Function from output_fns.php—This Function

Outputs the Standard Header That Will Appear on Each Page in the Application

function do_html_header($title)

{

// print an HTML header

<html>

<head>

<style>

body { font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px }

li, td { font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px }

hr { color: #3333cc; width=300; text-align=left}

a { color: #000000 }

</style>

</head>

<body>

<img src=’bookmark.gif’ alt=’PHPbookmark logo’ border=0

align=’left’ valign=’bottom’ height = 55 width = 57 />

<h1> PHPbookmark</h1>

<hr />

<?php

if($title)

do_html_heading($title);

}

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549

Implementing User Authentication

As you can see, the only logic in the

do_html_header()

function is to add the

appropriate title and heading to the page.The other functions used in

are

similar.The function

display_site_info()

adds some general text about the site,

display_login_form()

displays the gray form shown in Figure 26.3,and

do_html_footer()

adds a standard HTML footer to the page.

The advantages to isolating or removing HTML from your main logic stream are dis-

cussed in Chapter 24,“Using PHP and MySQL for Large Projects.”We use the function

API approach here.

Looking at Figure 26.3,you can see that this page has three options:A user can regis-

ter,log in if she has already registered,or reset her password if she has forgotten it.To

implement these modules,we move on to the next section,user authentication.

Implementing User Authentication

There are four main elements to the user authentication module:registering users,log-

ging in and logging out, changing passwords,and resetting passwords.In the following

sections,we look at each of these elements in turn.

Registering

To register a user, you need to get his details via a form and enter him in the database.

When a user clicks on the

Not a member?

link on the

page,he is taken to

a registration form produced by

register_form.php

.This script is shown in Listing 26.5.

Listing 26.5 register_form.php—This Form Gives Users the Opportunity to

<?php

require_once(‘bookmark_fns.php’);

do_html_header(‘User Registration’);

display_registration_form();

do_html_footer();

Again, you can see that this page is fairly simple and just calls functions from the output

library in

output_fns.php

.The output of this script is shown in Figure 26.4.

The gray form on this page is output by the function

display_registration_form()

,contained in

output_fns.php

.When the user clicks on

the Register button,he is taken to the script

register_new.php

,shown in Listing 26.6.

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550

Chapter 26 Building User Authentication and Personalization

Figure 26.4 The registration form retrieves the details needed for

the database.This form requires users to type their passwords twice,in case

they make a mistake.

Listing 26.6 register_new.php— This Script Validates the New User’s Data and

Puts It in the Database

<?php

// include function files for this application

require_once(‘bookmark_fns.php’);

//create short variable names

$email=$_POST[‘email’];

$username=$_POST[‘username’];

$passwd=$_POST[‘passwd’];

$passwd2=$_POST[‘passwd2’];

// start session which may be needed later

// start it now because it must go before headers

session_start();

try

{

// check forms filled in

if (!filled_out($_POST))

{

throw new Exception(‘You have not filled the form out correctly ‘

.’- please go back and try again.’);

}

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551

Implementing User Authentication

// email address not valid

if (!valid_email($email))

{

throw new Exception(‘That is not a valid email address. Please go back ‘

.’ and try again.’);

}

// passwords not the same

if ($passwd != $passwd2)

{

throw new Exception(‘The passwords you entered do not match

.’ - please go back and try again.’);

}

// check password length is ok

if (strlen($passwd)<6)

{

throw new Exception(‘Your password must be at least 6 characters long.’

.’Please go back and try again.’);

}

// check username length is ok

if (strlen($username)>16)

{

throw new Exception(‘Your username must be less than 17 characters long.’

.’Please go back and try again.’);

}

// attempt to register

// this function can also throw an exception

// register session variable

$_SESSION[‘valid_user’] = $username;

// provide link to members page

do_html_header(‘Registration successful’);

echo ‘Your registration was successful. Go to the members page ‘

.’to start setting up your bookmarks!’;

do_html_url(‘member.php’, ‘Go to members page’);

// end page

do_html_footer();

}

catch (Exception $e)

{

Listing 26.6 Continued

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552

Chapter 26 Building User Authentication and Personalization

do_html_header(‘Problem:’);

echo $e->getMessage();

do_html_footer();

exit;

}

This is the first script with any complexity to it that we have looked at in this applica-

tion.It begins by including the application’s function files and starting a session.(When

the user is registered,you create his username as a session variable, as you did in

Chapter 22,“Using Session Control in PHP.”)

The body of the script takes place in a

try

block because you check a number of

conditions. If any of them fail,execution will fall through to the

catch

block,which we

look at shortly.

Next, you validate the input data from the user.Here,you must test for the following

conditions:

Check that the form is filled out.You test this with a call to the function

filled_out()

,as follows:

if (!filled_out($_POST))

We wrote this function ourselves.It is in the function library in the file

data_valid_fns.php

.We look at this function shortly.

Check that the email address supplied is valid.You test this as follows:

if (valid_email($email))

Again, this is a function we wrote;it’s in the

data_valid_fns.php

library.

