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d. Identify mountain areas threatened by air pollution from neighbouring industrial and

urban areas.

13.8. National Governments and intergovernmental organizations should:

a. Coordinate regional and international cooperation and facilitate an exchange of

information and experience among the specialized agencies, the World Bank, IFAD and

other international and regional organizations, national Governments, research

institutions and non-governmental organizations working on mountain development;

b. Encourage regional, national and international networking of people's initiatives and the

activities of international, regional and local non-governmental organizations working on

mountain development, such as the United Nations University (UNU), the Woodland

Mountain Institutes (WMI), the International Center for Integrated Mountain

Development (ICIMOD), the International Mountain Society (IMS), the African

Mountain Association and the Andean Mountain Association, besides supporting those

organizations in exchange of information and experience;

c. Protect Fragile Mountain Ecosystem through the consideration of appropriate

mechanisms including regional legal and other instruments.

Means of implementation

(a) Financing and cost evaluation

13.9. The Conference secretariat has estimated the average total annual cost (1993-2000) of implementing

the activities of this programme to be about $50 million from the international community on grant or

concessional terms. These are indicative and order-of-magnitude estimates only and have not been

reviewed by Governments. Actual costs and financial terms, including any that are non-concessional,

will depend upon, inter alia, the specific strategies and programmes Governments decide upon for

implementation.

(b) Scientific and technological means 13.10. Governments at the appropriate level, with the support of the

relevant international and regional organizations, should strengthen scientific research and technological

development programmes, including diffusion through national and regional institutions, particularly in

meteorology, hydrology, forestry, soil sciences and plant sciences.

13.10. Governments at the appropriate level, and with the support of the relevant international and

regional organizations, should:

a. Launch training and extension programmes in environmentally appropriate technologies

and practices that would be suitable to mountain ecosystems;

b. Support higher education through fellowships and research grants for environmental

studies in mountains and hill areas, particularly for candidates from indigenous mountain

populations;

c. Undertake environmental education for farmers, in particular for women, to help the rural

population better understand the ecological issues regarding the sustainable development

of mountain ecosystems.

(d) Capacity-building

13.11. Governments at the appropriate level, with the support of the relevant international and regional

organizations, should build up national and regional institutional bases that could carry out research,

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training and dissemination of information on the sustainable development of the economies of fragile

ecosystems.

B. Promoting integrated watershed development and alternative livelihood opportunities

Basis for action

13.13. Nearly half of the world's population is affected in various ways by mountain ecology and the

degradation of watershed areas. About 10 per cent of the Earth's population lives in mountain areas

with higher slopes, while about 40 per cent occupies the adjacent medium- and lower-watershed

areas. There are serious problems of ecological deterioration in these watershed areas. For example,

in the hillside areas of the Andean countries of South America a large portion of the farming

population is now faced with a rapid deterioration of land resources. Similarly, the mountain and

upland areas of the Himalayas, South-East Asia and East and Central Africa, which make vital

contributions to agricultural production, are threatened by cultivation of marginal lands due to

expanding population. In many areas this is accompanied by excessive livestock grazing,

deforestation and loss of biomass cover.

13.14. Soil erosion can have a devastating impact on the vast numbers of rural people who depend on

rainfed agriculture in the mountain and hillside areas. Poverty, unemployment, poor health and bad

sanitation are widespread. Promoting integrated watershed development programmes through

effective participation of local people is a key to preventing further ecological imbalance. An

integrated approach is needed for conserving, upgrading and using the natural resource base of land,

water, plant, animal and human resources. In addition, promoting alternative livelihood opportunities,

particularly through development of employment schemes that increase the productive base, will

have a significant role in improving the standard of living among the large rural population living in

mountain ecosystems.

Objectives

13.15. The objectives of this programme area are:

a. By the year 2000, to develop appropriate land-use planning and management for both

arable and non-arable land in mountain-fed watershed areas to prevent soil erosion,

increase biomass production and maintain the ecological balance;

b. To promote income-generating activities, such as sustainable tourism, fisheries and

environmentally sound mining, and to improve infrastructure and social services, in

particular to protect the livelihoods of local communities and indigenous people;

c. To develop technical and institutional arrangements for affected countries to mitigate the

effects of natural disasters through hazard-prevention measures, risk zoning, early-

warning systems, evacuation plans and emergency supplies.

