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677

Reading Mail

$result = $conn->query($query);

}

return $result;

}

After execution returns to

index.php

,the body stage runs the following code:

case ‘store-settings’ :

case ‘account-setup’ :

case ‘delete-account’ :

{

display_account_setup($_SESSION[‘auth_user’]);

break;

}

Notice that this is the same code you ran before; it just displays the list of the user’s

accounts.

Reading Mail

After the user has set up some accounts,you can move on to the main game:connecting

to these accounts and reading mail.

Selecting an Account

You need to select one of the user’s accounts to read mail from.The currently selected

account is stored in the

$selected_account

session variable.

If the user has a single account registered in the system,it will be automatically

selected when he logs in,as follows:

if(number_of_accounts($_SESSION[‘auth_user’])==1)

{

$accounts = get_account_list($_SESSION[‘auth_user’]);

$_SESSION[‘selected_account’] = $accounts[0];

}

The

number_of_accounts()

function,from

mail_fns.php

,works out whether the user

has more than one account;this function is shown in Listing 29.7.The

get_account_list()

function retrieves an array of the user’s account IDs.In this case,

there is exactly one,so you can access it as the array’s

value.

Listing 29.6 Continued

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678

Chapter 29 Building a Web-Based Email Service

Listing 29.7 number_of_accounts() Function from mail_fns.php—Function to

Work Out How Many Accounts a User Has Registered

function number_of_accounts($auth_user)

{

// get the number of accounts that belong to this user

$query = “select count(*) from accounts where username = ‘$auth_user’”;

if($conn=db_connect())

{

$result = $conn->query($query);

if($result)

{

$row = $result->fetch_array();

return $row[0];

}

return 0;

}

The

get_account_list()

function is similar to the

get_accounts()

function you

looked at before except that it retrieves only the account names.

If a user has multiple accounts registered,he will need to select one to use.In this

case,the headers contain a

SELECT

option that lists the available mailboxes.Choosing the

appropriate one automatically displays the mailbox for that account.You can see this in

Figure 29.5.

Figure 29.5 After the account is selected from the

SELECT

box, the mail

from that account is downloaded and displayed.

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679

Reading Mail

This

SELECT

option is generated in the

do_html_header()

function from

output_fns.php

,as shown in the following code fragment:

// include the account select box only if the user has more than one account

if(number_of_accounts($auth_user)>1)

{

echo ‘<form target=”index.php?action=open-mailbox” method=”post”>’;

echo ‘<td bgcolor=”#ff6600” align=”right” valign=”middle”>’;

display_account_select($auth_user, $selected_account);

echo ‘</td>’;

echo ‘</form>’;

}

We have generally avoided discussing the HTML used in the examples in this book,but

the HTML generated by the function

display_account_select()

bears a visit.

Depending on the accounts the current user has,

display_account_select()

gener-

ates HTML like this:

<select onchange=”window.location=this.options[selectedIndex].value”

name=”account”>

Choose Account</a>

mail.domain.com

</option>

mail.server.com

</option>

localhost

</option>

</select>

Most of this code is just an HTML

select

element,but it also includes a little

JavaScript. In the same way that PHP can generate HTML,it can also be used to gener-

ate client-side scripts.

Whenever a change event happens to this element,JavaScript sets

window.location

to the value of the option.If your user selects the first option in the

select

window.location

will be set to

‘index.php?action=select-account&account=10’

This results in this URL being loaded. Obviously, if the user has a browser that does not

support JavaScript or has JavaScript disabled,this code will have no effect.

The

display_account_select()

function, from

output_fns.php

,gets the available

account list and displays the

SELECT

.It also uses the

get_account_list()

function dis-

cussed previously.

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680

Chapter 29 Building a Web-Based Email Service

Choosing one of the options in the

SELECT

activates the

select_account

event.If

you look at the URL in Figure 29.5,you can see this event appended to the end of the

URL,along with the account ID of the chosen account.

Appending these

GET

variables has two effects.First,in the preprocessing stage of

index.php

,the chosen account is stored in the session variable

$selected_account

,as

follows:

case ‘select-account’ :

{

// if have chosen a valid account, store it as a session variable

if($account&&account_exists($_SESSION[‘auth_user’], $account))

{

$_SESSION[‘selected_account’] = $account;

}

Second,when the body stage of the script is executed,the following code is executed:

case ‘select-account’ :

case ‘view-mailbox’ :

{

// if mailbox just chosen, or view mailbox chosen, show mailbox

display_list($_SESSION[‘auth_user’], $_SESSION[‘selected_account’]);

break;

}

As you can see, you take the same action here as if the user had chosen the View

Mailbox option.We look at that action next.