Check that the two passwords the user has suggested are the same,as follows:

if ($passwd != $passwd2)

Check that the username and password are the appropriate length,as follows:

if (strlen($passwd)<6)

and

if (strlen($username)>16)

In the example,the password should be at least 6 characters long to make it harder

to guess, and the username should be fewer than 17 characters so that it will fit in

the database.Note that the maximum length of the password is not restricted in

this way because it is stored as an SHA1 hash,which will always be 40 characters

long no matter the length of the password.

Listing 26.6 Continued

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553

Implementing User Authentication

The data validation functions used here,

filled_out()

and

valid_email()

,are shown

in Listings 26.7 and 26.8, respectively.

Listing 26.7 filled_out() Function from data_valid_fns.php—This Function

Checks That the Form Has Been Filled Out

function filled_out($form_vars)

{

// test that each variable has a value

foreach ($form_vars as $key => $value)

{

if (!isset($key) || ($value == ‘’))

return false;

}

return true;

}

Listing 26.8 valid_email() Function from data_valid_fns.php—This Function

Checks Whether an Email Address Is Valid

function valid_email($address)

{

// check an email address is possibly valid

if (ereg(‘^[a-zA-Z0-9 \._\-]+@([a-zA-Z0-9][a-zA-Z0-9\-]*\.)+

[a-zA-Z]+$’, $address))

return true;

else

return false;

}

The function

filled_out()

expects to be passed an array of variables;in general,this is

the

$_POST

$_GET

array. It checks whether the form fields are all filled out,and

returns

true

if they are and

false

if they are not.

The

valid_email()

function uses a slightly more complex regular expression than the

one developed in Chapter 4,“String Manipulation and Regular Expressions,”for validat-

ing email addresses.It returns

true

if an address appears valid and

false

if it does not.

After you’ve validated the input data,you can actually try to register the user.If you

look back at Listing 26.6, you can see that you do this as follows:

// register session variable

$_SESSION[‘valid_user’] = $username;

554

Chapter 26 Building User Authentication and Personalization

// provide link to members page

do_html_header(‘Registration successful’);

echo ‘Your registration was successful. Go to the members page ‘

.’to start setting up your bookmarks!’;

do_html_url(‘member.php’, ‘Go to members page’);

// end page

do_html_footer();

As you can see, you call the

function with the username,email address, and

password that were entered.If this call succeeds,you register the username as a session

variable and provide the user with a link to the main members page. (If it fails,this func-

tion will throw an exception that will be caught in the

catch

block.) The output is

shown in Figure 26.5.

Figure 26.5 Registration was successful; the user can now go

to the members page.

The

function is in the included library called

user_auth_fns.php

.This

function is shown in Listing 26.9.

555

Implementing User Authentication

Listing 26.9 register()Function from user_auth_fns.php—This Function

Attempts to Put the New User’s Information in the Database

function register($username, $email, $password)

// register new person with db

// return true or error message

{

// connect to db

$conn = db_connect();

// check if username is unique

$result = $conn->query(“select * from user where username=’$username’”);

if (!$result)

throw new Exception(‘Could not execute query’);

if ($result->num_rows>0)

throw new Exception(‘That username is taken ‘

.’- go back and choose another one.’) ;

// if ok, put in db

$result = $conn->query(“insert into user values

(‘$username’, sha1(‘$password’), ‘$email’)”);

if (!$result)

throw new Exception(‘Could not register you in database ‘

.’- please try again later.’);

return true;

}

There is nothing particularly new in this function;it connects to the database you set up

earlier. If the username selected is taken or the database cannot be updated, it will throw

an exception. Otherwise,it will update the database and return

true

Note that you are performing the actual database connection with a function called

db_connect()

,which we wrote.This function simply provides a single location that con-

tains the username and password to connect to the database.That way,if you change the

database password,you need to change only one file in the application.The

db_connect()

function is shown in Listing 26.10.

Listing 26.10 db_connect()Function from db_fns.php—This Function Connects to

the MySQL Database

function db_connect()

{

$result = new mysqli(‘localhost’, ‘bm_user’, ‘password’, ‘bookmarks’);

if (!$result)

throw new Exception(‘Could not connect to database server’);

else

return $result;

}

556

Chapter 26 Building User Authentication and Personalization

When users are registered,they can log in and out using the regular login and logout

pages.You build them next.

Logging In

If users type their details into the form at

(see Figure 26.3) and submit it,

they will be taken to the script called

member.php

.This script logs them in if they have

come from this form.It also displays any relevant bookmarks to users who are logged in.

It is the center of the rest of the application.This script is shown in Listing 26.11.

Listing 26.11 member.php— This Script Is the Main Hub of the Application

<?php

// include function files for this application

require_once(‘bookmark_fns.php’);

session_start();

//create short variable names

$username = $_POST[‘username’];

$passwd = $_POST[‘passwd’];

if ($username && $passwd)

// they have just tried logging in

{

try

{

// if they are in the database register the user id

$_SESSION[‘valid_user’] = $username;

}

catch(Exception $e)

{

// unsuccessful login

do_html_header(‘Problem:’);

echo ‘You could not be logged in.

You must be logged in to view this page.’;

do_html_url(‘login.php’, ‘Login’);

do_html_footer();

exit;

}

do_html_header(‘Home’);

check_valid_user();

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