Activities

(a) Management-related activities

13.16. Governments at the appropriate level, with the support of the relevant international and regional

organizations, should:

a. Undertake measures to prevent soil erosion and promote erosion-control activities in all

sectors;

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b. Establish task forces or watershed development committees, complementing existing

institutions, to coordinate integrated services to support local initiatives in animal

husbandry, forestry, horticulture and rural development at all administrative levels;

c. Enhance popular participation in the management of local resources through appropriate

legislation;

d. Support non-governmental organizations and other private groups assisting local

organizations and communities in the preparation of projects that would enhance

participatory development of local people;

e. Provide mechanisms to preserve threatened areas that could protect wildlife, conserve

biological diversity or serve as national parks;

f. Develop national policies that would provide incentives to farmers and local people to

undertake conservation measures and to use environment-friendly technologies;

g. Undertake income-generating activities in cottage and agro-processing industries, such as

the cultivation and processing of medicinal and aromatic plants;

h. Undertake the above activities, taking into account the need for full participation of

women, including indigenous people and local communities, in development.

(b) Data and information

13.17. Governments at the appropriate level, with the support of the relevant international and regional

organizations, should:

a. Maintain and establish systematic observation and evaluation capacities at the national,

state or provincial level to generate information for daily operations and to assess the

environmental and socio-economic impacts of projects;

b. Generate data on alternative livelihoods and diversified production systems at the village

level on annual and tree crops, livestock, poultry, beekeeping, fisheries, village

industries, markets, transport and income-earning opportunities, taking fully into account

the role of women and integrating them into the planning and implementation process.

13.18. Governments at the appropriate level, with the support of the relevant international and regional

organizations, should:

a. Strengthen the role of appropriate international research and training institutes such as the

Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research Centers (CGIAR) and the

International Board for Soil Research and Management (IBSRAM), as well as regional

research centres, such as the Woodland Mountain Institutes and the International Center

for Integrated Mountain Development, in undertaking applied research relevant to

watershed development;

b. Promote regional cooperation and exchange of data and information among countries

sharing the same mountain ranges and river basins, particularly those affected by

mountain disasters and floods;

c. Maintain and establish partnerships with non-governmental organizations and other

private groups working in watershed development.

Means of implementation

(a) Financial and cost evaluation

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13.19. The Conference secretariat has estimated the average total annual cost (1993-2000) of

implementing the activities of this programme to be about $13 billion, including about $1.9 billion

from the international community on grant or concessional terms. These are indicative and order-of-

magnitude estimates only and have not been reviewed by Governments. Actual costs and financial

terms, including any that are non-concessional, will depend upon, inter alia, the specific strategies

and programmes Governments decide upon for implementation.

13.20. Financing for the promotion of alternative livelihoods in mountain ecosystems should be viewed

as part of a country's anti-poverty or alternative livelihoods programme, which is also discussed in

chapter 3 (Combating poverty) and chapter 14 (Promoting sustainable agriculture and rural

development) of Agenda 21.

(b) Scientific and technical means

13.21. Governments at the appropriate level, with the support of the relevant international and regional

organizations, should:

· Consider undertaking pilot projects that combine environmental protection and

development functions with particular emphasis on some of the traditional environmental

management practices or systems that have a good impact on the environment;

· Generate technologies for specific watershed and farm conditions through a participatory

approach involving local men and women, researchers and extension agents who will

carry out experiments and trials on farm conditions;

· Promote technologies of vegetative conservation measures for erosion prevention, in situ

moisture management, improved cropping technology, fodder production and

agroforestry that are low-cost, simple and easily adopted by local people.

13.22. Governments at the appropriate level, with the support of the relevant international and regional

organizations, should:

a. Promote a multidisciplinary and cross-sectoral approach in training and the dissemination

of knowledge to local people on a wide range of issues, such as household production

systems, conservation and utilization of arable and non-arable land, treatment of drainage

lines and recharging of groundwater, livestock management, fisheries, agroforestry and

horticulture;

b. Develop human resources by providing access to education, health, energy and

infrastructure;

c. Promote local awareness and preparedness for disaster prevention and mitigation,

combined with the latest available technology for early warning and forecasting.

(d) Capacity-building

13.23.

Governments at the appropriate level, with the support of the relevant international and regional

organizations, should develop and strengthen national centres for watershed management to

encourage a comprehensive approach to the environmental, socio-economic, technological,

legislative, financial and administrative aspects and provide support to policy makers, administrators,

field staff and farmers for watershed development.