Viewing Mailbox Contents

Mailbox contents can be viewed with the

display_list()

function.This function dis-

plays a list of all the messages in the mailbox.The code for this function is shown in

Listing 29.8.

Listing 29.8 display_list() Function from output_fns.php—Function to

Display All Mailbox Messages

function display_list($auth_user, $accountid)

{

// show the list of messages in this mailbox

global $table_width;

if(!$accountid)

{

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681

Reading Mail

echo ‘No mailbox selected<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />.’;

}

else

{

$imap = open_mailbox($auth_user, $accountid);

if($imap)

{

echo “<table width = $table_width cellspacing = 0

cellpadding = 6 border = 0>”;

$headers = imap_headers($imap);

// we could reformat this data, or get other details using

// imap_fetchheaders, but this is not a bad summary so we just echo each

$messages = sizeof($headers);

for($i = 0; $i<$messages; $i++)

{

echo ‘<tr><td bgcolor = “‘;

if($i%2)

echo ‘#ffffff’;

else

echo ‘#ffffcc’;

echo ‘“><a href =”index.php?action=view-message&messageid=’.($i+1).’”>’;

echo $headers[$i];

echo “</a></td></tr>\n”;

}

echo ‘</table>’;

}

else

{

$account = get_account_settings($auth_user, $accountid);

echo ‘could not open mail box ‘.$account[‘server’].

‘.<br /><br /><br /><br />’;

}

In the

display_list()

function,you actually begin to use PHP’s IMAP functions.The

two key parts of this function are opening the mailbox and reading the message headers.

You open the mailbox for a user account with a call to the

open_mailbox()

function

written in

mail_fns.php

.This function is shown in Listing 29.9.

Listing 29.8 Continued

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682

Chapter 29 Building a Web-Based Email Service

Listing 29.9 open_mailbox() Function from mail_fns.php—This Function

Connects to a User Mailbox

function open_mailbox($auth_user, $accountid)

{

// select mailbox if there is only one

if(number_of_accounts($auth_user)==1)

{

$accounts = get_account_list($auth_user);

$_SESSION[‘selected_account’] = $accounts[0];

$accountid = $accounts[0];

}

// connect to the POP3 or IMAP server the user has selected

$settings = get_account_settings($auth_user, $accountid);

if(!sizeof($settings)) return 0;

$mailbox = ‘{‘.$settings[server];

if($settings[type]==’POP3’)

$mailbox .= ‘/pop3’;

$mailbox .= ‘:’.$settings[port].’}INBOX’;

// suppress warning, remember to check return value

@ $imap = imap_open($mailbox, $settings[‘remoteuser’],

$settings[‘remotepassword’]);

return $imap;

}

You actually open the mailbox with the

imap_open()

function,which has the following

prototype:

int imap_open (string mailbox, string username, string password [, int options])

The parameters you need to pass to it are as follows:

mailbox

—This string should contain the server name and mailbox name, and

optionally a port number and protocol.The format of this string is

{hostname/protocol:port}boxname

If the protocol is not specified, it defaults to IMAP.In the code we wrote,you can

see that we specify POP3 if the user has specified that protocol for a particular

account.

683

Reading Mail

For example,to read mail from the local machine using the default ports,you

would use the following mailbox name for IMAP:

{localhost:143}INBOX

And you would use this one for POP3:

{localhost/pop3:110}INBOX

username

—The username for the account.

password

—The password for the account.

You can also pass it optional flags to specify options such as

“open mailbox in read-

only mode”

Note that we constructed the mailbox string piece by piece with the concatenation

operator before passing it to

imap_open()

.You need to be careful how you construct

this string because strings containing

can cause problems in PHP.

This function call returns an IMAP stream if the mailbox can be opened and

false

it cannot.

When you are finished with an IMAP stream,you can close it by using

imap_close(imap_stream)

.In this function,the IMAP stream is passed back to the

main program.You then use the

imap_headers()

function to get the email headers for

display:

$headers = imap_headers($imap);

This function returns header information for all mail messages in the mailbox you have

connected to.The information is returned as an array, one line per message.This infor-

mation has not been formatted.The function just outputs one line per message,so you

can see from looking at Figure 29.5 what the output looks like.

You can get more information about email headers using the confusing, similarly

named

imap_header()

function. In this case,though,the

imap_headers()

function

gives you enough detail for the purposes of this project.

Reading a Mail Message

Each message in the previous

display_list()

function is set up to link to specific

email messages.Each link is of the form

index.php?action=view-message&messageid=6

The

messageid

is the sequence number used in the headers retrieved earlier.Note that

IMAP messages are numbered from 1,not 0.

If the user clicks one of these links,he will see output like that shown in Figure 29.6.

684

Chapter 29 Building a Web-Based Email Service

Figure 29.6 Using the

view-message

action shows a particular message; in

this case, it’s spam.

When you enter these parameters into the

index.php

script,you execute the following

code:

case ‘show-headers’ :

case ‘hide-headers’ :

case ‘view-message’ :

{

// if we have just picked a message from the list, or were looking at

// a message and chose to hide or view headers, load a message

$fullheaders = ($action==’show-headers’);

display_message($_SESSION[‘auth_user’],

$_SESSION[‘selected_account’],

$messageid, $fullheaders);

break;

}

Here, you check the value of the

$action

being equal to

‘show-headers’

.In this case,

it is

false

,and

$fullheaders

is set equal to

false

.We look at the

‘show-headers’

action in a moment.

The line

$fullheaders = ($action==’show-headers’);

could have been more verbosely—but perhaps more clearly—written as

if($action==’show-headers’)

$fullheaders = true;

else

$fullheaders = false;

685

Reading Mail

Next, you call the

display_message()

function.Most of this function outputs plain

HTML,so we do not go through it here.It calls the

retrieve_message()

function to

get the appropriate message from the mailbox:

$message = retrieve_message($auth_user, $accountid, $messageid, $fullheaders);

The

retrieve_message()

function is in the

mail_fns.php

library.You can see the code

for it in Listing 29.10.

Listing 29.10 retrieve_message() Function from mail_fns.php—This Function

Retrieves One Specific Message from a Mailbox

function retrieve_message($auth_user, $accountid, $messageid, $fullheaders)

{

$message = array();

if(!($auth_user && $messageid && $accountid))

return false;

$imap = open_mailbox($auth_user, $accountid);

if(!$imap)

return false;

$header = imap_header($imap, $messageid);

if(!$header)

return false;

$message[‘body’] = imap_body($imap, $messageid);

if(!$message[‘body’])

$message[‘body’] = “[This message has no body]\n\n\n\n\n\n”;

if($fullheaders)

$message[‘fullheaders’] = imap_fetchheader($imap, $messageid);

else

$message[‘fullheaders’] = ‘’;

$message[‘subject’] = $header->subject;

$message[‘fromaddress’] = $header->fromaddress;

$message[‘toaddress’] = $header->toaddress;

$message[‘ccaddress’] = $header->ccaddress;

$message[‘date’] = $header->date;

// note we can get more detailed information by using from and to

// rather than fromaddress and toaddress, but these are easier

imap_close($imap);

return $message;

}

686

Chapter 29 Building a Web-Based Email Service

Again, you use

open_mailbox()

to open the user’s mailbox.This time,however,you are

after a specific message.Using this function library,you download the message headers

and message body separately.

The three IMAP functions used here are

imap_header()

imap_fetchheader()

,and

imap_body()

.Note that the two header functions are distinct from

imap_headers()

,the

one used previously.They are somewhat confusingly named.To summarize

imap_headers()

—Returns a summary of the headers for all the messages in a

mailbox. It returns them as an array with one element per message.

imap_header()

—Returns the headers for one specific message in the form of an

object.

imap_fetchheader()

—Returns the headers for one specific message in the form

of a string.

In this case,you use

imap_header()

to fill out specific header fields and

imap_

fetchheader()

to show the user the full headers if requested.(We come back to this

topic later.)

You use

imap_header()

and

imap_body()

to build an array containing all the ele-

ments of a message that you are interested in.You call

imap_header()

as follows:

$header = imap_header($imap, $messageid);

You can then extract each of the fields you require from the object:

$message[‘subject’] = $header->subject;

You call

imap_body()

to add the message body to the array as follows:

$message[‘body’] = imap_body($imap, $messageid);

Finally,you close the mailbox with

imap_close()

and return the array you have built.

The

display_message()

function can then display the message’s fields in the form

shown in Figure 29.6.

Viewing Message Headers

As you can see in Figure 29.6, the message contains a Show Headers button.It activates

the

show-headers

option,which adds the full message headers to the message display.If

the user clicks this button,he will see output similar to that shown in Figure 29.7.

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