13.24.

The private sector and local communities, in cooperation with national Governments, should

promote local infrastructure development, including communication networks, mini- or micro-hydro

development to support cottage industries, and access to markets.

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Agenda 21 – Chapter 14

PROMOTING SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT

14.1. By the year 2025, 83 per cent of the expected global population of 8.5 billion will be living in

developing countries. Yet the capacity of available resources and technologies to satisfy the demands

of this growing population for food and other agricultural commodities remains uncertain.

Agriculture has to meet this challenge, mainly by increasing production on land already in use and by

avoiding further encroachment on land that is only marginally suitable for cultivation.

14.2. Major adjustments are needed in agricultural, environmental and macroeconomic policy, at both

national and international levels, in developed as well as developing countries, to create the

conditions for sustainable agriculture and rural development (SARD). The major objective of SARD

is to increase food production in a sustainable way and enhance food security. This will involve

education initiatives, utilization of economic incentives and the development of appropriate and new

technologies, thus ensuring stable supplies of nutritionally adequate food, access to those supplies by

vulnerable groups, and production for markets; employment and income generation to alleviate

poverty; and natural resource management and environmental protection.

14.3. The priority must be on maintaining and improving the capacity of the higher potential agricultural

lands to support an expanding population. However, conserving and rehabilitating the natural

resources on lower potential lands in order to maintain sustainable man/land ratios is also necessary.

The main tools of SARD are policy and agrarian reform, participation, income diversification, land

conservation and improved management of inputs. The success of SARD will depend largely on the

support and participation of rural people, national Governments, the private sector and international

cooperation, including technical and scientific cooperation.

14.4. The following programme areas are included in this chapter:

a. Agricultural policy review, planning and integrated programming in the light of the

multifunctional aspect of agriculture, particularly with regard to food security and

sustainable development;

b. Ensuring people's participation and promoting human resource development for

sustainable agriculture;

c. Improving farm production and farming systems through diversification of farm and non-

farm employment and infrastructure development;

d. Land-resource planning information and education for agriculture;

e. Land conservation and rehabilitation;

f. Water for sustainable food production and sustainable rural development;

g. Conservation and sustainable utilization of plant genetic resources for food and

sustainable agriculture;

h. Conservation and sustainable utilization of animal genetic resources for sustainable

agriculture;

i. Integrated pest management and control in agriculture;

j. Sustainable plant nutrition to increase food production;

k. Rural energy transition to enhance productivity;

l. Evaluation of the effects of ultraviolet radiation on plants and animals caused by the

depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer.

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PROGRAMME AREAS

A. Agricultural policy review, planning and integrated programmes in the light of the

multifunctional aspect of agriculture, particularly with regard to food security and sustainable

development

Basis for action

14.5. There is a need to integrate sustainable development considerations with agricultural policy analysis

and planning in all countries, particularly in developing countries. Recommendations should

contribute directly to development of realistic and operational medium- to long-term plans and

programmes, and thus to concrete actions. Support to and monitoring of implementation should

follow.

14.6. The absence of a coherent national policy framework for sustainable agriculture and rural

development (SARD) is widespread and is not limited to the developing countries. In particular the

economies in transition from planned to market-oriented systems need such a framework to

incorporate environmental considerations into economic activities, including agriculture. All

countries need to assess comprehensively the impacts of such policies on food and agriculture sector

performance, food security, rural welfare and international trading relations as a means for

identifying appropriate offsetting measures. The major thrust of food security in this case is to bring

about a significant increase in agricultural production in a sustainable way and to achieve a

substantial improvement in people's entitlement to adequate food and culturally appropriate food

supplies.

14.7. Sound policy decisions pertaining to international trade and capital flows also necessitate action to

overcome: (a) a lack of awareness of the environmental costs incurred by sectoral and

macroeconomic policies and hence their threat to sustainability; (b) insufficient skills and experience

in incorporating issues of sustainability into policies and programmes; and (c) inadequacy of tools of

analysis and monitoring. 1/

Objectives

14.8. The objectives of this Programme area are:

a. By 1995, to review and, where appropriate, establish a programme to integrate

environmental and sustainable development with policy analysis for the food and

agriculture sector and relevant macroeconomic policy analysis, formulation and

implementation;

b. To maintain and develop, as appropriate, operational multisectoral plans, programmes

and policy measures, including programmes and measures to enhance sustainable food

production and food security within the framework of sustainable development, not later

than 1998;

c. To maintain and enhance the ability of developing countries, particularly the least

developed ones, to themselves manage policy, programming and planning activities, not

later than 2005.

Activities

(a) Management-related activities

14.9. Governments at the appropriate level, with the support of the relevant international and regional

organizations, should:

a. Carry out national policy reviews related to food security, including adequate levels and

stability of food supply and access to food by all households;

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b. Review national and regional agricultural policy in relation, inter alia, to foreign trade,

price policy, exchange rate policies, agricultural subsidies and taxes, as well as

organization for regional economic integration;

c. Implement policies to influence land tenure and property rights positively with due

recognition of the minimum size of land-holding required to maintain production and

check further fragmentation;

d. Consider demographic trends and population movements and identify critical areas for

agricultural production;

e. Formulate, introduce and monitor policies, laws and regulations and incentives leading to

sustainable agricultural and rural development and improved food security and to the

development and transfer of appropriate farm technologies, including, where appropriate,

low-input sustainable agricultural (LISA) systems;

f. Support national and regional early warning systems through food-security assistance

schemes that monitor food supply and demand and factors affecting household access to

food;

g. Review policies with respect to improving harvesting, storage, processing, distribution

and marketing of products at the local, national and regional levels;

h. Formulate and implement integrated agricultural projects that include other natural

resource activities, such as management of rangelands, forests, and wildlife, as

appropriate;

i. Promote social and economic research and policies that encourage sustainable agriculture

development, particularly in fragile ecosystems and densely populated areas;

j. Identify storage and distribution problems affecting food availability; support research,

where necessary, to overcome these problems and cooperate with producers and

distributors to implement improved practices and systems.

(b) Data and information

14.10. Governments at the appropriate level, with the support of the relevant international and regional

organizations, should:

a. Cooperate actively to expand and improve the information on early warning systems on

food and agriculture at both regional and national levels;

b. Examine and undertake surveys and research to establish baseline information on the

status of natural resources relating to food and agricultural production and planning in

order to assess the impacts of various uses on these resources, and develop methodologies

and tools of analysis, such as environmental accounting.

14.11. United Nations agencies, such as FAO, the World Bank, IFAD and GATT, and regional

organizations, bilateral donor agencies and other bodies should, within their respective mandates,

assume a role in working with national Governments in the following activities:

a. Implement integrated and sustainable agricultural development and food security

strategies at the subregional level that use regional production and trade potentials,

including organizations for regional economic integration, to promote food security;

b. Encourage, in the context of achieving sustainable agricultural development and

consistent with relevant internationally agreed principles on trade and environment, a

more open and non-discriminatory trading system and the avoidance of unjustifiable

trade barriers which together with other policies will facilitate the further integration of

agricultural and environmental policies so as to make them mutually supportive;

c. Strengthen and establish national, regional and international systems and networks to

increase the understanding of the interaction between agriculture and the state of the

environment, identify ecologically sound technologies and facilitate the exchange

information on data sources, policies, and techniques and tools of analysis.

Means of implementation

(a) Financing and cost evaluation

14.12. The Conference secretariat has estimated the average total annual cost (1993-2000) on

implementing the activities of this programme to be about $3 billion, including about $450 million

from the international community on grant or concessional terms. These are indicative and order-of-

magnitude estimates only and have not been reviewed by Governments. Actual costs and financial

terms, including any that are non-concessional, will depend upon, inter alia, the specific strategies

and programmes Governments decide upon for implementation.

(b) Scientific and technological means

14.13. Governments at the appropriate level and with the support of the relevant international and

regional organizations should assist farming households and communities to apply technologies

related to improved food production and security, including storage, monitoring of production and

distribution.

14.14. Governments at the appropriate level, with the support of the relevant international and regional

organizations, should:

a. Involve and train local economists, planners and analysts to initiate national and

international policy reviews and develop frameworks for sustainable agriculture;

b. Establish legal measures to promote access of women to land and remove biases in their

involvement in rural development.

(d) Capacity-building

14.15. Governments at the appropriate level, with the support of the relevant international and regional

organizations, should strengthen ministries for agriculture, natural resources and planning.

B. Ensuring people's participation and promoting human resource development for sustainable

agriculture

Basis for action

14.16. This component bridges policy and integrated resource management. The greater the degree of

community control over the resources on which it relies, the greater will be the incentive for

economic and human resources development. At the same time, policy instruments to reconcile long-

run and short-run requirements must be set by national Governments. The approaches focus on

fostering self-reliance and cooperation, providing information and supporting user-based

organizations. Emphasis should be on management practices, building agreements for changes in

resource utilization, the rights and duties associated with use of land, water and forests, the

functioning of markets, prices, and the access to information, capital and inputs. This would require

training and capacity-building to assume greater responsibilities in sustainable development efforts.

Objectives

14.17. The objectives of this programme area are:

a. To promote greater public awareness of the role of people's participation and people's

organizations, especially women's groups, youth, indigenous people, local communities

and small farmers, in sustainable agriculture and rural development;

b. To ensure equitable access of rural people, particularly women, small farmers, landless

and indigenous people, to land, water and forest resources and to technologies, financing,

marketing, processing and distribution;

c. To strengthen and develop the management and the internal capacities of rural people's

organizations and extension services and to decentralize decision-making to the lowest

community level.

Activities

(a) Management-related activities

14.18. Governments at the appropriate level, with the support of the relevant international and regional

organizations, should:

a. Develop and improve integrated agricultural extension services and facilities and rural

organizations and undertake natural resource management and food security activities,

taking into account the different needs of subsistence agriculture as well as market-

oriented crops;

b. Review and refocus existing measures to achieve wider access to land, water and forest

resources and ensure equal rights of women and other disadvantaged groups, with

particular emphasis on rural populations, indigenous people and local communities;

c. Assign clear titles, rights and responsibilities for land and for individuals or communities

to encourage investment in land resources;

d. Develop guidelines for decentralization policies for rural development through

reorganization and strengthening of rural institutions;

e. Develop policies in extension, training, pricing, input distribution, credit and taxation to

ensure necessary incentives and equitable access by the poor to production-support

services;

f. Provide support services and training, recognizing the variation in agricultural

circumstances and practices by location; the optimal use of on-farm inputs and the

minimal use of external inputs; optimal use of local natural resources and management of

renewable energy sources; and the establishment of networks that deal with the exchange

of information on alternative forms of agriculture.

(b) Data and information

14.19. Governments at the appropriate level, and with the support of the relevant international and

regional organizations, should collect, analyse, and disseminate information on human resources, the

role of Governments, local communities and non-governmental organizations in social innovation

and strategies for rural development.

14.20. Appropriate international and regional agencies should:

a. Reinforce their work with non-governmental organizations in collecting and

disseminating information on people's participation and people's organizations, testing

participatory development methods, training and education for human resource

development and strengthening the management structures of rural organizations;

b. Help develop information available through non-governmental organizations and

promote an international ecological agricultural network to accelerate the development

and implementation of ecological agriculture practices.

Means of implementation

(a) Financing and cost evaluation

14.21. The Conference secretariat has estimated the average total annual cost (1993-2000) of

implementing the activities of this programme to be about $4.4 billion, including about $650 million

from the international community on grant or concessional terms. These are indicative and order-of-

magnitude estimates only and have not been reviewed by Governments. Actual costs and financial

terms, including any that are non-concessional, will depend upon, inter alia, the specific strategies

and programmes Governments decide upon for implementation.

(b) Scientific and technological means

14.22. Governments at the appropriate level, with the support of the relevant international and regional

organizations, should:

a. Encourage people's participation on farm technology development and transfer,

incorporating indigenous ecological knowledge and practices;

b. Launch applied research on participatory methodologies, management strategies and

local organizations.

14.23. Governments at the appropriate level, with the support of the relevant international and regional

organizations, should provide management and technical training to government administrators and

members of resource-user groups in the principles, practice and benefits of people's participation in

rural development.

(d) Capacity-building

14.24. Governments at the appropriate level, with the support of the relevant international and regional

organizations, should introduce management strategies and mechanisms, such as accounting and

audit services for rural people's organizations and institutions for human resource development, and

delegate administrative and financial responsibilities to local levels for decision-making, revenue-

raising and expenditure.

C. Improving farm production and farming systems through diversification of farm and non-farm

employment and infrastructure development

Basis for action

14.25. Agriculture needs to be intensified to meet future demands for commodities and to avoid further

expansion onto marginal lands and encroachment on fragile ecosystems. Increased use of external

inputs and development of specialized production and farming systems tend to increase vulnerability

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